Haplogroup T-M184
| Haplogroup T-M184 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 26,000 BC BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Western Asia.[2][3] |
| Ancestor | LT |
| Descendants | T1 (T-L206); T2 (T-PH110) |
| Defining mutations | M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445 |
| Highest frequencies | Dir, Isaaq (Horn of Africa); Toubou (Chad); Antemoro (Madagascar); |
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as M184.[4]
T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe, Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia.
Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line.[5]
Structure
[edit]- Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184).[6]
- T1 (L206)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
- T1a1a2 (Y16897)
- T1a1a2a (Z19963)
- T1a1a (L208/Page2)
- T1a2 (L131)
- T1a2a (PH141/Y13244)
- T1a2b (L446)
- T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 )
- T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798)
- T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614)
- T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
- T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
- T2 (PH110)
Distribution
[edit]Overview
[edit]As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2.[5] The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206.
Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq Somali clans in Somaliland,[a][7] Djibouti, and Ethiopia.[8][9] it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world. These include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; general Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; people from the Chian, Aquilani, Saccensi, Ibizan (Eivissenc) and Mirandese regions in Europe; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in the Middle East, and Nenets and Kazakhs (especially Momyns and Argyns) in Siberia/Central Asia. [citation needed]
The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is 100%, amongst Dir clan Somaliland males (Iacovacci et al. 2016).[8] It accounts for approximately 82.4% of Somali male lineages overall in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia (Plaster et al. 2011).[10] Geographically, it is found at the highest levels in the Dire Dawa area of Ethiopia,[10] and Djibouti.[8]
Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from West Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Anatolian haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, haplogroup T-M184 within Africa represents the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the West Asian clade. Later expansions of populations from West Asia carrying the E-M215, E-V38, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[11]
Prevalence of T-M184 in Armenians from Sasun
T-M184, which is relatively rare in other Near Eastern populations, as well as in three ... Armenian collections tested here, represents the most prominent [patrilineal] descent in Sasun, comprising 20.1% of the samples. The presence of this haplogroup in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van, by contrast, is more limited, composing only 3.6%, 6.3% and 3.9%, respectively, of the individuals from those collections.[...] Sasun, however, exhibits statistically significant divergence from the remaining Armenian populations, most likely as the result of the prominence in Sasun of lineages (T-M184 and R2a-M124) found at substantially lower frequencies in Ararat Valley, Gardman and Lake Van.
Kristian J Herrera, 2012
In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians (up to 40%), Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa, it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt peaking up to 10% in Luxor.
Haplogroup T is uncommon in Europe, except in Southern Europe and adjoining areas. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow".[5] It makes up to 4% of the population in Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German southern regions. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[12] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.
T1 (T*)
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
| Berbers | Siwi (Berber) | Sejenane | 1/47 | 2.1% | [13] | |
| Syrians | Unspecified | Syria | 1/95 | 1.1% | [5] | |
| Macedonians | Macedonian (Balto-Slavic) |
Macedonia | 1/201 | 0.5% | [14] | Macedonians Orthodox Christians |
T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley.[15]
The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[5][13][14]
Initial research into T1a (T-M70; previously known as K2)
K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Western Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])
J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [11]
T1a (M70)
[edit]Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylonia and Assyria. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[5]
T1a1*
[edit]Pityusans: one of three genetically distinct populations in the Balearic Islands
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither shows a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations like do the Mallorcan and Menorcan. With the comparison of the data provided by the Pityusic population with other circumediterranean populations surprises that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with the North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: for some markers shows affinities with Oriental populations (some mtDNA variables), but diverges from these populations when considering other markers. It is a separate case, an island, not in the geographical sense but genetical.
Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004
The Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera) – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%).[16] Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%).[17][18] Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).[19]
The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco.[citation needed] Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.
T1a1a (L208)
[edit]This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162.
T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)
[edit]One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).[20]
T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)
[edit]
This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.
Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.
T2 (PH110)
[edit]This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.
