Haplogroup T-M184
(Redirected from Haplogroup T (Y-DNA))
| Haplogroup T-M184 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 26,000 BC BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Western Asia.[2][3] |
| Ancestor | LT |
| Descendants | T1 (T-L206); T2 (T-PH110) |
| Defining mutations | M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445 |
| Highest frequencies | Dir, Isaaq (Horn of Africa); Toubou (Chad); Antemoro (Madagascar); |
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184.[4]
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe, Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia.
Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line.[5]
Structure
[edit]- Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184).[6]
- T1 (L206)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
- T1a1a2 (Y16897)
- T1a1a2a (Z19963)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a2 (L131)
- T1a2a (PH141/Y13244)
- T1a2b (L446)
- T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 )
- T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798)
- T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T2 (PH110)
Distribution
[edit]Overview
[edit]As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2.[5] The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206.
Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq Somali clans in Somaliland,[a][7] Djibouti, and Ethiopia.[8][9] it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world. These include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; general Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; people from the Chian, Aquilani, Saccensi, Ibizan (Eivissenc) and Mirandese regions in Europe; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in the Middle East, and Nenets and Kazakhs (especially Momyns and Argyns) in Siberia/Central Asia. [citation needed]
The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan Somaliland males (Iacovacci et al. 2016).[8] It accounts for approximately 82.4% of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011).[10] Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia,[10] and Djibouti.[8]
Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from West Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Anatolian haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the West Asian clade. Later expansions of populations from West Asia carrying the E-M215, E-V38, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[11]
Prevalence of T-M184 in Armenians from Sasun
T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three ... Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent [patrilineal] descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of the samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...] Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van.
Kristian J Herrera, 2012
In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians (up to 40%), Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.
Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow".[5] It makes up to 4% of the population in Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[12] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
T1 (T*)
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Berbers | Siwi (Berber) | Sejenane | 1/47 | 2.1% | [13] | |
| Syrians | Unspecified | Syria | 1/95 | 1.1% | [5] | |
| Macedonians | Macedonian (Balto-Slavic) |
Macedonia | 1/201 | 0.5% | [14] | Macedonians Orthodox Christians |
T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley.[15]
The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[5][13][14]
Initial research into T1a (T-M70; previously known as K2)
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Western Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [11]
T1a (M70)
[edit]Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia and Assyria. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[5]
T1a1*
[edit]Pityusans: one of three genetically distinct populations in the Balearic Islands
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan. With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.
Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004
The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%).[16] Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%).[17][18] Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).[19]
The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco.[citation needed] Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.
T1a1a (L208)
[edit]This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162.
T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)
[edit]One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).[20]
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)
[edit]
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.
Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.
T2 (PH110)
[edit]This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan.[39] Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Possible cases from older research
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Kurmach-Baygol | 2/11 | 18.2% | [40] | K* (xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Turochak | 2/19 | 10.5% | [40] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 1/13 | 7.7% | [41][42] | K(xT1a-M70, L1-M22, P-92R7) |
| Ossetian Irons | Iron (Iranian) | South Ossetia | 1/21 | 4.8% | [41][43] | No further details available. |
| Cordobeses | Andalusian (Romance) | Córdoba | 1/27 | 3.7% | [41][44] | No further details available. |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 2/60 | 3.3% | [41][44] | No further details available. |
| Tharus | Tharu (Indo-Aryan) | Morang | 1/37 | 2.7% | [45] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, NO-M214, P-M74) |
| Cherkessians | Besleney (Northwest Caucasian) | Circassia | 2/126 | 1.6% | [41][43] | No further details are available. |
| Bizkaians | Bizkaiera (Isolate language) | Bizkaia | 1/72 | 1.4% | [41][44] | No further details are available. |
| Europeans | English (Germanic) | Australia | 1/1078 | 0.09% | [46] | No further details are available. |
Modern geographical distribution
[edit]Northern Asia
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Southwestern Altai | 1/30 | 3.3% | [47] | T1a-M70 |
| Evens | Even (Tungusic) | eastern Siberia | 1/61 | 1.6% | [48] | |
| Barghuts | Barga (Mongolic) | different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak | 1/76 | 1.3% | [48] | T1a-M70. In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin. |
Europe
[edit]With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[108] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[57] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[57] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[57] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[57] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[57] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[67] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[57] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[109] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[110] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[111] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[112] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[63] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[63] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[112] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[112] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[19] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[113] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[114] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[19] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[115] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[108] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[108] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[116] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[112] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[117] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[118] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[119] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[114] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[19] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[120] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[121] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[114] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[122] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[123] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[124]
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[125][126][127][128][67][71][129][98][130][131][132][133][134][135][49][93][136][excessive citations] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[137] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[138]
Middle East and Caucasus
[edit]Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf.
There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[149] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[172] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[149] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[172] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[173] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[174] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[175] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[172] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[173] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[149][176] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[174] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[174] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[149][176] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[149][176] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[176] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[149][176] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[174] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[176]
Africa
[edit]Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184.[177]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somalis (Dir clan) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 24/24 | 100% | [8] | The main sub-clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi. |
| Somalis (Dire Dawa) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Dire Dawa | 14/17 | 82.4% | [10] | Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi. |
| Anteony | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 22/37 | 59.5% | [178] | The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars | Somali and Afar (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 30/54 | 56.6% | [179] | Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.[failed verification] |
| Somalis (Ethiopia) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Shilavo (woreda) (Somali Region of Ethiopia) | 5/10 | 50% | [8] | The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1. |
| Somalis (Isaaq) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Somaliland | 4/4 | 100% | [9] | All belonging to the T1a-Y16897 subclade |
| Afars | Afar language (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 5/20 | 25% | [8] | |
| Toubou | Toubou | Chad | 31% | [180] | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade | |
| Akie | Akie people (Nilotic) | Tanzania | 3/13 | 23.1% | [Hirbo et al.] | Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic language |
| Somalis | Somali (East Cushitic) | Jijiga (Somali Region of Ethiopia) | 19/83 | 22.9% | [10] | Jijiga Somalis. |
| Arabs from Somalia | Somali (East Cushitic) | immigrants in Yemen | 7/33 | 21.2% | [181] | |
| Lemba | Venda and Shona (Bantu) | South Africa | 6/34 | 17.6% | [5] | Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians. |
| Rangi | Rangi Language (Bantu) | Tanzania | 5/32 | 15.6% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| - | Somalia | 15/105 | 14.3% | [182][183] | ||
| Iraqw | Iraqw language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 6/47 | 12.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Wachagga | Kichagga (Niger-Congo) | Dār as-Salām | 3/24 | 12.5% | [144] | Mixed with Rift Southern Cushites. |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Norway | 12/104 | 11.5% | [184] | |
| Bench | Bench(northern Omotic) | Bench Maji Zone | 14/126 | 11.4% | [10] | |
| Kores | (Cushitic) | SNNP | 2/18 | 11.1% | [10] | |
| Oromo | Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) | Oromiyaa | 1/9 | 11.1% | [185] | |
| Fulbe | Fula | northern Cameroon | 3/27 | 11.1% | [186][187] | |
| Gorowa | Gorowa language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/19 | 10.5% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Denmark | 21/201 | 10.4% | [188][189] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Luxor Governorate | 3/29 | 10.3% | [17][190] | |
| Kontas | Konta language (Omotic) | Konta special woreda | 11/107 | 10.3% | [10] | |
| Rendille | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Marsabit County | 3/31 | 9.7% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Datogs | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 3/31 | 9.7% | [191] | |
| Gewadas | Gewada language (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 11/116 | 9.5% | [10] | |
| Antalaotra | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 4/43 | 9.3% | [178] | The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Aswan Governorate | 1/11 | 9.1% | [192] | |
| N'Djamena Mix | Mix | N'Djamena | 5/55 | 9.1% | Marc Haber 2016 | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Assiut Governorate | 6/70 | 8.6% | [192] | |
| Konsos | (Semitic) | Konso special woreda | 2/24 | 8.3% | [10] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Sweden | 12/147 | 8.2% | [193] | |
| Arabs and Berbers | Egyptian Arabic and Siwi | Lower Egypt | 12/147 | 8.2% | [11] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Sohag Governorate | 4/52 | 7.7% | [192] | |
| Egyptians | Erythraic (Cushitic) | Egypt | 7/92 | 7.6% | [183][185] | If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7% |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Tigray Region | 2/30 | 6.7% | [10] | |
| Dirashas | Dirasha (east Cushitic) | Dirashe special woreda | 5/79 | 6.3% | [10] | |
| Canarians | Canarian Spanish | Tenerife | 11/178 | 6.2% | ||
| Kordofanians | Kordofanian | Kurdufan | 4/69 | 5.8% | [174] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Qena Governorate | 3/52 | 5.8% | [192] | |
| Tuareg | Tuareg (Berber) | Gorom-Gorom | 1/18 | 5.6% | [194] | |
| Afars | Afar (East Cushitic) | Afar Region | 6/111 | 5.4% | [10] | |
| Ethiopians | Ethiopian languages | Ethiopia | 4/74 | 5.4% | [156] | |
| Mashiles | Mashile language (Cushitic) | SNNP | 7/130 | 5.4% | [10] | |
| Gurages | Gurage languages (South Semitic) | SNNP | 6/118 | 5.1% | [10] | |
| Turu | Nyaturu (Bantu) | Tanzania | 1/20 | 5% | [191] | |
| Moroccan Jews | Haketia (Romance) | Israel | 1/20 | 5% | [195] | |
| Gedeos | Gedeo (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 6/122 | 4.9% | [10] | |
| Wairak | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/41 | 4.9% | [11] | |
| Western Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli region | 7/142 | 4.9% | [196] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sfax | 5/105 | 4.8% | [198] | |
| Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli area | 3/63 | 4.8% | [199] | |
| Kanuri | Kanuri | Cameroon | 1/21 | 4.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Iraqw[200] | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/43 | 4.7% | ||
| Yems | Yemsa (Omotic) | SNNP | 5/107 | 4.7% | [10] | |
| Jews | (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/22 | 4.5% | [8] | |
| Gobeze | Cushitic | SNNP | 5/113 | 4.4% | [10] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Minya Governorate | 1/23 | 4.3% | [192] | |
| Konsos | Konso language (East Cushitic) | Konso special woreda | 4/94 | 4.3% | [10] | |
| Kembaatas | East Cushitic | Kembata Tembaro Zone | 4/102 | 3.9% | [10] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/28 | 3.6% | [8] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/31 | 3% | [179] | |
| Amharas | Amharic (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/34 | 2.9% | [8] | |
| Hutus | Rwanda-Rundi (Niger-Congo) | Rwanda | 1/39 | 2.6% | [201] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Mansoura | 1/44 | 2.2% | [17][190] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Siwa Oasis | 2/93 | 2.2% | [195][202] | |
| Meru | Meru (Northeast Bantu) | Tanzania | 2/99 | 2% | [203] | |
| Itam | Ibibio | Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria) | 1/50 | 2% | [204][205] | |
| Cape Verdeans | Cape Verdean Creole (Portuguese Creole) | Windward islands São Nicolau, São Vicente, and Santo Antão | 2/101 | 2% | [206] | |
| Ovimbundo | Umbundu and Portuguese | Angola | 1/53 | 1.9% | [207] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Tunis | 1/54 | 1.9% | [208] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Asni | 1/54 | 1.9% | [195][202] | |
| Eastern Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Benghazi | 4/214 | 1.9% | [209] | |
| Algerians | Algerian Arabic (Semitic) | Algeria | 3/164 | 1.8% | [174] | |
| Baribas | Baatonum (Niger–Congo) | Benin | 1/57 | 1.8% | [210] | T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131) |
| Bokoras | Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/59 | 1.7% | [197] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Cairo | 1/63 | 1.6% | [211] | |
| Tumbuka | Tumbuka (Niger-Congo) | northern Malawi | 1/61 | 1.6% | [205] | |
| Mozabites | Mozabite (Berber) | Ghardaia | 1/68 | 1.5% | [212] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | South Tunisia | 3/200 | 1.5% | [213] | |
| Soussians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sousse | 3/220 | 1.4% | [214] | |
| Chewa | Chewa (Niger-Congo) | Malawi | 1/92 | 1.1% | [205] | |
| Maasai | Maasai (Eastern Nilotic) | Kinyawa (Mashuru) | 1/100 | 1% | YHRD | |
| Bantu | Narrow Bantu (Niger-Congo) | Pretoria | 1/98 | 1% | [205] | |
| Nilotes | Ateker (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/118 | 0.8% | [197] | |
| Andalusians | Andalusian Arabic (Semitic) | Testour, El Alia, Gualaat-El-Andalous, Slouguia | 1/132 | 0.8% | [208] | Refugees from Al-Andalus following the capitulation of the Islamic kingdoms in Valencia and Granada |
| Bantus | Bantu | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/140 | 0.7% | [215] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
| Basothos | Sesotho (Niger-Congo) | Lesotho | 1/181 | 0.6% | [216] | |
| Moroccans | Moroccan Arabic (Semitic) | Casablanca metropolitan area | 1/166 | 0.6% | [217] | The industrial capital of Morocco where the urban growth is maintained by immigration from all parts of Morocco |
| Khoisans | Khoisan | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/371 | 0.3% | [215] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
South Asia
[edit]T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[218]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurru | Yerukala (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 10/18 | 55.6% | ||
| Bauris | Bengali (Indo-Aryan) | West Bengal | 10/19 | 52.6% | K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle. | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | West Bengal | 2/4 | 50% | ||
| Rajus | Telugu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/19 | 15.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | West Bengal | 2/13 | 15.3% | ||
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/20 | 15% | K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50% | |
| Kare Vokkal | Kannada (Dravidian) | Uttara Kannada | 4/30 | 13.3% | [219] | K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3% |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/18 | 11.1% | ||
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | South Uttar Pradesh | 4/38 | 10.6% | [220] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | Madhya Pradesh | 10/139 | 7.2% | [220] | |
| Indians | languages of India | South India | 18/305 | 5.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/38 | 5.3% | [221] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/61 | 4.9% | [130] | Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al. |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/53 | 3.8% | [130] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Indians | languages of India | East India | 14/367 | 3.8% | ||
| Gujaratis | Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) | Gujarat | 1/29 | 3.4% | [130] | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/71 | 2.8% | [221][222] | Three samples from different studies grouped together |
| Sahariyas | Saharia (Munda) | Madhya Pradesh | 2/73 | 2.7% | [223] | |
| Tamtas | (Indo-Aryan) | Bageshwar | 1/34 | 2.9% | [218] | |
| Kshatriyas | (Indo-Aryan) | Pithoragarh | 2/79 | 2.5% | [218] | |
| Aryas | Arya (Indo-Aryan) | Nainital | 1/46 | 2.2% | [218] | |
| Laotians | Lao (Tai-Kadai) | Laos | 1/53 | 1.9% | [144] | |
| Maravars | Tamil (Dravidian) | Ramanathapuram | 1/80 | 1.3% | [224] | Dry Land Farmers |
| Garos | Garo (Sino-Tibetan) | Tangail | 1/120 | 0.8% | [225] | Likely P77+ |
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[226] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[227] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[228] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[229] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[220] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[220] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[230] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[229] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[220] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[227] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[220] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[220] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[231] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[227] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[229]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Central Asia & East Asia
[edit]Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China),[251] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[252]
Americas (post-colonisation)
[edit]Ancient DNA
[edit]Peki'in Cave, Israel
[edit]A 2018 study[2] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[286] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[287] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[287]
We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).[2]
Ancient city of Ebla
[edit]In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[288][289]
Alalakh Amorite city-state
[edit]One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[290][288][289]
Notable haplogroup members
[edit]Elite endurance runners
[edit]Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[291]
According to further studies,[5] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[292]
House of Khalifa
[edit]The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah)is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*.
The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002.
The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects.
Thomas Jefferson
[edit]A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.
Family Tree DNA, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan[293]
Phylogenetic tree
[edit]
|
Nomenclatural history
[edit]Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original research publications
[edit]The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
Y-DNA backbone tree
[edit]
| |||
Footnotes
| |||
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Original research
[edit]- ^ W. Goodwin et al., " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, " "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
- ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
- ^ Uta D. Immel et al., "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
- ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al., "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
Other works cited
[edit]- ^ "T YTree". www.yfull.com.
- ^ a b c Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (20 August 2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3336H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC 6102297. PMID 30127404.
- ^ Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (3 August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
- ^ Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (2011). "Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003. S2CID 207611348.
- ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup T". isogg.org.
- ^ Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somaliland."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
- ^ a b "T-Y16897 YTree".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Plaster; et al. (2011). "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia" (PDF). UCL Discovery.
- ^ a b c d e Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
- ^ Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, Pocheshkhova E, Boldyreva M, Yankovsky N, Balanovska E, Villems R (2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ a b Frigi S, Pereira F, Pereira L, Yacoubi B, Gusmão L, Alves C, Khodjet el Khil H, Cherni L, Amorim A, El Gaaied A (2006). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR Yfiler) in two Tunisian Berber communities". Forensic Science International. 160 (1): 80–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007. PMID 16005592.
- ^ a b Jakovski Z, Nikolova K, Jankova-Ajanovska R, Marjanovic D, Pojskic N, Janeska B (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (4): e108–11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. PMID 21549657.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ^ Tomàs C, Jiménez G, Picornell A, Castro JA, Ramon MM (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273. PMID 16323196.
- ^ a b c Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, Izaabel H, Bosch E, Adams SM, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Picornell A, Ramon M, Jobling MA, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C (2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
- ^ Adams SM, et al. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b c d Rodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ, Castro JA, Ramon MM, Barbaro A, Morling N, Picornell A (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931. S2CID 20576072.
- ^ a b c d Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (2008). "Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans". PLOS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1430C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Grugni V, Battaglia V, Perego UA, Raveane A, Lancioni H, Olivieri A, Ferretti L, Woodward SR, Pascale JM, Cooke R, Myres N, Motta J, Torroni A, Achilli A, Semino O (2015). "Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. PMC 4670172. PMID 26636572.
- ^ a b c d e f Toscanini U, Vullo C, Berardi G, Llull C, Borosky A, Gómez A, Pardo-Seco J, Salas A (2016). "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 20: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.002. PMID 26433179.
- ^ Vilar MG, Melendez C, Sanders AB, Walia A, Gaieski JB, Owings AC, Schurr TG (2014). "Genetic diversity in Puerto Rico and its implications for the peopling of the Island and the West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 155 (3): 352–68. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22569. PMID 25043798. S2CID 205334949.
- ^ a b c Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, Amorim A, Gusmão L (March 2010). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 141 (3): 373–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998.
- ^ a b Nogueiro I, Teixeira JC, Amorim A, Gusmão L, Alvarez L (2015). "Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history". Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00012. PMC 4313780. PMID 25699075.
- ^ a b Marcus AW, Ebel ER, Friedman DA (2015). "Commentary: Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history". Frontiers in Genetics. 6: 261. doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00261. PMC 4528994. PMID 26300912.
- ^ a b c d e Monteiro, Sofia Lucília Monteiro Marques (2012). Leonese dialects in Portugal: linguistic-genetic relationships through Y chromosome analysis (PhD Thesis). Universidade do Porto. hdl:10216/65272.
- ^ a b Marques SL, Gusmão L, Amorim A, Prata MJ, Alvarez L (2016). "Y chromosome diversity in a linguistic isolate (Mirandese, NE Portugal)". American Journal of Human Biology. 28 (5): 671–80. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22849. PMID 26990174. S2CID 45119004.
- ^ Díaz V, Carracedo A (2008). "The distribution of Y-chromosome STRs in Dominican population". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 195–7. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.163.
- ^ a b Seiberling, Susann (2005). Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short Tandem Repeats in Vorpommern (PhD Thesis). Greifswald Universitätsbibliothek. OCLC 846027643.
- ^ González-Andrade F, Roewer L, Willuweit S, Sánchez D, Martínez-Jarreta B (2009). "Y-STR variation among ethnic groups from Ecuador: Mestizos, Kichwas, Afro-Ecuadorians and Waoranis". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 3 (3): e83–91. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.08.003. PMID 19414158.
- ^ a b c Borjas L, Bernal LP, Chiurillo MA, Tovar F, Zabala W, Lander N, Ramírez JL (2008). "Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela". Legal Medicine. 10 (2): 107–12. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.08.005. PMID 17981491.
- ^ Alvarez M, Marrero C, Dictamen A, Figuera M, Marrero M, Borjas L, Ferreira R (2009). "Y-chromosome haplotype database in Venezuelan central region and its comparison with other Venezuelan populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 407–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.100.
- ^ a b Baeza C, Guzmán R, Tirado M, López-Parra AM, Rodríguez T, Mesa MS, Fernández E, Arroyo-Pardo E (2007). "Population data for 15 Y-chromosome STRs in a population sample from Quito (Ecuador)". Forensic Science International. 173 (2–3): 214–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.09.011. PMID 17320323.
- ^ Builes JJ, Bravo ML, Gómez C, Espinal C, Aguirre D, Gómez A, Rodríguez J, Castañeda P, Montoya A, Moreno M, Amorim A, Gusmão L (2006). "Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.005. PMID 16289613.
