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White Hispanic and Latino Americans

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"Euro-Latino" redirects here. For Latin American people of European ancestry, see White Latin Americans.

White Hispanic and Latino Americans
Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos blancos
Total population
12,579,626 (white alone)
20.3% of all Hispanic and Latino Americans and 3.8% of the U.S. population
31,521,221 (white alone or in combination)
50.8% of all Latino Americans and 9.6% of the U.S. population[1][2] (2020)
Regions with significant populations
Nationwide, concentrated in Southwest
 Texas3,024,768
26.4% of Hispanics and Latinos
10.4% of total population[3]
 California2,581,535
16.6% of Hispanics and Latinos
6.5% of total population[4]
 Florida1,322,458
23.2% of Hispanics and Latinos
6.1% of total population[5]
 New Mexico305,985
30.3% of Hispanics and Latinos
14.5% of total population[6]
Languages
English, Spanish, Portuguese, Spanglish, Porglish[citation needed]
Religion
Roman Catholicism, sizeable Protestantism
 • Minority: Judaism[citation needed]
Related ethnic groups
White Latin Americans, White Americans, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Spanish Americans, Portuguese Americans, Italian Americans, French Americans, Romanian Americans
Part of a series on
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White Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Euro-Hispanics,[7] Euro-Latinos,[8] White Hispanics,[9] or White Latinos,[10] are Americans of white ancestry and ancestry from Latin America. It also refers to people of European ancestry from Latin America that speak Spanish or Portuguese natively and immigrated to the United States.[11][12][13]

Based on the definitions created by the Office of Management and Budget and the US Census Bureau, the concepts of race and ethnicity are mutually independent. For the Census Bureau, ethnicity distinguishes between those who report ancestral or cultural origins in Spain or Latin America (Hispanic and Latino Americans), and those who do not (non-Hispanic Americans).[12][13][14] From 1850 to 1920, Mexicans in the United States were generally classified as white by the U.S. census.[15] In 1930, "Mexican" was officially added as a racial category on the United States census but was soon after removed due to political pressure from the Mexican consul general in New York, the Mexican ambassador in Washington, the Mexican government itself, Mexican Americans, and the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) who protested the exclusion of mixed-race Latinos in comparison to White Latinos or Euro-Latinos from whiteness.[15] In 1970, a 5 percent sample of the census was asked if their "origin or descent" was Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or Other Spanish.[15] In 1980, the full population was asked about "Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent" identifying three nationalities ("Mexican, Mexican-American, Chicano").[15] Thereafter "Latino" was classified solely as an ethnicity separate from race.[16] In 2000, the US Census Bureau allowed persons to check multiple race identifiers.[17]

As of 2020, 62 million or 18.7% of residents of the United States of America identified as Hispanic or Latino of which 12.5 million or 20.3% self-identified as white alone[18] down from the 2019 American Community Survey when 38.3 million, or 65.5% of Latinos self-identified as white.[19]

History

[edit]

Some Euro-Latinos/White Latinos in the United States of America today are descended from original Spanish colonists who settled the so-called "internal provinces" and Louisiana of New Spain. As the United States expanded westward, it annexed lands with a long-established population of Spanish-speaking settlers, who were sometimes overwhelmingly or exclusively of white Spanish ancestry (cf. White Mexican).[20] This group became known as Hispanos. Prior to incorporation into the United States of America (and briefly, into Independent Texas), Hispanos that were fully Spanish, (criollos) had enjoyed a privileged status in the society of New Spain and later in post-colonial Mexico. The vast majority of Hispanos however, were racially mestizo, and thus weren't always seen as white by U.S standards.

Racial identity

[edit]

Concepts of multiracial identity have existed in Latin America since the colonial era, originating in a Spanish caste system. During the 20th century, the concept of mestizaje, or 'blending', was adopted as a national identity by a number of Latin American countries in order to reduce racial conflict.[21]

A 2014 Pew Research Center survey found that one-third of US Latinos identify as "mestizo", "mulatto", or another multiracial identity.[21] Such identities often conflict with standard racial classifications in the United States: among Latino American adults surveyed by Pew Research who identified as multiracial, about 40% reported their race as "white" on standard race question as used on the US Census; 13% reported belonging to more than one race or "mixed race"; while about 20% chose "Latino" as their race.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
White Hispanics as a population pyramid in 2020

The top 10 U.S. states with the largest White alone population.