A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan.[39] Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Possible cases from older research
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Kurmach-Baygol | 2/11 | 18.2% | [40] | K* (xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Altaians | Altai (Turkic) | Turochak | 2/19 | 10.5% | [40] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, N-DYF155S2, O-M175, P-92R7) |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 1/13 | 7.7% | [41][42] | K(xT1a-M70, L1-M22, P-92R7) |
| Ossetian Irons | Iron (Iranian) | South Ossetia | 1/21 | 4.8% | [41][43] | No further details available. |
| Cordobeses | Andalusian (Romance) | Córdoba | 1/27 | 3.7% | [41][44] | No further details available. |
| Leoneses | Astur-Leonese (Romance) | Leon | 2/60 | 3.3% | [41][44] | No further details available. |
| Tharus | Tharu (Indo-Aryan) | Morang | 1/37 | 2.7% | [45] | K(xT1a-M70, L-M20, NO-M214, P-M74) |
| Cherkessians | Besleney (Northwest Caucasian) | Circassia | 2/126 | 1.6% | [41][43] | No further details are available. |
| Bizkaians | Bizkaiera (Isolate language) | Bizkaia | 1/72 | 1.4% | [41][44] | No further details are available. |
| Europeans | English (Germanic) | Australia | 1/1078 | 0.09% | [46] | No further details are available. |
Modern geographical distribution
[edit]Northern Asia
[edit]| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhs | Kazakh (Turkic) | Southwestern Altai | 1/30 | 3.3% | [47] | T1a-M70 |
| Evens | Even (Tungusic) | eastern Siberia | 1/61 | 1.6% | [48] | |
| Barghuts | Barga (Mongolic) | different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak | 1/76 | 1.3% | [48] | T1a-M70. In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin. |
Europe
[edit]With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[108] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[57] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[57] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[57] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[57] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[57] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[67] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[57] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[109] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[110] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[111] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[112] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[63] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[63] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[112] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[112] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[19] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[113] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[114] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[19] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[115] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[108] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[108] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[116] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[112] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[117] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[118] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[119] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[114] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[19] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[120] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[121] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[114] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[122] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[123] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[124]
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[125][126][127][128][67][71][129][98][130][131][132][133][134][135][49][93][136][excessive citations] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[137] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[138]
Middle East and Caucasus
[edit]Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf.
There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[149] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[172] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[149] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[172] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[173] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[174] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[175] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[172] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[173] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[149][176] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[174] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[174] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[149][176] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[149][176] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[176] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[149][176] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[174] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[176]