- ^ a b c Ambrosio B, Novelletto A, Hernandez C, Dugoujon JM, Fortes-Lima C, Rodriguez JN, Calderon R (2012). "Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (2): e66–71. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.007. PMID 21664894.
- ^ Gené M, Borrego N, Xifró A, Piqué E, Moreno P, Huguet E (1999). "Haplotype frequencies of eight Y-chromosome STR loci in Barcelona (North-East Spain)". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 112 (6): 403–5. doi:10.1007/s004140050025. PMID 10550606. S2CID 29850287.
- ^ a b Schwengber SP, Kommers T, Matte CH, Raimann PE, Carvalho BA, Leite FP, Medeiros MA, Souza LF, Castro CS, Chassot FG, Bonatto SL (2009). "Population data of 17 Y-STR loci from Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (1): e31–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.02.001. PMID 19948319.
- ^ Hallast P, Batini C, Zadik D, Maisano Delser P, Wetton JH, Arroyo-Pardo E, Cavalleri GL, de Knijff P, Destro Bisol G, Dupuy BM, Eriksen HA, Jorde LB, King TE, Larmuseau MH, López de Munain A, López-Parra AM, Loutradis A, Milasin J, Novelletto A, Pamjav H, Sajantila A, Schempp W, Sears M, Tolun A, Tyler-Smith C, Van Geystelen A, Watkins S, Winney B, Jobling MA (2015). "The Y-chromosome tree bursts into leaf: 13,000 high-confidence SNPs covering the majority of known clades". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (3): 661–73. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. PMC 4327154. PMID 25468874.
- ^ a b Khar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, Puzyrev VP (2007). "[Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups]". Genetika (in Russian). 43 (5): 675–87. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. PMID 17633562. S2CID 566825.
- ^ a b c d e f Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, Pestano J, Benhamamouch S, González AM (2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Martinez-Cadenas C, Blanco-Verea A, Hernando B, Busby GB, Brion M, Carracedo A, Salas A, Capelli C (2016). "The relationship between surname frequency and Y chromosome variation in Spain". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (1): 120–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.75. PMC 4795233. PMID 25898922.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Järve M, Kutuev I, Rootsi S, Metspalu E, Behar DM, Varendi K, Sahakyan H, Khusainova R, Yepiskoposyan L, Khusnutdinova EK, Underhill PA, Kivisild T, Villems R (2012). "The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (1): 359–65. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221. PMID 21917723.
- ^ a b c López-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, Baeza C, Amorim A, Mesa MS, Prata MJ, Arroyo-Pardo E (2009). "In search of the pre- and post-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y-chromosome in Pyrenean populations". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00478.x. PMID 18803634. S2CID 43273988.
- ^ Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SA (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
- ^ Taylor DA, Henry JM (2012). "Haplotype data for 16 Y-chromosome STR loci in Aboriginal and Caucasian populations in South Australia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (6): e187–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.05.005. PMID 22673611.
- ^ Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG (2011). "Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617548D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
- ^ a b Malyarchuk BA, Derenko M, Denisova G, Woźniak M, Rogalla U, Dambueva I, Grzybowski T (2016). "Y chromosome haplotype diversity in Mongolic-speaking populations and gene conversion at the duplicated STR DYS385a,b in haplogroup C3-M407". Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (6): 491–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.14. PMID 26911356. S2CID 13217444.
- ^ a b c Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, Fraternale B, Buscemi L, Pesaresi M, Tagliabracci A (2007). "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (3): 234–7. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0153-y. PMID 17287987. S2CID 206976345.
- ^ a b c d e Katsaloulis P, Tsekoura K, Vouropoulou M, Miniati P (2013). "Genetic population study of 11 Y chromosome STR loci in Greece". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 7 (3): e56–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.02.001. PMID 23582698.
- ^ a b c d e f Robino C, Ralf A, Pasino S, De Marchi MR, Ballantyne KN, Barbaro A, Bini C, Carnevali E, Casarino L, Di Gaetano C, Fabbri M, Ferri G, Giardina E, Gonzalez A, Matullo G, Nutini AL, Onofri V, Piccinini A, Piglionica M, Ponzano E, Previderè C, Resta N, Scarnicci F, Seidita G, Sorçaburu-Cigliero S, Turrina S, Verzeletti A, Kayser M (2015). "Development of an Italian RM Y-STR haplotype database: Results of the 2013 GEFI collaborative exercise". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 15: 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.008. hdl:2318/154001. PMID 25457630.
- ^ Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, Chatzikyriakidou A, Kouvatsi A, Triantaphyllidis C, Di Gaetano C, Crobu F, Matullo G, Piazza A, Torre C (2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596.
- ^ Pichler I, Mueller JC, Stefanov SA, De Grandi A, Volpato CB, Pinggera GK, Mayr A, Ogriseg M, Ploner F, Meitinger T, Pramstaller PP (2006). "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology. 78 (4): 441–64. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID 17278620. S2CID 20205296.
- ^ Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME (2003). "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–79. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
- ^ Turrina S, Atzei R, De Leo D (2006). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Northeast Italian population sample using 17plex loci PCR assay". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 120 (1): 56–9. doi:10.1007/s00414-005-0054-x. PMID 16328424. S2CID 237262.
- ^ a b Boattini A, Martinez-Cruz B, Sarno S, Harmant C, Useli A, Sanz P, Yang-Yao D, Manry J, Ciani G, Luiselli D, Quintana-Murci L, Comas D, Pettener D (2013). "Uniparental markers in Italy reveal a sex-biased genetic structure and different historical strata". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e65441. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865441B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065441. PMC 3666984. PMID 23734255.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i F. Di Giacomo (2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–95. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2. PMID 12927125.
- ^ a b c d e Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, Guarrera S, Underhill PA, King RJ, Romano V, Cali F, Gasparini M, Matullo G, Salerno A, Torre C, Piazza A (2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
- ^ Cortellini V, Verzeletti A, Cerri N, Marino A, De Ferrari F (2013). "Y-chromosome polymorphisms and ethnic group - a combined STR and SNP approach in a population sample from northern Italy". Croatian Medical Journal. 54 (3): 279–85. doi:10.3325/cmj.2013.54.279. PMC 3692336. PMID 23771759.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Pangrazio A, Santolamazza P, Vona G, Moral P, Latini V, Varesi L, Memmi MM, Romano V, De Leo G, Gennarelli M, Jaruzelska J, Villems R, Parik J, Macaulay V, Torroni A (2001). "Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region". Human Immunology. 62 (9): 871–84. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5. PMID 11543889.
- ^ a b c d e Messina F, Finocchio A, Rolfo MF, De Angelis F, Rapone C, Coletta M, Martínez-Labarga C, Biondi G, Berti A, Rickards O (2015). "Traces of forgotten historical events in mountain communities in Central Italy: A genetic insight". American Journal of Human Biology. 27 (4): 508–19. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22677. PMID 25728801. S2CID 30111156.
- ^ a b c Martínez-Cruz B, Harmant C, Platt DE, Haak W, Manry J, Ramos-Luis E, Soria-Hernanz DF, Bauduer F, Salaberria J, Oyharçabal B, Quintana-Murci L, Comas D (2012). "Evidence of pre-Roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (9): 2211–22. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss091. hdl:10261/112478. PMID 22411853.
- ^ a b c d e f g Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Pérez JA, Rojas A, Larruga JM, Underhill PA (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900.
- ^ a b Pardiñas AF, Roca A, García-Vazquez E, López B (2012). "Assessing the genetic influence of ancient sociopolitical structure: micro-differentiation patterns in the population of Asturias (Northern Spain)". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50206. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750206P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050206. PMC 3507697. PMID 23209673.
- ^ Santos C, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, Alvarez L, Larruga JM, Ramos A, López MA, Pilar Aluja M, González AM (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome structure at the Mediterranean and Atlantic façades of the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (2): 130–41. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22497. PMID 24375863. S2CID 205303141.
- ^ a b Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, Conti S, Mamolini E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–93. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870.
- ^ a b c Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Arredi B, Caglia' A, Vetrugno G, Tofanelli S, Onofri V, Tagliabracci A, Paoli G, Pascali VL (2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 228–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346.
- ^ Maca-Meyer, N.; Sánchez-Velasco, P.; Flores, C.; Larruga, J.-M.; Gonzalez, A.-M.; Oterino, A.; Leyva-Cobian, F. (2003). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (4): 329–339. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x. PMID 12914567. S2CID 40355653.
- ^ a b c d e Brisighelli F, Blanco-Verea A, Boschi I, Garagnani P, Pascali VL, Carracedo A, Capelli C, Salas A (2012). "Patterns of Y-STR variation in Italy". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (6): 834–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.03.003. PMID 22487686.
- ^ a b c Šarac J, Šarić T, Havaš Auguštin D, Novokmet N, Vekarić N, Mustać M, Grahovac B, Kapović M, Nevajda B, Glasnović A, Missoni S, Rootsi S, Rudan P (2016). "Genetic heritage of Croatians in the Southeastern European gene pool-Y chromosome analysis of the Croatian continental and Island population". American Journal of Human Biology. 28 (6): 837–845. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22876. PMID 27279290. S2CID 25873634.
- ^ a b Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, Alves C, Gomes I, Giouzeli M, Calafell F, Carracedo A, Amorim A (2006). "Micro-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329. S2CID 4652154.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Tofanelli, Sergio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Anagnostou, Paolo; Busby, George B. J.; Ferri, Gianmarco; Thomas, Mark G.; Taglioli, Luca; Rudan, Igor; Zemunik, Tatijana; Hayward, Caroline; Bolnick, Deborah; Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco; Luiselli, Donata; Shepherd, Gillian B.; Tusa, Sebastiano; Facella, Antonino; Capelli, Cristian (2015). "The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily". European Journal of Human Genetics. 24 (3): 429–436. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.124. PMC 4757772. PMID 26173964.
- ^ Calcagno G, Labruna G, Sacchetti L (2005). "Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in a Campania population sample". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 43 (2): 163–6. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.027. PMID 15843210. S2CID 43323602.
- ^ Decorte R. et al., YHRD
- ^ a b c d e Coia V, Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Pascali V, Scarnicci F, Boschi I, Battaggia C, Crivellaro F, Ferri G, Alù M, Brisighelli F, Busby GB, Capelli C, Maixner F, Cipollini G, Viazzo PP, Zink A, Destro Bisol G (2013). "Demographic histories, isolation and social factors as determinants of the genetic structure of Alpine linguistic groups". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81704. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881704C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081704. PMC 3847036. PMID 24312576.
