Yarim-Lim I
| Yarim-Lim I | |
|---|---|
| Great King of Yamhad | |
| Tenure | c. 1780 BC – c. 1764 BC. Middle chronology |
| Predecessor | Sumu-Epuh |
| Successor | Hammurabi I |
| Great King of Yamhad | |
| Wife | Gashera |
| Issue | Hammurabi I Shibtu |
| Father | Sumu-Epuh |
| Mother | Sumunna-Abi |
Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, (reigned c. 1780 BC – c. 1764 BC) was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.
Family
[edit]Parentage
[edit]Yarim-Lim was the son and successor of the first king Sumu-Epuh and his queen Sumunna-Abi.
Wife and Children
[edit]His wife was Gashera, of unknown parents. She outlived her husband and became a strong-willed widow who was part of politics during the reign of Hammurabi.
Their daughter Shibtu married Zimri-Lim of Mari.
Reign
[edit]Early Reign and Conflicts
[edit]The kingdom of Yamhad was being threatened by the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I who had surrounded Yamhad through his alliance with Carchemish and Urshu to the north, Qatna to the south, and conquering Mari to the east, appointing his son Yasmah-Adad on its throne.[1] Yarim-Lim ascended the throne after his father was killed in 1780 BC during his campaigns against Shamshi-Adad.[2] He was able to stand up to Shamshi-Adad by surrounding him with deft alliances with Hammurabi of Babylon and Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna. His alliance with Hammurabi was credited with saving Babylon from an Assyrian attack by attacking their rear.[3]
In 1777 BC, Yarim-Lim conquered the city of Tuttul, on the confluence of the rivers Balikh and Euphrates. He appointed his ally, Zimri-Lim, the heir to the throne of Mari who was living in exile at his court, as king. When Shamshi-Adad died in 1776 BC, he helped Zimrilim regain his throne in Mari and oust Yasmah-Adad. The alliance between Mari and Yamhad was cemented with the royal marriage between Zimrilim and Yarim-Lim's daughter Shibtu. Two days after the marriage ceremony queen Sumunna-Abi died.[4]
Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnuna exploited the death of Shamshi-Adad to pursuit an expansionist policy, advancing on the account of Assyria and causing stress to the alliance.[5] He later allied himself with Elam, the enemy of Hammurabi who was Yarim-Lim's ally.[6]
Relations with Mari
[edit]Zimri-Lim's ascension to the throne with the help of Yarim-Lim I affected the status of Mari, Zimri-Lim referred to Yarim-Lim as his father and acted under the guidance of the Yamhadite main deity Hadad, of which Yarim-Lim was the mediator.[7]
The tablets of Mari recorded many events that revealed Zimri-Lim's subordination. On two occasions Zimri-Lim demanded the extradition of his subordinates from Yarim-Lim I. The first case was related to a vassal king of Zimri-Lim who addressed him as a brother instead of a father and the demand was refused,[8] while the second was through the Mariote ambassador in Aleppo Daris-Libur in which Zimri-Lim asked for some fugitives to which Yarim-Lim answered with decline twice before agreeing on the Mariote ambassador's third attempt.[9]
At one instance Nur-Sin the Mariote ambassador in Aleppo wrote to his master for the handing of an estate called Alahtum to Hadad (meaning Aleppo),[10] and in another instance, Ibal-pi-el offered peace and fixing the borders to Zimri-Lim who sent envoys to Yarim-Lim asking for authorization which was not given, leading Zimri-Lim to refuse the treaty on three occasions.[11]
Later Reign and Succession
[edit]There is no king who is mighty by himself. Ten or fifteen kings follow Hammurabi the ruler of Babylon, a like number of Rim-Sin of Larsa, a like number of Ibal-pi-el of Eshnunna, a like number of Amud-pi-el of Qatanum, but twenty follow Yarim-Lim of Yamhad.
Yarim-Lim extended his influence to several other important city-states in Syria through alliance and vassalage, including Urshu and the rich kingdom of Ugarit.[3] The relationship between Qatna and Yamhad seems to have improved during Yarim-Lim's reign as well.[2] The armies of Aleppo campaigned as far as Elam near the modern southern Iraqi-Iranian borders: a tablet discovered at Mari revealed the extent of those military interventions in Mesopotamia; the tablet includes a declaration of war against Dēr and Diniktum in retaliation for their evil deeds, a reminder to the king of Dēr about the military help given to him for fifteen years by Yarim-Lim and the stationing of 500 Aleppan warships for twelve years in Diniktum.[13] By the time of his death, Yarim-Lim, had more than twenty kings as vassals and allies. According to Historian William J. Hamblin he was at the time the "mightiest ruler in the Near East outside of Egypt,"[3] He died c. 1764 BC and was succeeded by his son Hammurabi I.
References
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Citations
[edit]- ^ Hamblin, 2002, p. 258.
- ^ a b Bryce, 2009, p. 773.
- ^ a b c Hamblin, 2002, p. 259.
- ^ Karen Radner; Eleanor Robson (22 September 2011). The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-19-955730-1.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. p. 237. ISBN 9781134159079.
- ^ I. E. S. Edwards; C. J. Gadd; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. p. 264. ISBN 9780521082303.
- ^ J. A. Emerton (30 November 2011). Prophecy: Essays presented to Georg Fohrer on his sixty-fifth birthday. p. 75. ISBN 9783110837414.
- ^ C.L. Crouch; Jonathan Stökl; Anna Elise Zernecke (6 December 2012). Mediating Between Heaven and Earth. p. 86. ISBN 9780567446244.
- ^ C.L. Crouch; Jonathan Stökl; Anna Elise Zernecke (6 December 2012). Mediating Between Heaven and Earth. p. 88. ISBN 9780567446244.
- ^ C.L. Crouch; Jonathan Stökl; Anna Elise Zernecke (6 December 2012). Mediating Between Heaven and Earth. p. 85. ISBN 9780567446244.
- ^ Wolfgang Heimpel (2003). Letters to the King of Mari. p. 44. ISBN 9781575060804.
- ^ Dalley, 2002, p. 44.
- ^ Jack M. Sasson (1969). The Military Establishments at Mari. p. 2+3.
Bibliography
[edit]- Hamblin, William J. (2002). Warfare in Ancient Near East. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415255882.
- Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415394857.
- Dalley, Stephanie (2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 9781931956024.