White alone Hispanics by state (2020)[22]
State Population % of state % of all Hispanics
Texas 3,024,768 - 26.4
California 2,581,535 - 16.6
Florida 1,322,458 - 23.2
New York 544,442 - 13.8
Arizona 505,790 - 23.1
Illinois 395,476 - 16.9
Colorado 322,264 - 25.5
New Mexico 305,985 - 30.3
New Jersey 295,899 - 14.8
Nevada 162,511 - 18.3

White Hispanics are widespread, with California and Texas being two states with some of the highest populations of Hispanics self identifying as white.[23] West Virginia has the highest percentage of the overall population identifying as White Hispanic with 34.2%. The commonwealth of Puerto Rico had a White population of 536,044 or 16.5% of all Hispanics with an additional 24,548 people who were white alone (but not Hispanic or Latino) representing 66.7% of all non-Hispanics.[24]

White alone Hispanics by percent (2020)[25]
State Population % of all Hispanics
West Virginia 11,915 34.2
Montana 15,206 33.6
Maine 8,777 33.0
Wyoming 18,710 31.7
New Mexico 305,985 30.3
Vermont 4,550 29.3
North Dakota 9,778 29.3
Alaska 13,634 27.4
Michigan 149,323 26.5
Texas 3,024,768 26.4

In the 2000 census, the responses that contained a race specified by the Office of Management and Budget and a race not specified by OMB, were reclassified to match the races that OMB had considered. In this way, 44.24% of the Hispanic population that had marked as white and another race not specified by the OMB was recategorized as only white.[26]

Hispanics and Latinos who are native-born and those who are immigrant identify as white in nearly identical percentages: 53.9 and 53.7, respectively, per figures from 2007. The overall Hispanic or Latino ratio was 53.8%.[27]

In 2017, the Pew Research Center reported that high intermarriage rates and declining Latin American immigration has led to 11% of US adults with Hispanic ancestry (5.0 million people) to no longer identify as Hispanic.[28] First generation immigrants from Spain & Latin America identify as Hispanic at very high rates (97%) which reduces in each succeeding generation, second generation (92%), third generation (77%), and fourth generation (50%).[28]

Population by national origin

[edit]
2010 census[29]
National origin Self-identified
white pop. 		% who self-identified as white
Caribbean 4,400,071 56.2%
Puerto Rican 2,455,534 53
Cuban 1,525,521 85.4
Dominican 419,016 29.6
Central American 18,491,777 51.7%
Mexican 16,794,111 53
Salvadoran 663,224 47
Guatemalan 401,763 36.8
South American 1,825,468 65.9
All other Hispanic 2,018,397 50
Totals 26,735,713 53

Some Hispanic or Latino American groups that have white majorities or pluralities originate in countries that do not. For example, Mexico's white only population is 9% to 17%,[30][31] while Mexico is majoritarily mestizo, meaning that they have mixed European and Native American ancestry, while 52.8% of Mexican Americans are white, or identify themselves as white in the Census (See the table). The differences in racial perceptions that exist in both countries are considered: the concept of race in Mexico is subtle not only including physical clues such as skin color but also cultural dispositions, morality, economic, and intellectual status. It is not static or well defined but rather is defined and redefined by the situation. This makes racial distinctions different from those in other countries such as the United States.[32][33]

Other important differences lay in the criteria and formats used for the censuses in each country: In Mexico, the only ethnic census including categories other than Amerindian (dated back to 1921) performed by the government offered the following options in the questionnaire:[34]

  • Full European heritage
  • Mixed Indigenous and European heritage (the term "mestizo" itself was never used by the government)
  • Full Indigenous
  • Foreigners without racial distinction
  • Other race

The census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due cultural influence.[35] On the other hand, while only 2.9% of the population of the United States identifies as mixed race[36] there is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number, but historical and cultural reasons, including slavery creating a racial caste and the European-American suppression of Native Americans, often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture they were raised in. While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally.[37]

Representation in the media

[edit]

Judith Ortiz Cofer noted that appellation varies according to geographical location, observing that in Puerto Rico she was considered white, but in the United States she was considered a "brown person."[38]

Myrtle Gonzalez was one such American actress in the silent film era; she starred in at least 78 motion pictures from 1913 to 1917.[39] Anita Page was an American actress of Spanish descent who reached stardom in 1928, during the last years of the silent film.[40] Page was referred to as "a blond, blue-eyed Latin".[41][42] Hilary Swank an American actress and film producer recipient of numerous awards, including two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Her maternal grandmother, Frances Martha Clough (née Dominguez), was born in El Centro, California, and was of Mexican descent.[43]

Telenovelas (soap operas) have been criticized for not fully reflecting the racial diversity of Hispanic and Latin Americans, and for underrepresenting non-white Hispanic and Latin Americans, in favor of those that are of lighter complexion, blonde-haired and blue/green-eyed rather than the typical Hispanic and Latin Americans.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]

White Hispanic/white Latino literature originating from the San Joaquin Valley revolves around the lives and stories of farmworkers.[53]: 45  Meanwhile, the autobiographies of white stateside Puerto Ricans and the poetry of the Nuyorican Movement are most often about their socioeconomic concerns.[53]: page 

[edit]

A total of 27% of Hispanics marry outside their ethnicity. Non-Hispanic white/Hispanic intermarriage is the most common intermarriage in the United States representing 42% of interethnic marriages compared to white/black at 11%. