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Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

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The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa.

Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population (Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, etc.), the third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.

Population Language group n A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1b T Reference
Alur Nilo-Saharan 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic 48 14.6 2.1 0 45.8 0 33.3 0 4.2 Hassan 2008[2]
Bamileke Niger-Congo 85 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Bantus (Gabon) Niger-Congo 795 0.5 6.7 0.2 79.4 0.1 6.2 0 5.5 0 Berniell 2009[4]
Bantus (Kenya) Niger-Congo 29 13.8 3.4 0 51.7 13.7 17.2 0 0 0 Hurles 2005[5]
Bantus (Tanzania)[nb 1] Niger-Congo 110 2.7 9.1 48.2 21.8 16.4 0 0 1.8 [3][6]
Bantus (South Africa)[nb 2] Niger-Congo 137 5.1 10.9 0 54.7 4.4 21.2 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Bantus (South-Eastern) Niger-Congo 343 5.0 16.3 66.2 1.5 10.2 0 Naidoo 2010[7]
Beja Cushitic 42 4.8 0 0 0 52.4 0 38.1 4.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Benin (Fon) Niger-Congo 100 0 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Berbers Berber 64 3 0 2 5 80 0 6 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Bissagos Islands Niger–Congo 21 76.2 14.3 Rosa 2007[9]
Burkina Faso[nb 3] Niger–Congo 106 0 0.9 3.8 81.1 2.8 11.3 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Burunge Cushitic 24 0 25 4 33 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Cameroon (North)[nb 4] Niger-Congo 72 1.4 12.5 4.2 54.2 0 0 0 27.8 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (North)[nb 5] Chadic 54 1.8 3.7 0 13.0 3.7 7.4 0 70.4 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (South)[nb 6] Niger-Congo 89 0 5.6 0 93.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 Cruciani2002[8]
R.D. Congo (East)[nb 7] Niger-Congo 36 2.8 0 0 63.9 13.9 19.4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Copts (Sudan) Semitic 33 0 15.2 0 0 21.2 0 45.5 15.2 Hassan 2008[2]
Cross River (Nigeria) Niger-Congo 1113 0 87 0 0 0 Veeramah2010[10]
Datog Nilo-Saharan 35 3 3 11 54 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Daza (Chad) Nilo-Saharan 11.1 5.6 33.3 44.4

Shriner 2018[11]