- ^ Robino C, Gino S, Ricci U, Grignani P, Previdere C, Torre C (2002). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Albanian population sample". Forensic Science International. 129 (2): 128–30. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00224-4. PMID 12243882.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Carossa V, Yordanov Y, Torroni A, Galabov AS, Toncheva D, Semino O (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
- ^ Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, Ayub Q, McCarthy SA, Narechania A, Kashin S, Chen Y, Banerjee R, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Cerezo M, Shao H, Gymrek M, Malhotra A, Louzada S, Desalle R, Ritchie GR, Cerveira E, Fitzgerald TW, Garrison E, Marcketta A, Mittelman D, Romanovitch M, Zhang C, Zheng-Bradley X, Abecasis GR, McCarroll SA, Flicek P, Underhill PA, Coin L, Zerbino DR, Yang F, Lee C, Clarke L, Auton A, Erlich Y, Handsaker RE, Bustamante CD, Tyler-Smith C (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
- ^ a b c d Purps J, Siegert S, Willuweit S, Nagy M, Alves C, Salazar R, Angustia SM, Santos LH, Anslinger K, Bayer B, Ayub Q, Wei W, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Bafalluy MB, Martínez-Jarreta B, Egyed B, Balitzki B, Tschumi S, Ballard D, Court DS, Barrantes X, Bäßler G, Wiest T, Berger B, Niederstätter H, Parson W, Davis C, Budowle B, Burri H, Borer U, Koller C, Carvalho EF, Domingues PM, Chamoun WT, Coble MD, Hill CR, Corach D, Caputo M, D'Amato ME, Davison S, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH, Ottoni C, Rickards O, Lu D, Jiang C, Dobosz T, Jonkisz A, Frank WE, Furac I, Gehrig C, Castella V, Grskovic B, Haas C, Wobst J, Hadzic G, Drobnic K, Honda K, Hou Y, Zhou D, Li Y, Hu S, Chen S, Immel UD, Lessig R, Jakovski Z, Ilievska T, Klann AE, García CC, de Knijff P, Kraaijenbrink T, Kondili A, Miniati P, Vouropoulou M, Kovacevic L, Marjanovic D, Lindner I, Mansour I, Al-Azem M, Andari AE, Marino M, Furfuro S, Locarno L, Martín P, Luque GM, Alonso A, Miranda LS, Moreira H, Mizuno N, Iwashima Y, Neto RS, Nogueira TL, Silva R, Nastainczyk-Wulf M, Edelmann J, Kohl M, Nie S, Wang X, Cheng B, Núñez C, Pancorbo MM, Olofsson JK, Morling N, Onofri V, Tagliabracci A, Pamjav H, Volgyi A, Barany G, Pawlowski R, Maciejewska A, Pelotti S, Pepinski W, Abreu-Glowacka M, Phillips C, Cárdenas J, Rey-Gonzalez D, Salas A, Brisighelli F, Capelli C, Toscanini U, Piccinini A, Piglionica M, Baldassarra SL, Ploski R, Konarzewska M, Jastrzebska E, Robino C, Sajantila A, Palo JU, Guevara E, Salvador J, Ungria MC, Rodriguez JJ, Schmidt U, Schlauderer N, Saukko P, Schneider PM, Sirker M, Shin KJ, Oh YN, Skitsa I, Ampati A, Smith TG, Calvit LS, Stenzl V, Capal T, Tillmar A, Nilsson H, Turrina S, De Leo D, Verzeletti A, Cortellini V, Wetton JH, Gwynne GM, Jobling MA, Whittle MR, Sumita DR, Wolańska-Nowak P, Yong RY, Krawczak M, Nothnagel M, Roewer L (2014). "A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 12 (100): 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.04.008. PMC 4127773. PMID 24854874.
- ^ Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C, Calişkan M, Marroni F, Pramstaller PP, Ober C (2010). "Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 463–70. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.172. PMC 2987252. PMID 19844259.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Solé-Morata N, Bertranpetit J, Comas D, Calafell F (2015). "Y-chromosome diversity in Catalan surname samples: insights into surname origin and frequency". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (11): 1549–57. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.14. PMC 4613475. PMID 25689924.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kushniarevich A, Utevska O, Chuhryaeva M, Agdzhoyan A, Dibirova K, Uktveryte I, Möls M, Mulahasanovic L, Pshenichnov A, Frolova S, Shanko A, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Tambets K, Tamm E, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Atramentova L, Kučinskas V, Davydenko O, Goncharova O, Evseeva I, Churnosov M, Pocheshchova E, Yunusbayev B, Khusnutdinova E, Marjanović D, Rudan P, Rootsi S, Yankovsky N, Endicott P, Kassian A, Dybo A, Tyler-Smith C, Balanovska E, Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Villems R, Balanovsky O (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
- ^ Verzeletti A, Cerri N, Gasparini F, Poglio A, Mazzeo E, De Ferrari F (2009). "Population data for 15 autosomal STRs loci and 12 Y chromosome STRs loci in a population sample from the Sardinia island (Italy)". Legal Medicine. 11 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.06.003. PMID 18723383.
- ^ a b Montiel R, Bettencourt C, Silva C, Santos C, Prata MJ, Lima M (2005). "Analysis of Y-chromosome variability and its comparison with mtDNA variability reveals different demographic histories between islands in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal)". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 2): 135–44. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00146.x. hdl:10316/8064. PMID 15720295. S2CID 26096151.
- ^ Carolina Nuñez et al., Highly discriminatory capacity of the PowerPlex Y23 System for the study of isolated populations 2015.
- ^ Spiroski M, Arsov T, Krüger C, Willuweit S, Roewer L (2005). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in Macedonian population samples". Forensic Science International. 148 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.067. PMID 15607593.
- ^ a b c d e Zastera J, Roewer L, Willuweit S, Sekerka P, Benesova L, Minarik M (2010). "Assembly of a large Y-STR haplotype database for the Czech population and investigation of its substructure". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (3): e75–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.005. PMID 20215022.
- ^ a b Larmuseau MH, Ottoni C, Raeymaekers JA, Vanderheyden N, Larmuseau HF, Decorte R (2012). "Temporal differentiation across a West-European Y-chromosomal cline: genealogy as a tool in human population genetics". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (4): 434–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.218. PMC 3306861. PMID 22126748.
- ^ Robledo R, Corrias L, Bachis V, Puddu N, Mameli A, Vona G, Calò CM (2012). "Analysis of a genetic isolate: the case of Carloforte (Italy)". Human Biology. 84 (6): 735–54. doi:10.3378/027.084.0602. PMID 23959646. S2CID 6609913.
- ^ a b Robledo R, Mameli A, Scudiero CM, Vona G, Corrias L, Bachis V, Culigioni C, Calò CM (2015). "Non-random distribution of 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in different areas of Sardinia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 16: 26–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.019. PMID 25498479.
- ^ Larmuseau MH, Boon N, Vanderheyden N, Van Geystelen A, Larmuseau HF, Matthys K, De Clercq W, Decorte R (2015). "High Y-chromosomal diversity and low relatedness between paternal lineages on a communal scale in the Western European Low Countries during the surname establishment". Heredity. 115 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1038/hdy.2015.5. PMC 4815499. PMID 25873146.
- ^ a b Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science. 341 (6145): 565–9. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..565F. doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMC 5500864. PMID 23908240.
- ^ a b Gaibar M, Esteban E, Moral P, Gómez-Gallego F, Santiago C, Bandrés F, Luna F, Fernández-Santander A (2010). "STR genetic diversity in a Mediterranean population from the south of the Iberian Peninsula". Annals of Human Biology. 37 (2): 253–66. doi:10.3109/03014460903341851. PMID 19961347. S2CID 19323185.
- ^ Noveski P, Trivodalieva S, Efremov G, Plaseska-Karanfilska D (2010). "Y Chromosome Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Typing by SNaPshot MINISEQUENCING". Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics. 13 (1): 9–16. doi:10.2478/v10034-010-0013-9.
- ^ Calafell, Francesc; et al. (2013). "Estudi genètic dels cognoms catalans, valencians i balears". Csic-Upf.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Young, Kristin L.; Sun, Guangyun; Deka, Ranjan; Crawford, Michael H. (2011). "Paternal Genetic History of the Basque Population of Spain". Human Biology. 83 (4): 455–475. doi:10.3378/027.083.0402. hdl:1808/16387. PMID 21846204. S2CID 3191418.
- ^ a b c Kushniarevich A, Sivitskaya L, Danilenko N, Novogrodskii T, Tsybovsky I, Kiseleva A, Kotova S, Chaubey G, Metspalu E, Sahakyan H, Bahmanimehr A, Reidla M, Rootsi S, Parik J, Reisberg T, Achilli A, Hooshiar Kashani B, Gandini F, Olivieri A, Behar DM, Torroni A, Davydenko O, Villems R (2013). "Uniparental genetic heritage of belarusians: encounter of rare middle eastern matrilineages with a central European mitochondrial DNA pool". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66499. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866499K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066499. PMC 3681942. PMID 23785503.
- ^ a b Jorgensen TH, Buttenschön HN, Wang AG, Als TD, Børglum AD, Ewald H (2004). "The origin of the isolated population of the Faroe Islands investigated using Y chromosomal markers". Human Genetics. 115 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1117-7. PMID 15083358. S2CID 6040039.
- ^ Ehler E, Vane D, Stenzl V, Vancata V (2011). "Y-chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic: model for isolated population in Central Europe". Croatian Medical Journal. 52 (3): 358–67. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.358. PMC 3131682. PMID 21674832.
- ^ a b c d Pavel Flegontov et al., "Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry," " Scientific Reports (2016)|doi=10.1038/srep20768
- ^ a b Pickrahn I, Müller E, Zahrer W, Dunkelmann B, Cemper-Kiesslich J, Kreindl G, Neuhuber F (2016). "Yfiler Plus amplification kit validation and calculation of forensic parameters for two Austrian populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 21: 90–4. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.12.014. PMID 26741856.
- ^ a b c Rębała K, Martínez-Cruz B, Tönjes A, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Lindner I, Büttner A, Wichmann HE, Siváková D, Soták M, Quintana-Murci L, Szczerkowska Z, Comas D (2013). "Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements". European Journal of Human Genetics. 21 (4): 415–22. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.190. PMC 3598329. PMID 22968131.
- ^ Rey-González D (2017). "Micro and macro geographical analysis of Y-chromosome lineages in South Iberia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 29: e9–e15. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.04.021. PMID 28487219.
- ^ Hill EW, et al. (2000). "Y-chromosome variation and Irish origins". Nature. 404 (6776): 351–2. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..351H. doi:10.1038/35006158. PMID 10746711. S2CID 4414538.
- ^ Immel UD, Kleiber M, Klintschar M (2005). "Y chromosome polymorphisms and haplotypes in South Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)". Forensic Science International. 155 (2–3): 211–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.004. PMID 16226160.
- ^ Sánchez C, Barrot C, Xifró A, Ortega M, de Aranda IG, Huguet E, Corbella J, Gené M (2007). "Haplotype frequencies of 16 Y-chromosome STR loci in the Barcelona metropolitan area population using Y-Filer kit". Forensic Science International. 172 (2–3): 211–7. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.007. PMID 17320328.
- ^ a b c Badro DA, Douaihy B, Haber M, Youhanna SC, Salloum A, Ghassibe-Sabbagh M, Johnsrud B, Khazen G, Matisoo-Smith E, Soria-Hernanz DF, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C, Platt DE, Zalloua PA (2013). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA genetics reveal significant contrasts in affinities of modern Middle Eastern populations with European and African populations". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854616B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054616. PMC 3559847. PMID 23382925.
- ^ a b c Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Grzybowski T, Lunkina A, Czarny J, Rychkov S, Morozova I, Denisova G, Miścicka-Sliwka D (2004). "Differentiation of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes in Russian populations". Human Biology. 76 (6): 877–900. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0021. PMID 15974299. S2CID 17385503.
- ^ Rapone C, Geraci A, Capelli C, De Meo A, D'Errico G, Barni F, Berti A, Lago G (2007). "Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: implication for reference database". Forensic Science International. 172 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072. PMID 16884881.
- ^ Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P (2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Salas A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Comas D (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 213. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..213M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
- ^ a b c d Cerutti N, Marin A, Di Gaetano C, Pappi P, Crobu F, Riccardino F, Matullo G, Piazza A (2006). "Population data for Y-chromosome STR haplotypes from Piedmont (Italy)". Forensic Science International. 158 (2–3): 238–43. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.07.002. PMID 16111847.
- ^ Fechner A, Quinque D, Rychkov S, Morozowa I, Naumova O, Schneider Y, Willuweit S, Zhukova O, Roewer L, Stoneking M, Nasidze I (2008). "Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y-chromosome landscape: insights from the European part of Russia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20838. PMID 18470899.
- ^ a b c Capelli C, Arredi B, Baldassari L, Boschi I, Brisighelli F, Caglià A, Dobosz M, Scarnicci F, Vetrugno G, Pascali VL (2006). "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations". Forensic Science International. 159 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.026. PMID 15998574.
- ^ Lauc LB, Pericić M, Klarić IM, Sijacki A, Popović D, Janićijević B, Rudan P (2005). "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample". Forensic Science International. 150 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.07.022. PMID 15837014.
- ^ Egyed B, Füredi S, Padar Z (2006). "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers". Forensic Science International. 164 (2–3): 257–65. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.020. PMID 16314060.
- ^ Cerri N, Verzeletti A, Bandera B, De Ferrari F (2005). "Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)". Forensic Science International. 152 (1): 83–7. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.006. PMID 15939179.
- ^ Barbarii LE, Rolf B, Dermengiu D (2003). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 117 (5): 312–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0397-0. PMID 12904972. S2CID 44447191.
- ^ Stevanović M, Dobricić V, Keckarević D, Perović A, Savić-Pavićević D, Keckarević-Marković M, Jovanović A, Romac S (2007). "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro". Forensic Science International. 171 (2–3): 216–21. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.038. PMID 16806776.
- ^ Kovatsi L, Saunier JL, Irwin JA (2009). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (1): e21–2. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.001. PMID 19948315.
- ^ Haas C, Wangensteen T, Giezendanner N, Kratzer A, Bär W (2006). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)". Forensic Science International. 158 (2–3): 213–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.036. PMID 15964729.
- ^ Rodig H, Roewer L, Gross A, Richter T, de Knijff P, Kayser M, Brabetz W (2008). "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci". Forensic Science International. 174 (2–3): 182–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.223. PMID 17543484.
- ^ Veselinovic IS, Zgonjanin DM, Maletin MP, Stojkovic O, Djurendic-Brenesel M, Vukovic RM, Tasic MM (2008). "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province". Forensic Science International. 176 (2–3): e23–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.04.003. PMID 17482396.
- ^ Pepinski W, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Ptaszynska-Sarosiek I, Skawronska M, Koc-Zorawska E, Janica J, Soltyszewski I (2004). "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, Northeastern Poland". Forensic Science International. 144 (1): 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.024. PMID 15240025.
- ^ a b Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. S2CID 7017701.
- ^
- Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
- Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. S2CID 10763736.
- Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, Trivedi R, Endicott P, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kashyap VK (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, Rosa A, Fernandes AT, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Kivisild T, Brehm A (2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–54. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
- Karlsson AO, Wallerström T, Götherström A, Holmlund G (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden - a long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (8): 963–70. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001.
- Varzari A, Kharkov V, Stephan W, Dergachev V, Puzyrev V, Weiss EH, Stepanov V (2009). "Searching for the origin of Gagauzes: inferences from Y-chromosome analysis". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 326–36. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20863. PMID 19107901. S2CID 13952729.
- Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- Gomes V, Gusmão L, Portugal L, Piçarra A, Amorim A, Prata MJ (2008). "Refining the analysis of Y-chromosomal diversity in Alentejo (Portugal)". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 208–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.081.
- Marin A, Achilli A, Gaetano C, Di Guarrera S, Rengo C, Torroni A, Piazza A, Boëtsch G, Sella G, Rabino Massa E (2005). "Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)". International Journal of Anthropology. 20 (3–4): 259–75. doi:10.1007/bf02443062. S2CID 85042096.
- Brion M, Sobrino B, Blanco-Verea A, Lareu MV, Carracedo A (2005). "Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 119 (1): 10–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0439-2. PMID 15095093. S2CID 12248548.
- Ferri G, Alù M, Corradini B, Radheshi E, Beduschi G (2009). "Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 3 (2): e31–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.05.004. hdl:11380/596414. PMID 19215863.
- Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, Amos W, Armenteros M, Arroyo E, Barbujani G, Beckman G, Beckman L, Bertranpetit J, Bosch E, Bradley DG, Brede G, Cooper G, Côrte-Real HB, de Knijff P, Decorte R, Dubrova YE, Evgrafov O, Gilissen A, Glisic S, Gölge M, Hill EW, Jeziorowska A, Kalaydjieva L, Kayser M, Kivisild T, Kravchenko SA, Krumina A, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Livshits LA, Malaspina P, Maria S, McElreavey K, Meitinger TA, Mikelsaar AV, Mitchell RJ, Nafa K, Nicholson J, Nørby S, Pandya A, Parik J, Patsalis PC, Pereira L, Peterlin B, Pielberg G, Prata MJ, Previderé C, Roewer L, Rootsi S, Rubinsztein DC, Saillard J, Santos FR, Stefanescu G, Sykes BC, Tolun A, Villems R, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA (2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
- Thomas MG, Barnes I, Weale ME, Jones AL, Forster P, Bradman N, Pramstaller PP (2008). "New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle East". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (1): 124–34. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201906. PMID 17712356.
- ^ Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, Royyuru AK, Herrera RJ, Hernanz DF, Blue-Smith J, Wells RS, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Tyler-Smith C (2008). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.
- ^ Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
- ^ a b El-Sibai M, Platt DE, Haber M, Xue Y, Youhanna SC, Wells RS, Izaabel H, Sanyoura MF, Harmanani H, Bonab MA, Behbehani J, Hashwa F, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA (2009). "Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 6): 568–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
- ^ a b c d Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Gölge M, Usanga E, Papiha SS, Cinnioğlu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill PA, Villems R (2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
- ^ King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA (2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
- ^ Kasperaviciūte D, Kucinskas V, Stoneking M (2004). "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 5): 438–52. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505.
- ^ Lappalainen T, Hannelius U, Salmela E, von Döbeln U, Lindgren CM, Huoponen K, Savontaus ML, Kere J, Lahermo P (2009). "Population structure in contemporary Sweden--a Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00487.x. PMID 19040656. S2CID 205598345.
- ^ Grignani P, Peloso G, Fattorini P, Previderè C (2000). "Highly informative Y-chromosomal haplotypes by the addition of three new STRs DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 114 (1–2): 125–9. doi:10.1007/s004140000153. PMID 11197619. S2CID 21124063.
- ^ Gaikwad S, Kashyap VK (2005). "Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India based upon polymorphisms across non-recombinant and recombinant regions in genome". Genome Biology. 6 (8): P10. doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-8-p10.
- ^ Ramos-Luis E, Blanco-Verea A, Brión M, Van Huffel V, Carracedo A, Sánchez-Diz P (2009). "Phylogeography of French male lineages". Forensic Science International. 2 (1): 439–41. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.09.026. S2CID 85134429.
- ^ "What a difference a year makes". Italy DNA Project.[self-published source?]
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (28 February 2007). "Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e Tarkhnishvili D, Gavashelishvili A, Murtskhvaladze M, Gabelaia M, Tevzadze G (2014). "Human paternal lineages, languages, and environment in the Caucasus". Human Biology. 86 (2): 113–30. doi:10.3378/027.086.0205. PMID 25397702. S2CID 7733899.
- ^ Lopez S, et al. (2017). "The Genetic Legacy of Zoroastrianism in Iran and India: Insights into Population Structure, Gene Flow, and Selection". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.013. PMC 5590844. PMID 28844488.
- ^ a b c d Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, Regueiro M, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2012). "Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (3): 313–20. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.192. PMC 3286660. PMID 22085901.
- ^ Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB (2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC Genetics. 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMC 2488347. PMID 18637195.
- ^ a b Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
- ^ a b c d Xu H, Wang CC, Shrestha R, Wang LX, Zhang M, He Y, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Jin L, Li H (2015). "Inferring population structure and demographic history using Y-STR data from worldwide populations". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 290 (1): 141–50. doi:10.1007/s00438-014-0903-8. PMID 25159112. S2CID 15972847.
- ^ a b Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia". Iran and the Caucasus. 10 (2): 191–208. doi:10.1163/157338406780345899. JSTOR 4030922. S2CID 162345193.
- ^ a b c Karafet TM, Bulayeva KB, Nichols J, Bulayev OA, Gurgenova F, Omarova J, Yepiskoposyan L, Savina OV, Rodrigue BH, Hammer MF (2016). "Coevolution of genes and languages and high levels of population structure among the highland populations of Daghestan". Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (3): 181–91. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.132. PMID 26607180. S2CID 6641494.
- ^ a b c d e f Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011). "Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation". Annals of Human Biology. 38 (3): 364–71. doi:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562. PMID 21329477. S2CID 207460555.
- ^ a b c Zoossmann-Diskin A (2010). "The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms". Biology Direct. 5: 57. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57. PMC 2964539. PMID 20925954.