Africa
[edit]Fossils excavated at the Late Neolithic site of Kelif el Boroud in Morocco, which have been radiocarbon-dated to around 3,000 BCE, have been found to belong to haplogroup T-M184.[177]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Somalis (Dir clan) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 24/24 | 100% | [8] | The main sub-clans of the Dir clan in Djibouti are the Issa and Gadabuursi. |
| Somalis (Dire Dawa) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Dire Dawa | 14/17 | 82.4% | [10] | Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi. |
| Anteony | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 22/37 | 59.5% | [178] | The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Somalis (Dir clan) and Afars | Somali and Afar (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 30/54 | 56.6% | [179] | Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.[failed verification] |
| Somalis (Ethiopia) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Shilavo (woreda) (Somali Region of Ethiopia) | 5/10 | 50% | [8] | The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1. |
| Somalis (Isaaq) | Somali (East Cushitic) | Somaliland | 4/4 | 100% | [9] | All belonging to the T1a-Y16897 subclade |
| Afars | Afar language (East Cushitic) | Djibouti | 5/20 | 25% | [8] | |
| Toubou | Toubou | Chad | 31% | [180] | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade | |
| Akie | Akie people (Nilotic) | Tanzania | 3/13 | 23.1% | [Hirbo et al.] | Akie people have remnants of a Cushitic language |
| Somalis | Somali (East Cushitic) | Jijiga (Somali Region of Ethiopia) | 19/83 | 22.9% | [10] | Jijiga Somalis. |
| Arabs from Somalia | Somali (East Cushitic) | immigrants in Yemen | 7/33 | 21.2% | [181] | |
| Lemba | Venda and Shona (Bantu) | South Africa | 6/34 | 17.6% | [5] | Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians. |
| Rangi | Rangi Language (Bantu) | Tanzania | 5/32 | 15.6% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| - | Somalia | 15/105 | 14.3% | [182][183] | ||
| Iraqw | Iraqw language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 6/47 | 12.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Wachagga | Kichagga (Niger-Congo) | Dār as-Salām | 3/24 | 12.5% | [144] | Mixed with Rift Southern Cushites. |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Norway | 12/104 | 11.5% | [184] | |
| Bench | Bench(northern Omotic) | Bench Maji Zone | 14/126 | 11.4% | [10] | |
| Kores | (Cushitic) | SNNP | 2/18 | 11.1% | [10] | |
| Oromo | Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) | Oromiyaa | 1/9 | 11.1% | [185] | |
| Fulbe | Fula | northern Cameroon | 3/27 | 11.1% | [186][187] | |
| Gorowa | Gorowa language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/19 | 10.5% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Denmark | 21/201 | 10.4% | [188][189] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Luxor Governorate | 3/29 | 10.3% | [17][190] | |
| Kontas | Konta language (Omotic) | Konta special woreda | 11/107 | 10.3% | [10] | |
| Rendille | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Marsabit County | 3/31 | 9.7% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Datogs | Rendille language (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 3/31 | 9.7% | [191] | |
| Gewadas | Gewada language (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 11/116 | 9.5% | [10] | |
| Antalaotra | Antemoro (Plateau Malagasy) | old Antemoro Kingdom | 4/43 | 9.3% | [178] | The Antalaotra are in charge of the magical and religious domains; they have the ability to read and write Sorabe. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily) |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Aswan Governorate | 1/11 | 9.1% | [192] | |
| N'Djamena Mix | Mix | N'Djamena | 5/55 | 9.1% | Marc Haber 2016 | All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Assiut Governorate | 6/70 | 8.6% | [192] | |
| Konsos | (Semitic) | Konso special woreda | 2/24 | 8.3% | [10] | |
| Somali | Somali (Cushitic) | immigrants to Sweden | 12/147 | 8.2% | [193] | |
| Arabs and Berbers | Egyptian Arabic and Siwi | Lower Egypt | 12/147 | 8.2% | [11] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Sohag Governorate | 4/52 | 7.7% | [192] | |
| Egyptians | Erythraic (Cushitic) | Egypt | 7/92 | 7.6% | [183][185] | If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7% |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Tigray Region | 2/30 | 6.7% | [10] | |
| Dirashas | Dirasha (east Cushitic) | Dirashe special woreda | 5/79 | 6.3% | [10] | |
| Canarians | Canarian Spanish | Tenerife | 11/178 | 6.2% | ||
| Kordofanians | Kordofanian | Kurdufan | 4/69 | 5.8% | [174] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Qena Governorate | 3/52 | 5.8% | [192] | |
