Sarra-El
| Sarra-El | |
|---|---|
| King of Halab (Yamhad) | |
| Reign | Early 16th century BC |
| Predecessor | interregnum former king of Halab was : Hammurabi III |
| Successor | Abba-El II |
Sarra-El also written Šarran (reigned Early 16th century BC - Middle chronology) was a prince of Yamhad who might have regained the throne after the assassination of the Hittite king Mursili I.[1]
Identity and Relation to the Royal Family
[edit]Sarra-El is known through the Seal of his son Abba-El II used by Niqmepa king of Alalakh as a dynastic seal.[2] The seal describes Abba-El II as the beloved of Hadad, the title used by the kings of Yamhad,[3] Niqmepa was the son of Idrimi who was a descendant of the old Kings of Yamhad,[4][5] Idrimi's father Ilim-Ilimma I was probably the son of Abba-El II.[6]
These facts confirms that Sarra-El was a prince of Yamhad,[7] Sarra-El name is also mentioned in two Alalakh Tablets (AlT 79 and AlT 95), in the later tablet his name came after the name of princess Bintikidiya and prince Hammurabi the heir of Alalakh. This indicates the royal status of Sarra-El, which led prof. Michael C. Astour to believe that Sarra-EL is the probable son of Yarim-Lim III.[7]
Idrimi's and Niqmepa's inscriptions indicate that Sarra-El was a prince of Yamhad but he is not confirmed as a king. Prof. Trevor R. Bryce believes him to be the king who restored the royal family of Yamhad,[8] others such as Astour and prof. Eva Von Dassow attribute this to his son Abba-El II.[7][9]
Aleppo was rebuilt and became the capital again soon after the assassination of Mursili I,[1] but the name Yamhad went out of use, and the monarch's title became the King of Halab.[10]
Mursili died around ca. 1590 BC Middle chronology,[11][12][13] and the restoration happened not very long after his death,[1] which would put Sarra-El's reign (if he was a king) in the first quarter of the 16th century BC
Successor and the Kingdom of Halab
[edit]The date of Sarra-El's death is not known. Abba-El II is confirmed as Sarra-El's son and successor through his royal seal. In the next decades Aleppo regained Niya, Mukis (Alalakh region)[14] and Ama'u.[1]
References
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Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. p. 27. ISBN 9781134159079.
- ^ Eva Von Dassow (2008). State and society in the late Bronze Age. p. 18. ISBN 9781934309148.
- ^ Dominique Collon (2005). First impressions: cylinder seals in the ancient Near East. p. 119. ISBN 9780714111360.
- ^ Dominique Collon (January 1995). Ancient Near Eastern Art. p. 109. ISBN 9780520203075.
- ^ Fondation assyriologique Georges Dossin (1991). Akkadica, Nummers 71-80. p. 20.
- ^ Michael C. Astour (1989). Hittite history and absolute chronology of the Bronze Age. p. 19. ISBN 9789186098865.
- ^ a b c Michael C. Astour. Orientalia: Vol. 38. p. 382.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (1999). The Kingdom of the Hittites. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4.
- ^ Eva Von Dassow (2008). State and society in the late Bronze Age. p. 18. ISBN 9781934309148.
- ^ Michael C. Astour. Orientalia: Vol. 38. p. 384.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (21 August 2007). Hittite Warrior. p. 6. ISBN 9781846030819.
- ^ Barbette Stanley Spaeth (25 November 2013). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions. p. 110. ISBN 9780521113960.
- ^ Thomas Harrison (2009). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. p. 46. ISBN 9780892369874.
- ^ Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (January 1987). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4. p. 104. ISBN 9781575060606.