- ^ a b c d e f g Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 205–21. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
- ^ Roewer L, Willuweit S, Stoneking M, Nasidze I (2009). "A Y-STR database of Iranian and Azerbaijanian minority populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (1): e53–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.002. PMID 19948326.
- ^ Margaryan A, Harutyunyan A, Khachatryan Z, Khudoyan A, Yepiskoposyan L (2012). "Paternal lineage analysis supports an Armenian rather than a Central Asian genetic origin of the Hamshenis". Human Biology. 84 (4): 405–22. doi:10.3378/027.084.0404. PMID 23249315. S2CID 22742392.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Gandini F, Houshmand M, Sanati MH, Torroni A, Semino O (2012). "Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
- ^ Yonan et al., "Y-chromosome diversity in the Assyrian Christians," (2009)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Witzel M, King RJ, Underhill PA, Villems R, Chiaroni J (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668.
- ^ Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
- ^ a b Quintana-Murci L, Semino O, Poloni ES, Liu A, Van Gijn M, Passarino G, Brega A, Nasidze IS, Maccioni L, Cossu G, al-Zahery N, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (1999). "Y-chromosome specific YCAII, DYS19 and YAP polymorphisms in human populations: a comparative study". Annals of Human Genetics. 63 (Pt 2): 153–66. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6320153.x. PMID 10738527. S2CID 19675208.
- ^ Mukherjee N, Nebel A, Oppenheim A, Majumder PP (2001). "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India". Journal of Genetics. 80 (3): 125–35. doi:10.1007/bf02717908. PMID 11988631. S2CID 13267463.
- ^ a b Fernandes AT, Gonçalves R, Gomes S, Filon D, Nebel A, Faerman M, Brehm A (2011). "Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Arabs". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (5): 561–2. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.08.005. hdl:10400.13/4485. PMID 20843760.
- ^ a b c d e Weale ME, Yepiskoposyan L, Jager RF, Hovhannisyan N, Khudoyan A, Burbage-Hall O, Bradman N, Thomas MG (2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics. 109 (6): 659–74. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
- ^ a b c Tabrizi AA, Hedjazi A, Kerachian MA, Honarvar Z, Dadgarmoghaddam M, Raoofian R (2015). "Genetic profile of 17 Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in East of Iran". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 14: e6–7. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.10.010. PMID 25458927.
- ^ Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
- ^ a b c d e Marc Haber et al., "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon," European Journal of Human Genetics 2010
- ^ a b c d e Voskarides K, Mazières S, Hadjipanagi D, Di Cristofaro J, Ignatiou A, Stefanou C, King RJ, Underhill PA, Chiaroni J, Deltas C (2016). "Y-chromosome phylogeographic analysis of the Greek-Cypriot population reveals elements consistent with Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements". Investigative Genetics. 7: 1. doi:10.1186/s13323-016-0032-8. PMC 4750176. PMID 26870315.
- ^ Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–41. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507.
- ^ Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C (2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity. 103 (5): 425–33. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMC 2869035. PMID 19639002.
- ^ Rafiee MR, Sokhansanj A, Naghizadeh MA, Farazmand A (2009). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism in an Iranian Sadat population". Russian Journal of Genetics. 45 (8): 969–73. doi:10.1134/S1022795409080110. PMID 19769300. S2CID 24234321.
- ^ Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T (2013). "Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians". Annals of Human Biology. 40 (1): 48–54. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628. PMID 23198991. S2CID 2752490.
- ^ Gurkan C, Sevay H, Demirdov DK, Hossoz S, Ceker D, Teralı K, Erol AS (2017). "Turkish Cypriot paternal lineages bear an autochthonous character and closest resemblance to those from neighbouring Near Eastern populations". Annals of Human Biology. 44 (2): 164–174. doi:10.1080/03014460.2016.1207805. PMID 27356680. S2CID 24596494.
- ^ a b King, Roy J; Dicristofaro, Julie; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Scheidel, Walter; Myres, Natalie M; Lin, Alice A; Eissautier, Alexandre; Mitchell, Michael; Binder, Didier; Semino, Ornella; Novelletto, Andrea; Underhill, Peter A; Chiaroni, Jacques (2011). "The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 69. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11...69K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69. PMC 3068964. PMID 21401952.
- ^ a b c d Oleg Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
- ^ Triki-Fendri S, Sánchez-Diz P, Rey-González D, Alfadhli S, Ayadi I, Ben Marzoug R, Carracedo Á, Rebai A (2016). "Genetic structure of the Kuwaiti population revealed by paternal lineages". American Journal of Human Biology. 28 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22773. PMID 26293354. S2CID 25725954.
- ^ a b c Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Stoneking M (2004). "Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 588–99. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. S2CID 1717933.
- ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking M (2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 401–12. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. S2CID 23771698.
- ^ a b c d e f Belle EM, Shah S, Parfitt T, Thomas MG (2010). "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2 (3): 217–24. Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2..217B. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0040-1. S2CID 16195047. INIST 23053415.
- ^ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," The National Academy of Sciences, 2001
- ^ a b c d e f Nasidze I, Schädlich H, Stoneking M (2003). "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci". Forensic Science International. 137 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00272-x. PMID 14550619.
- ^ Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam; Trujillo-Mederos, Aioze; Bustamante, Carlos D. (26 June 2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688.
- ^ a b Mélanie Capredon et al., "Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro," ^PLOS ONE, 2013
- ^ a b Andrea Berti et al., "YHRD Contribution," ^YHRD, 2016
- ^ Haber, Marc; et al. (2016). "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 99 (6): 1316–1324. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012. PMC 5142112. PMID 27889059. - Y-chromosomal haplogroup frequencies on Table S.4
- ^ Immel UD, Kleiber M (2009). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Somalia". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 409–10. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.034.
- ^ Brión M, Sanchez JJ, Balogh K, Thacker C, Blanco-Verea A, Børsting C, Stradmann-Bellinghausen B, Bogus M, Syndercombe-Court D, Schneider PM, Carracedo A, Morling N (2005). "Introduction of a single nucleodite polymorphism-based 'Major Y-chromosome haplogroup typing kit' suitable for predicting the geographical origin of male lineages". Electrophoresis. 26 (23): 4411–20. doi:10.1002/elps.200500293. PMID 16273584. S2CID 25951019.
- ^ a b Stefflova K, Dulik MC, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Pai AA, Walker AH, Rebbeck TR (2011). "Dissecting the within-Africa ancestry of populations of African descent in the Americas". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e14495. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614495S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014495. PMC 3017210. PMID 21253579.
- ^ Stenersen M, Perchla D, Søvik E, Flønes AG, Dupuy BM (2004). "Kurdish (Iraq) and Somalian population data for 15 autosomal and 9 Y-chromosomal STR loci". International Congress Series. 1261: 185–7. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01823-5.
- ^ a b Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, Bamshad M, Strassmann BI, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–76. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. PMID 15856073.
- ^ Coia V, Brisighelli F, Donati F, Pascali V, Boschi I, Luiselli D, Battaggia C, Batini C, Taglioli L, Cruciani F, Paoli G, Capelli C, Spedini G, Destro-Bisol G (2009). "A multi-perspective view of genetic variation in Cameroon". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (3): 454–64. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21088. PMID 19425092.
- ^ Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (2002). "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562.
- ^ Hallenberg C, Simonsen B, Sanchez J, Morling N (2005). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in Somalis". Forensic Science International. 151 (2–3): 317–21. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.011. PMID 15939170.
- ^ Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N (2005). "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 856–66. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390. PMID 15756297.
- ^ a b Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C (2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
- ^ a b Tishkoff SA, Gonder MK, Henn BM, Mortensen H, Knight A, Gignoux C, Fernandopulle N, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Ramakrishnan U, Reed FA, Mountain JL (2007). "History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (10): 2180–95. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155. PMID 17656633.
- ^ a b c d e Ghada A. Omran et al., "Diversity of 17-locus Y-STR haplotypes in Upper (Southern) Egyptians," Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series2007
- ^ Andreas O. Tillmar et al. "Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population (2009)
- ^ Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A (2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–23. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
- ^ a b c Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, Dugoujon JM, Crivellaro F, Benincasa T, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Melegh B, Barbujani G, Fuselli S, Vona G, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Brdicka R, Kozlov AI, Efremov GD, Coppa A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R (2007). "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–11. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. PMID 17351267.
- ^ Triki-Fendri S, Sánchez-Diz P, Rey-González D, Ayadi I, Alfadhli S, Rebai A, Carracedo Á (2013). "Population genetics of 17 Y-STR markers in West Libya (Tripoli region)". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 7 (3): e59–61. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.02.002. PMID 23473875.
- ^ a b c Gomes V, Sánchez-Diz P, Amorim A, Carracedo A, Gusmão L (2010). "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages". Human Genetics. 127 (5): 603–13. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5. PMID 20213473. S2CID 23503728.
- ^ Ayadi I, Ammar-Keskes L, Rebai A (2006). "Haplotypes for 13 Y-chromosomal STR loci in South Tunisian population (Sfax region)". Forensic Science International. 164 (2–3): 249–53. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.006. PMID 16293385.
- ^ Immel UD, Erhuma M, Mustafa T, Kleiber M, Klintschar M (2006). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Libya". International Congress Series. 1288: 156–8. doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.09.011.
- ^ Called "Wairak" and misidentified as Bantu in the studies.
- ^ Caglià A, Tofanelli S, Coia V, Boschi I, Pescarmona M, Spedini G, Pascali V, Paoli G, Destro-Bisol G (2003). "A study of Y-chromosome microsatellite variation in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison between F(ST) and R(ST) genetic distances". Human Biology. 75 (3): 313–30. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0041. JSTOR 41466150. PMID 14527196. S2CID 36209595.
- ^ a b Dugoujon JM, Coudray C, Torroni A, Cruciani F, Scozzari R, Moral P, Louali N, Kossman M (2009). "The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities". In D'Errico F, Hombart JM (eds.). Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures. John Benjamins. pp. 123–45. ISBN 978-90-272-3269-4.
- ^ Charoenchote, Wanwalai (2004). AmpFℓSTR Identifiler STR Allele Frequencies and PowerPlex Y-STR Haplotype Frequencies of the Meru Population of Northern Tanzania (Thesis). University of Nevada. OCLC 368708609.
- ^ Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N, Powell A, Plaster CA, Zeitlyn D, Mendell NR, Weale ME, Bradman N, Thomas MG (2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 92. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10...92V. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. PMC 2867817. PMID 20356404.
- ^ a b c d e Ansari-Pour N, Moñino Y, Duque C, Gallego N, Bedoya G, Thomas MG, Bradman N (2016). "Palenque de San Basilio in Colombia: genetic data support an oral history of a paternal ancestry in Congo". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 283 (1827): 20152980. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2980. PMC 4822459. PMID 27030413.