| Tuareg | Tuareg (Berber) | Gorom-Gorom | 1/18 | 5.6% | [194] | |
| Afars | Afar (East Cushitic) | Afar Region | 6/111 | 5.4% | [10] | |
| Ethiopians | Ethiopian languages | Ethiopia | 4/74 | 5.4% | [156] | |
| Mashiles | Mashile language (Cushitic) | SNNP | 7/130 | 5.4% | [10] | |
| Gurages | Gurage languages (South Semitic) | SNNP | 6/118 | 5.1% | [10] | |
| Turu | Nyaturu (Bantu) | Tanzania | 1/20 | 5% | [191] | |
| Moroccan Jews | Haketia (Romance) | Israel | 1/20 | 5% | [195] | |
| Gedeos | Gedeo (east Cushitic) | SNNP | 6/122 | 4.9% | [10] | |
| Wairak | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/41 | 4.9% | [11] | |
| Western Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli region | 7/142 | 4.9% | [196] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sfax | 5/105 | 4.8% | [198] | |
| Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Tripoli area | 3/63 | 4.8% | [199] | |
| Kanuri | Kanuri | Cameroon | 1/21 | 4.8% | [Hirbo et al.] | |
| Iraqw[200] | Iraqw (Cushitic) | Tanzania | 2/43 | 4.7% | ||
| Yems | Yemsa (Omotic) | SNNP | 5/107 | 4.7% | [10] | |
| Jews | (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/22 | 4.5% | [8] | |
| Gobeze | Cushitic | SNNP | 5/113 | 4.4% | [10] | |
| Upper Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic | Minya Governorate | 1/23 | 4.3% | [192] | |
| Konsos | Konso language (East Cushitic) | Konso special woreda | 4/94 | 4.3% | [10] | |
| Kembaatas | East Cushitic | Kembata Tembaro Zone | 4/102 | 3.9% | [10] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/28 | 3.6% | [8] | |
| Tigrayans | Tigrinya (South Semitic) | Eritrea | 1/31 | 3% | [179] | |
| Amharas | Amharic (Semitic) | Ethiopia | 1/34 | 2.9% | [8] | |
| Hutus | Rwanda-Rundi (Niger-Congo) | Rwanda | 1/39 | 2.6% | [201] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Mansoura | 1/44 | 2.2% | [17][190] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Siwa Oasis | 2/93 | 2.2% | [195][202] | |
| Meru | Meru (Northeast Bantu) | Tanzania | 2/99 | 2% | [203] | |
| Itam | Ibibio | Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria) | 1/50 | 2% | [204][205] | |
| Cape Verdeans | Cape Verdean Creole (Portuguese Creole) | Windward islands São Nicolau, São Vicente, and Santo Antão | 2/101 | 2% | [206] | |
| Ovimbundo | Umbundu and Portuguese | Angola | 1/53 | 1.9% | [207] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Tunis | 1/54 | 1.9% | [208] | |
| Berbers | Shilha (Berber) | Asni | 1/54 | 1.9% | [195][202] | |
| Eastern Libyans | Libyan Arabic (Semitic) | Benghazi | 4/214 | 1.9% | [209] | |
| Algerians | Algerian Arabic (Semitic) | Algeria | 3/164 | 1.8% | [174] | |
| Baribas | Baatonum (Niger–Congo) | Benin | 1/57 | 1.8% | [210] | T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131) |
| Bokoras | Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/59 | 1.7% | [197] | |
| Lower Egyptians | Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) | Cairo | 1/63 | 1.6% | [211] | |
| Tumbuka | Tumbuka (Niger-Congo) | northern Malawi | 1/61 | 1.6% | [205] | |
| Mozabites | Mozabite (Berber) | Ghardaia | 1/68 | 1.5% | [212] | |
| Tunisians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | South Tunisia | 3/200 | 1.5% | [213] | |
| Soussians | Tunisian Arabic (Semitic) | Sousse | 3/220 | 1.4% | [214] | |
| Chewa | Chewa (Niger-Congo) | Malawi | 1/92 | 1.1% | [205] | |
| Maasai | Maasai (Eastern Nilotic) | Kinyawa (Mashuru) | 1/100 | 1% | YHRD | |
| Bantu | Narrow Bantu (Niger-Congo) | Pretoria | 1/98 | 1% | [205] | |
| Nilotes | Ateker (Eastern Nilotic) | Karamoja region | 1/118 | 0.8% | [197] | |
| Andalusians | Andalusian Arabic (Semitic) | Testour, El Alia, Gualaat-El-Andalous, Slouguia | 1/132 | 0.8% | [208] | Refugees from Al-Andalus following the capitulation of the Islamic kingdoms in Valencia and Granada |
| Bantus | Bantu | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/140 | 0.7% | [215] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
| Basothos | Sesotho (Niger-Congo) | Lesotho | 1/181 | 0.6% | [216] | |
| Moroccans | Moroccan Arabic (Semitic) | Casablanca metropolitan area | 1/166 | 0.6% | [217] | The industrial capital of Morocco where the urban growth is maintained by immigration from all parts of Morocco |
| Khoisans | Khoisan | Botswana, Namibia and Zambia | 1/371 | 0.3% | [215] | Father and paternal grandfather belonged to the same ethnolinguistic group |
South Asia
[edit]T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[218]
| Population | Language | Location | Members/Sample size | Percentage | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurru | Yerukala (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 10/18 | 55.6% | ||