Dinka Nilo-Saharan 26 62 23 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Dogon Dogon 55 1.8 7.3 45.5 43.6 0 1.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Ethiopians Semitic 242 17.8 0.8 0 48.8 0.4 26.9 0 3.7 Moran 2004[12]
Ethiopian Jews Semitic 22 41 0 0 0 50 0 5 0 5 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon) Niger-Congo 37 5.4 0 29.7 48.6 0 0 8.1 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 59 13.6 1.7 Rosa 2007[9]
Fulbe (Sudan) Niger-Congo 26 0 0 0 0 34.6 0 0 53.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Fulbe (Niger) Niger-Congo 7 14.3 Cruciani2010[13]
Fur Nilo-Saharan 32 31.3 3.1 0 0 59.4 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Ghana[nb 8] Niger-Congo 91 0 0 2.2 92.3 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 Wood 2005[1]
Guinea-Bissau Niger-Congo 282 3.2 0.4 15.6 72.0 6.0 0.7 0 0.7 0 Rosa 2007[9]
Hadza Hadza (Isolate) 80 0 57.5 26.2 15.0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Hausa (Sudan) Chadic 32 12.5 15.6 0 12.5 3.1 0 0 40.6 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Hausa (Nigeria) Chadic 81 9 5 6 43 32 Nguidi 2024[14]
Hema Niger-Congo 18 6 0 2.2 28 28 39 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Herero Niger-Congo 24 4.2 70.8 12.5 I = 4.2%; R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005)[1]
Hutu (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 69 0 4 0 83 3 8 0 1 0 Luis 2004[3]
Igbo[nb 9] Niger-Congo 209 A3b2=0 89.3 0 0 Veeramah 2010[10]
Iraqw Cushitic 9 0 22 0 11 56 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Kanembu Nilo-Saharan 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 Shriner 2018[11]
Khoisan[nb 10] Khoisan 90 47.7 14.4 0 24.4 6.7 2.2 1.1 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Khoisan Khoisan 183 44.3 11.5 0 23.0 16.4 1.6 0 1.6 0 Naidoo 2010[7]
Khoisan (South Africa)[nb 11] Khoisan 129 33.3 12.4 0 35.7 14.7 3.9 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Kikuyu & Kamba Niger-Congo 42 2 2 0 73 19 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1][dead link‍]
ǃKung Khoisan 64 36 8 0 39 11 6 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Luo Nilo-Saharan 9 11 22 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Maasai Nilo-Saharan 26 27 8 0 16 50 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Malagasy Austronesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 0 O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005)[5]
Mandinka Niger-Congo 39 5 3 3 79 8 3 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 45 86.7 4.4 Rosa 2007[9]
Masalit Nilo-Saharan 32 18.8 3.1 0 0 71.9 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Mossi Niger-Congo 49 0 2 90 2 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Namibia (Nama) Khoisan 11 64 0 0 18 9 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nande Niger-Congo 18 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Niger–Congo[nb 12] Niger-Congo 705 2.7 9.6 4.5 68.2 3.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 13] Nilo-Saharan 91 12.1 35.2 0 29.7 14.3 8.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 14] Nilo-Saharan 345 23.2 17.4 9.9 33.9 2.6 6.1 Wood 2005,[1] Hassan 2008,[2]
Tishkoff 2007,[6] Cruciani 2002[8]
Nubians Nilo-Saharan, Semitic 39 0 7.7 0 0 23.1 0 43.6 10.3 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuba Nilo-Saharan 28 46.4 14.3 0 0 39.3 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuer Nilo-Saharan 12 33.3 50 0 0 16.7 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic 78 10.3 1.3 0 62.8 1.3 3.8 0 5.1 Hassan 2008[2]
Ouldeme Chadic 13 95.5 Cruciani2010[13]
Pygmy (Mbuti) Nilo-Saharan 47 2 59 0 34 0 4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Pygmy (Western)[nb 15] Niger-Congo 60 5 53.3 28.3 0 0 3.3 0 Berniell 2009[4]
São Tomé and Príncipe Indo-European 150 1.3 0 0 84.0 0 0 8.7 0 Gonçalves 2008[15]
Sandawe Sandawe (Isolate) 68 4 14 43 34 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Senegalese Niger-Congo 139 0 0 5.0 81.3 6.5 2.9 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan 15 53.3 26.7 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shuwa Arabs Semitic 5 40 Cruciani2010[13]
Somalis Cushitic 201 0.5 1.0 0 1.5 81.1 0.5 3.0 0 10.4 R1a=1, Sanchez2005[16]
South African Whites Indo-European 157 0 0 0.6 0.6 9.6 0 3.8 51.6 Others=33.8[7]
Sudanese Arabs[nb 16] Semitic 102 2.9 0 0 0 16.7 0 47.1 15.7 0 Hassan 2008[2]
South Sudan (Nilotic)[nb 17] Nilo-Saharan 81 50.6 24.7 0 0 24.7 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
West Sudan (Darfur)[nb 18] Nilo-Saharan 90 27.8 2.2 0 0 62.2 0 4.4 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Tuareg (Burkina Faso)[nb 19] Berber 38 0 16.7 77.8 0 0 Pereira 2010[17]
Tuareg (Mali)[nb 20] Berber 21 0 9.1 90.9 0 0 Pereira 2010[17]
Tuareg (Niger)[nb 21] Berber 31 0 44.4 16.7 0 33.3 Pereira 2010[17]
Tutsi (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 94 0 15 0 80 1 4 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Wolof Niger-Congo 34 0 0 12.0 68.0 12.0 3.0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 13 0 8 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 28 93.1 IHC 2005[18]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 21 4.8 Cruciani 2010[13]
Xhosa Niger-Congo 80 5 5 0 54 5 28 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Zulu Niger-Congo 29 3 20 0 55 0 21 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma.
  2. ^ South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu.
  3. ^ Burkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe.
  4. ^ Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed.
  5. ^ Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed.
  6. ^ Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka.
  7. ^ RDC: Nande, Hema.
  8. ^ Ghana: Ewe, Ga, Fante.
  9. ^ Calculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4.
  10. ^ Khoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama.
  11. ^ Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed.
  12. ^ Niger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
  13. ^ Nilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix A
  14. ^ Nilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon
  15. ^ Pygmies: Baka, Bakola.
  16. ^ Northern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien.
  17. ^ South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer.
  18. ^ Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck.
  19. ^ Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom.
  20. ^ Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi.
  21. ^ Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History, 2008
  3. ^ a b c d e J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
  4. ^ a b Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
  5. ^ a b Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation
  7. ^ a b c Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
  9. ^ a b c d Rosa Alexandra; Ornelas Carolina; Jobling Mark A; Brehm António; Villems Richard (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 124. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. PMC 1976131. PMID 17662131.
  10. ^ a b Veeramah, Krishna R; et al. (2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 92. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. PMC 2867817. PMID 20356404. & Supplementary material
  11. ^ a b Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711
  12. ^ Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners.
  13. ^ a b c d Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
  14. ^ Nguidi, Masinda; Gomes, Verónica; Vullo, Carlos; Rodrigues, Pedro; Rotondo, Martina; Longaray, Micaela; Catelli, Laura; Martínez, Beatriz; Campos, Afonso; Carvalho, Elizeu; Orovboni, Victoria O.; Keshinro, Samuel O.; Simão, Filipa; Gusmão, Leonor (2024-07-08). "Impact of patrilocality on contrasting patterns of paternal and maternal heritage in Central-West Africa". Scientific Reports. 14: 15653. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65428-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11231350. PMID 38977763.
  15. ^ Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211
  16. ^ Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
  17. ^ a b c Pereira, Luísa; Černý, Viktor; Cerezo, María; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; Vašíková, Alžběta; Kujanová, Martina; Brdička, Radim; Salas, Antonio (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
  18. ^ International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320.
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