- ^ Gonçalves R, Rosa A, Freitas A, Fernandes A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Brehm A (2003). "Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers". Human Genetics. 113 (6): 467–72. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4. hdl:10400.13/3047. PMID 12942365. S2CID 63381583.
- ^ Melo MM, Carvalho M, Lopes V, Anjos MJ, Serra A, Vieira DN, Sequeiros J, Corte-Real F (2011). "Y-STR haplotypes in three ethnic linguistic groups of Angola population". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (3): e83–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.08.002. PMID 20801729.
- ^ a b Cherni L, Pereira L, Goios A, Loueslati BY, Khodjet el Khil H, Gomes I, Gusmão L, Alves C, Slama A, Amorim A, Elgaaied AB (2005). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia". Forensic Science International. 152 (1): 95–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.007. PMID 15939181.
- ^ Elmrghni S, Coulson-Thomas YM, Kaddura M, Dixon RA, Williams DR (2012). "Population genetic data for 17 Y STR markers from Benghazi (East Libya)" (PDF). Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (2): 224–7. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.05.001. PMID 21640679.
- ^ Fortes-Lima C, Brucato N, Croze M, Bellis G, Schiavinato S, Massougbodji A, Migot-Nabias F, Dugoujon JM (2015). "Genetic population study of Y-chromosome markers in Benin and Ivory Coast ethnic groups". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 19: 232–7. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.07.021. PMID 26275614.
- ^ Manni F, Leonardi P, Barakat A, Rouba H, Heyer E, Klintschar M, McElreavey K, Quintana-Murci L (2002). "Y-chromosome analysis in Egypt suggests a genetic regional continuity in Northeastern Africa". Human Biology. 74 (5): 645–58. doi:10.1353/hub.2002.0054. PMID 12495079. S2CID 26741827.
- ^ Bosch E, Calafell F, Pérez-Lezaun A, Comas D, Izaabel H, Akhayat O, Sefiani A, Hariti G, Dugoujon JM, Bertranpetit J (2000). "Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwest Africa". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 114 (1–2): 36–40. doi:10.1007/s004140000136. PMID 11197625. S2CID 24279528.
- ^ Makki-Rmida F, Kammoun A, Mahfoudh N, Ayadi A, Gibriel AA, Mallek B, Maalej L, Hammami Z, Maatoug S, Makni H, Masmoudi S (2015). "Genetic diversity and haplotype structure of 21 Y-STRs, including nine noncore loci, in South Tunisian Population: Forensic relevance". Electrophoresis. 36 (23): 2908–13. doi:10.1002/elps.201500204. PMID 26331800. S2CID 866382.
- ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Garcia-Bertrand R, Alfonso-Sánchez MA, Zemni R, Benammar-Elgaaied A, Herrera RJ (2015). "Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (1): 41–9. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.99. PMID 25471516. S2CID 25186140.
- ^ a b Barbieri C, Hübner A, Macholdt E, Ni S, Lippold S, Schröder R, Mpoloka SW, Purps J, Roewer L, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B (2016). "Refining the Y chromosome phylogeny with southern African sequences". Human Genetics. 135 (5): 541–53. doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1651-0. PMC 4835522. PMID 27043341.
- ^ Montinaro F, Davies J, Capelli C (2016). "Group membership, geography and shared ancestry: Genetic variation in the Basotho of Lesotho". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 160 (1): 156–61. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22933. PMID 26779678. S2CID 32506568.
- ^ Laouina A, El Houate B, Yahia H, Azeddoug H, Boulouiz R, Chbel F (2011). "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-STR loci (The AmpFlSTR Y-filer) in Casablanca resident population". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (1): e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.10.016. PMID 21126935.
- ^ a b c d Negi N, Tamang R, Pande V, Sharma A, Shah A, Reddy AG, Vishnupriya S, Singh L, Chaubey G, Thangaraj K (2016). "The paternal ancestry of Uttarakhand does not imitate the classical caste system of India". Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (2): 167–72. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.121. PMID 26511066. S2CID 547784.
- ^ Shah, Anish M.; Tamang, Rakesh; Moorjani, Priya; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Govindaraj, Periyasamy; Kulkarni, Gururaj; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Mustak, Mohammed S.; Bhaskar, L.V.K.S.; Reddy, Alla G.; Gadhvi, Dharmendra; Gai, Pramod B.; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (1): 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030. PMC 3135801. PMID 21741027.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RN (2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.
- ^ a b Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 47. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7...47K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701. PMID 17389048.
- ^ a b Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA (2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ Sharma G, Tamang R, Chaudhary R, Singh VK, Shah AM, Anugula S, Rani DS, Reddy AG, Eaaswarkhanth M, Chaubey G, Singh L, Thangaraj K (2012). "Genetic affinities of the central Indian tribal populations". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32546. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732546S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032546. PMC 3290590. PMID 22393414.
- ^ Arunkumar G, Soria-Hernanz DF, Kavitha VJ, Arun VS, Syama A, Ashokan KS, Gandhirajan KT, Vijayakumar K, Narayanan M, Jayalakshmi M, Ziegle JS, Royyuru AK, Parida L, Wells RS, Renfrew C, Schurr TG, Smith CT, Platt DE, Pitchappan R (2012). "Population differentiation of southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50269. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750269A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050269. PMC 3508930. PMID 23209694.
- ^ Hasan M, Momtaz P, Hosen I, Das SA, Akhteruzzaman S (2015). "Population genetics of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs loci in Garo and Santal tribal populations in Bangladesh". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 129 (2): 251–2. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-0981-5. PMID 24577712. S2CID 23031408.
- ^ Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Reddy AG, Chauhan P, Malvee R, Pavate PP, Singh L (2007). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in two endogamous tribal populations of Karnataka, India". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 52 (3): 751–3. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00443.x. PMID 17456116. S2CID 20805905.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ramana GV, Su B, Jin L, Singh L, Wang N, Underhill P, Chakraborty R (2001). "Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (9): 695–700. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200708. PMID 11571559.
- ^ R. Cordaux et al. "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages"
- ^ a b c Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, Reddy AG, Singh L (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.
- ^ Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M (August 2004). "The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations?". Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (8): 1525–33. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151. PMID 15128876.
- ^ Majumder PP (2001). "Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary perspective". Journal of Biosciences. 26 (4 Suppl): 533–45. doi:10.1007/bf02704750. PMID 11779963. S2CID 15692537.
- ^ a b А. Х. Маргулана, "Первые результаты работы Лаборатории популяционной генетики," "ИНСТИТУТ ОБЩЕЙ ГЕНЕТИКИ И ЦИТОЛОГИИ" (2016), http://iggc.kz/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Rezultaty-raboty-Lab-Pop-Gen-noyab-2016.pdf Archived 2021-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cann HM, de Toma C, Cazes L, Legrand MF, Morel V, Piouffre L, Bodmer J, Bodmer WF, Bonne-Tamir B, Cambon-Thomsen A, Chen Z, Chu J, Carcassi C, Contu L, Du R, Excoffier L, Ferrara GB, Friedlaender JS, Groot H, Gurwitz D, Jenkins T, Herrera RJ, Huang X, Kidd J, Kidd KK, Langaney A, Lin AA, Mehdi SQ, Parham P, Piazza A, Pistillo MP, Qian Y, Shu Q, Xu J, Zhu S, Weber JL, Greely HT, Feldman MW, Thomas G, Dausset J, Cavalli-Sforza LL (2002). "A human genome diversity cell line panel". Science. 296 (5566): 261–2. doi:10.1126/science.296.5566.261b. PMID 11954565. S2CID 41595131.
- ^ a b c Shou WH, Qiao EF, Wei CY, Dong YL, Tan SJ, Shi H, Tang WR, Xiao CJ (2010). "Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians". Journal of Human Genetics. 55 (5): 314–22. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30. PMID 20414255.
- ^ a b c d e f Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, Du R, Fu S, Li P, Hurles ME, Yang H, Tyler-Smith C (2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
- ^ Kusuma P, Cox MP, Pierron D, Razafindrazaka H, Brucato N, Tonasso L, Suryadi HL, Letellier T, Sudoyo H, Ricaut FX (2015). "Mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome suggest the settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sea nomad populations". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 191. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1394-7. PMC 4373124. PMID 25880430.
- ^ a b c Qi X, Cui C, Peng Y, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhong H, Zhang H, Xiang K, Cao X, Wang Y, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Wu T, Chen H, Shi H, Su B (2013). "Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the tibetan plateau". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (8): 1761–78. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093. PMID 23682168.
- ^ Cordaux R, Weiss G, Saha N, Stoneking M (2004). "The northeast Indian passageway: a barrier or corridor for human migrations?". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (8): 1525–33. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh151. PMID 15128876.
- ^ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; et al. (2012). Kayser, Manfred (ed.). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- ^ Bhandari S, Zhang X, Cui C, Bianba, Liao S, Peng Y, Zhang H, Xiang K, Shi H, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Ouzhuluobu, Liu S, Gengdeng, Wu T, Qi X, Su B (2015). "Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region". Scientific Reports. 5: 16249. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516249B. doi:10.1038/srep16249. PMC 4633682. PMID 26538459.
- ^ Balaresque P, Poulet N, Cussat-Blanc S, Gerard P, Quintana-Murci L, Heyer E, Jobling MA (2015). "Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (10): 1413–22. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.285. PMC 4430317. PMID 25585703.
- ^ Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, Duan ZY, Tan PP, Jin L, Su B, Ma RZ (2011). "Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.
- ^ М.К. Жабагин et al., "The relation between the Y-chromosomal variation and the clan structure: the gene pool of the steppe aristocracy and the steppe clergy of the Kazakhs," "Russian Journal of Genetics," (2014),
- ^ a b Ou X, Wang Y, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang C, Deng S, Sun H (2015). "Haplotype analysis of the polymorphic 40 Y-STR markers in Chinese populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 19: 255–62. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.08.007. PMID 26344901.
- ^ Niaz M. Achakzai et al., "Y-chromosomal STR analysis in the Pashtun population of Southern Afghanistan," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
- ^ Sadia Tabassum et al., "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Yousafzai's population," International Journal of Legal Medicine 2017
- ^ TuErXun; NiYaZiBiLiGai (2011). Polymorphisms of Y-STRs in Uygur and Kazak Ethnic in Xinjiang (Thesis). Xinjiang Medical University.
- ^ Han Y, Li L, Liu X, Chen W, Yang S, Wei L, Xia M, Ma T, Jin L, Li S (2016). "Genetic analysis of 17 Y-STR loci in Han and Korean populations from Jilin Province, Northeast China". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 22: 8–10. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.003. PMID 26799315.