| Bauris | Bengali (Indo-Aryan) | West Bengal | 10/19 | 52.6% | K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%. Bauris are thought to be descendants of a native tribe of the Central Highlands before the Aryan invasion, then as Bauris have not been well assimilated and have not participated satisfactorily in the new Aryan society, the Bauris ended up being seen as "low caste". They are at "halfway" between the old Bauri tribal and the new Aryan society lifestyle. | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | West Bengal | 2/4 | 50% | ||
| Rajus | Telugu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/19 | 15.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | West Bengal | 2/13 | 15.3% | ||
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/20 | 15% | K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50% | |
| Kare Vokkal | Kannada (Dravidian) | Uttara Kannada | 4/30 | 13.3% | [219] | K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3% |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/18 | 11.1% | ||
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | South Uttar Pradesh | 4/38 | 10.6% | [220] | |
| Gonds | Gondi (Dravidian) | Madhya Pradesh | 10/139 | 7.2% | [220] | |
| Indians | languages of India | South India | 18/305 | 5.9% | ||
| Maheli | Mahali (Kherwari Munda) | Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/38 | 5.3% | [221] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Chenchus | Chenchu (Dravidian) | Andhra Pradesh | 3/61 | 4.9% | [130] | Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al. |
| Banjaras | Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) | Andhra Pradesh | 2/53 | 3.8% | [130] | Two samples from different studies grouped together |
| Indians | languages of India | East India | 14/367 | 3.8% | ||
| Gujaratis | Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) | Gujarat | 1/29 | 3.4% | [130] | |
| Lodha | Lodhi (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) | Midnapore & other location from West Bengal | 2/71 | 2.8% | [221][222] | Three samples from different studies grouped together |
| Sahariyas | Saharia (Munda) | Madhya Pradesh | 2/73 | 2.7% | [223] | |
| Tamtas | (Indo-Aryan) | Bageshwar | 1/34 | 2.9% | [218] | |
| Kshatriyas | (Indo-Aryan) | Pithoragarh | 2/79 | 2.5% | [218] | |
| Aryas | Arya (Indo-Aryan) | Nainital | 1/46 | 2.2% | [218] | |
| Laotians | Lao (Tai-Kadai) | Laos | 1/53 | 1.9% | [144] | |
| Maravars | Tamil (Dravidian) | Ramanathapuram | 1/80 | 1.3% | [224] | Dry Land Farmers |
| Garos | Garo (Sino-Tibetan) | Tangail | 1/120 | 0.8% | [225] | Likely P77+ |
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[226] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[227] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[228] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[229] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[220] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[220] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[230] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[229] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[220] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[227] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[227] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[220] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[220] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[231] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[227] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[229]
Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).
Central Asia & East Asia
[edit]Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China),[251] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[252]
Americas (post-colonisation)
[edit]Ancient DNA
[edit]Peki'in Cave, Israel
[edit]A 2018 study[2] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Persian and Zagros[286] area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[287] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[287]
We find that the individuals buried in Peqi'in Cave represent a relatively genetically homogenous population. This homogeneity is evident not only in the genome-wide analyses but also in the fact that most of the male individuals (nine out of ten) belong to the Y-chromosome Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), a lineage thought to have diversified in the Near East. This finding contrasts with both earlier (Neolithic and Epipaleolithic) Levantine populations, which were dominated by Haplogroup E (Y-DNA), and later Bronze Age individuals, all of whom belonged to Haplogroup J (Y-DNA).[2]
Ancient city of Ebla
[edit]In the ancient city of Ebla in Syria in the Bronze Age, one individual was found belonging to haplogroup T-L162 (T1a1).[288][289]
Alalakh Amorite city-state
[edit]One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a).[290][288][289]
Notable haplogroup members
[edit]Elite endurance runners
[edit]Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[291]
According to further studies,[5] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[292]
House of Khalifa
[edit]The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah)is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*.
The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002.
The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects.
Thomas Jefferson
[edit]A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British.
Family Tree DNA, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan[293]
Phylogenetic tree
[edit]
|
Nomenclatural history
[edit]Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 | ISOGG 2013 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-M184 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu16 | H5 | F | K* | K | T | T | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T | T | T |
| K-M70/T-M70 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T | T1 | K2 | K2 | T | T | T | T1 | T1a | T1a |
| T-P77 | 26 | VIII | 1U | 25 | Eu15 | H5 | F | K2 | K2 | T2 | T1a2 | K2 | K2 | T2 | T2 | T2a1 | T1a1b | T1a1a1 | T1a1a1 |
Original research publications
[edit]The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
ζ Su 1999
Y-DNA backbone tree
[edit]
| |||
Footnotes
| |||
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Original research
[edit]- ^ W. Goodwin et al., " Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, " "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2012),
- ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
- ^ Uta D. Immel et al., "Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Martin-Luther Universität Haale/Saale," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (1999),
- ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al., "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "http://www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
Other works cited
[edit]- ^ "T YTree". www.yfull.com.
- ^ a b c Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (20 August 2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3336H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC 6102297. PMID 30127404.
- ^ Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (3 August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC 8333252. PMID 34344940.
- ^ Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Krahn T, Ostrer H, Soodyall H, Hammer MF (2011). "Increased resolution of Y chromosome haplogroup T defines relationships among populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa". Human Biology. 83 (1): 39–53. doi:10.3378/027.083.0103. PMID 21453003. S2CID 207611348.
- ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup T". isogg.org.
- ^ Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somaliland."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Giuseppe Iacovacci et al., "Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries," ^Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2016
- ^ a b "T-Y16897 YTree".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Plaster; et al. (2011). "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia" (PDF). UCL Discovery.
- ^ a b c d e Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ (2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
- ^ Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, Pocheshkhova E, Boldyreva M, Yankovsky N, Balanovska E, Villems R (2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ a b Frigi S, Pereira F, Pereira L, Yacoubi B, Gusmão L, Alves C, Khodjet el Khil H, Cherni L, Amorim A, El Gaaied A (2006). "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR Yfiler) in two Tunisian Berber communities". Forensic Science International. 160 (1): 80–3. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.007. PMID 16005592.
- ^ a b Jakovski Z, Nikolova K, Jankova-Ajanovska R, Marjanovic D, Pojskic N, Janeska B (2011). "Genetic data for 17 Y-chromosomal STR loci in Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 5 (4): e108–11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.005. PMID 21549657.
- ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ^ Tomàs C, Jiménez G, Picornell A, Castro JA, Ramon MM (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20273. PMID 16323196.
- ^ a b c Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Haber M, Xue Y, Izaabel H, Bosch E, Adams SM, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Picornell A, Ramon M, Jobling MA, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C (2008). "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
- ^ Adams SM, et al. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b c d Rodríguez V, Tomàs C, Sánchez JJ, Castro JA, Ramon MM, Barbaro A, Morling N, Picornell A (2009). "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (2): 137–41. doi:10.1007/s00414-008-0302-y. PMID 19066931. S2CID 20576072.
- ^ a b c d Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (2008). "Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans". PLOS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1430C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Grugni V, Battaglia V, Perego UA, Raveane A, Lancioni H, Olivieri A, Ferretti L, Woodward SR, Pascale JM, Cooke R, Myres N, Motta J, Torroni A, Achilli A, Semino O (2015). "Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. PMC 4670172. PMID 26636572.
- ^ a b c d e f Toscanini U, Vullo C, Berardi G, Llull C, Borosky A, Gómez A, Pardo-Seco J, Salas A (2016). "A comprehensive Y-STR portrait of Argentinean populations". Forensic Science International. Genetics. 20: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.09.002. PMID 26433179.
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