- ^ Gao T, Yun L, Gao S, Gu Y, He W, Luo H, Hou Y (2016). "Population genetics of 23 Y-STR loci in the Mongolian minority population in Inner Mongolia of China". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 130 (6): 1509–1511. doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1433-1. PMID 27515831. S2CID 19999648.
- ^ Yanmei Y, Tao G, Yubao Z, Chunjie X, Bifeng C, Shi L, Bingying X, Qiang J, Qinyong Z, Wen Z, Shengjun L, Shengjie N (2010). "Genetic polymorphism of 11 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Yunnan Han Chinese". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 4 (2): e67–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.002. PMID 20129460.
- ^ Bai R, Shi M, Yu X, Chang L (2008). "Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 3 (1): e17–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.03.004. PMID 19083856.
- ^ Chang YM, Swaran Y, Phoon YK, Sothirasan K, Sim HT, Lim KB, Kuehn D (2009). "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 3 (3): e77–80. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.07.007. PMID 19414156.
- ^ Lovo-Gómez J, Blanco-Verea A, Lareu MV, Brión M, Carracedo A (2007). "The genetic male legacy from El Salvador". Forensic Science International. 171 (2–3): 198–203. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. PMID 16916590.
- ^ Tirado M, López-Parra AM, Baeza C, Bert F, Corella A, Pérez-Pérez A, Turbón D, Arroyo-Pardo E (2009). "Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs included in AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in a multi ethnical population from El Beni Department (North Bolivia)". Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 11 (2): 101–3. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.09.002. PMID 18974018.
- ^ a b c d Rojas W, Parra MV, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, Duque C, Naranjo A, García J, Vergara C, Lopera J, Hernandez E, Valencia A, Caicedo Y, Cuartas M, Gutiérrez J, López S, Ruiz-Linares A, Bedoya G (2010). "Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. PMID 20734436.
- ^ a b c Rojas W, Campo O, García J, Soto I, Duque C, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A (2012). "CoanCestría de apellidos y linajes del. Cromosoma y en el noroeste de Colombia: una herramienta útil para establecer migración entre poblaciones" [Surnames and Y Chromosome Coancestry in northwest Colombia: A useful tool to establish migration between populations]. Revista Colombiana de Antropología. 48 (1): 49–79. doi:10.22380/2539472X.890.
- ^ González-Andrade F, Sánchez D, Martínez-Jarreta B, Budowle B (2008). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in three different population groups from Ecuador (South America)". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 53 (2): 512–4. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00692.x. PMID 18366595. S2CID 205767262.
- ^ a b Noguera, María; et al. (2013). "Colombia's racial crucible: Y chromosome evidence from six admixed communities in the Department of Bolivar". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (5): 453–459. doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.852244. PMID 24215508. S2CID 5210893.
- ^ a b c d Barbieri C, Heggarty P, Yang Yao D, Ferri G, De Fanti S, Sarno S, Ciani G, Boattini A, Luiselli D, Pettener D (2014). "Between Andes and Amazon: the genetic profile of the Arawak-speaking Yanesha". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 155 (4): 600–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22616. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9E45-D. PMID 25229359. S2CID 5621046.
- ^ a b Luz Angela Alonso Morales (2013). Caracterización de la población humana de los departamentos de Tolima y Huila. Perspectivas: demográficas, genéticas y socioculturales (Master's thesis). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
- ^ a b Simms TM, Martinez E, Herrera KJ, Wright MR, Perez OA, Hernandez M, Ramirez EC, McCartney Q, Herrera RJ (2011). "Paternal lineages signal distinct genetic contributions from British Loyalists and continental Africans among different Bahamian islands". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (4): 594–608. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21616. PMID 21989964.
- ^ a b c Ramallo V, Mucci JM, García A, Muzzio M, Motti JM, Santos MR, Pérez ME, Alfaro EL, Dipierri JE, Demarchi DA, Bravi CM, Bailliet G (2009). "Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 2 (1): 431–2. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047.
- ^ Toscanini U, Gusmão L, Berardi G, Gomes V, Amorim A, Salas A, Raimondi E (2011). "Male lineages in South American native groups: evidence of M19 traveling south". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (2): 188–96. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21562. PMID 21826635.
- ^ Toscanini U, Gusmão L, Berardi G, Amorim A, Carracedo A, Salas A, Raimondi E (2008). "Y chromosome microsatellite genetic variation in two Native American populations from Argentina: population stratification and mutation data". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 2 (4): 274–80. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.03.001. PMID 19083836.
- ^ Blanco-Verea, A.; Jaime, J.C.; Brión, M.; Carracedo, A. (2010). "Y-chromosome lineages in native South American population". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (3): 187–193. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.08.008. PMID 20215030.
- ^ Carvajal-Carmona LG, Soto ID, Pineda N, Ortíz-Barrientos D, Duque C, Ospina-Duque J, McCarthy M, Montoya P, Alvarez VM, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A (2000). "Strong Amerind/white sex bias and a possible Sephardic contribution among the founders of a population in northwest Colombia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (5): 1287–95. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62956-5. PMC 1288568. PMID 11032790.
- ^ a b Corach D, Lao O, Bobillo C, van Der Gaag K, Zuniga S, Vermeulen M, van Duijn K, Goedbloed M, Vallone PM, Parson W, de Knijff P, Kayser M (2010). "Inferring continental ancestry of argentineans from Autosomal, Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. hdl:11336/14301. PMID 20059473. S2CID 5908692.
- ^ a b Martínez-González LJ, Saiz M, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Gómez-Martín A, Alvarez JC, Martínez-Labarga C, Lorente JA (2012). "Distribution of Y chromosomal STRs loci in Mayan and Mestizo populations from Guatemala". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 6 (1): 136–42. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.003. PMID 21565570.
- ^ a b c d e Toscanini U, Brisighelli F, Moreno F, Pantoja-Astudillo JA, Morales EA, Bustos P, Pardo-Seco J, Salas A (2016). "Analysis of Y-chromosome STRs in Chile confirms an extensive introgression of European male lineages in urban populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 21: 76–80. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.12.005. PMID 26736138.
- ^ Raquel; Figueiredo, F.; et al. (2015). "Male-specific contributions to the Brazilian population of Espirito Santo". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 130 (3): 679–681. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1214-2. PMID 26076592. S2CID 31546021.
- ^ Guevara, Evelyn K.; et al. (2016). "MtDNA and Y-chromosomal diversity in the Chachapoya, a population from the northeast Peruvian Andes-Amazon divide". American Journal of Human Biology. 28 (6): 857–867. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22878. PMID 27265853. S2CID 9663568.
- ^ Nuñez C, Baeta M, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Ge J, Budowle B, Martínez-Jarreta B (2010). "Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (4): 591–600. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21355. PMID 20721944. S2CID 24849262.
- ^ Xavier, Catarina; et al. (2015). "Admixture and Genetic Diversity Distribution Patterns of Non-Recombining Lineages of Native American Ancestry in Colombian Populations". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120155. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020155X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120155. PMC 4361580. PMID 25775361.
- ^ Gayà-Vidal M, Moral P, Saenz-Ruales N, Gerbault P, Tonasso L, Villena M, Vasquez R, Bravi CM, Dugoujon JM (2011). "mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (2): 215–30. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21487. hdl:11336/94417. PMID 21469069.
- ^ a b Santana; Carla; et al. (2014). "Genetic Analysis of 17 Y-STRs in a Mestizo Population from the Central Valley of Mexico". Human Biology.
- ^ Monterrosa, Juan Carlos; et al. (2010). "Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci in a sample from El Salvador". Legal Medicine. 12 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.10.003. PMID 19962926.
- ^ Simms TM, Wright MR, Hernandez M, Perez OA, Ramirez EC, Martinez E, Herrera RJ (2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (4): 618–31. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22090. PMID 22576450.
- ^ Builes JJ, Martínez B, Gómez A, Caraballo L, Espinal C, Aguirre D, Montoya A, Moreno M, Amorim A, Gusmão L, Bravo ML (2007). "Y chromosome STR haplotypes in the Caribbean city of Cartagena (Colombia)". Forensic Science International. 167 (1): 62–9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.12.015. PMID 16455219.
- ^ Villalta, M.; et al. (2008). "Haplotype data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci from Costa Rica". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1: 252–254. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.101.
- ^ Cainé, Laura M.; et al. (2010). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotype diversity in males from Santa Catarina, Brazil". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 17 (2): 92–95. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2009.07.023. PMID 20129429.
- ^ Benn Torres J, Kittles RA, Stone AC (2007). "Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity in the English-speaking Caribbean". Annals of Human Genetics. 71 (Pt 6): 782–90. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00380.x. PMID 17596204. S2CID 8723477.
- ^ Matamoros, Mireya; et al. (2009). "Population data for 12 Y-chromosome STR loci in a sample from Honduras". Legal Medicine. 11 (5): 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.06.001. PMID 19628418.
- ^ Abdon da Costa Francez, Pablo; et al. (2012). "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-str loci in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 35 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572011005000061. PMC 3313515. PMID 22481873.
- ^ Flores, Shahida; et al. (2015). "Allele frequencies for 15 autosomal STR loci and haplotype data for 17 Y-STR loci in a population from Belize". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 129 (6): 1217–1218. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1082-1. PMID 25193820. S2CID 149715.
- ^ Figueiredo, Raquel de F.; et al. (2016). "Male-specific contributions to the Brazilian population of Espirito Santo". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 130 (3): 679–681. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1214-2. PMID 26076592. S2CID 31546021.
- ^ DNA STUDY IN ISRAELI CAVE SHEDS LIGHT ON ORIGINS OF CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE
- ^ a b Anomalous blue-eyed people came to Israel 6,500 years ago from Iran, DNA shows
- ^ a b "T-L162 YTree".
- ^ a b Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan; Lyonnet, Bertille; Hammer, Emily L.; Nugent, Selin E.; Burri, Marta; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Penske, Sandra; Ingman, Tara; Akar, Murat; Shafiq, Rula; Palumbi, Giulio; Eisenmann, Stefanie; d'Andrea, Marta; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Krause, Johannes (2020). "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus". Cell. 181 (5): 1158–1175.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044. hdl:20.500.12154/1254. PMID 32470401. S2CID 219105572.
- ^ "T-CTS11451 YTree".
- ^ Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana; Falaschi, Francesco; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–8. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897. PMID 11719903.
- ^ Moran, Colin N.; Scott, Robert A.; Adams, Susan M.; Warrington, Samantha J.; Jobling, Mark A.; Wilson, Richard H.; Goodwin, William H.; Georgiades, Evelina; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146. S2CID 13960753.
- ^ King TE, Bowden GR, Balaresque PL, Adams SM, Shanks ME, Jobling MA (April 2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013.
Sources for conversion tables
[edit]- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
- Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742.
- Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
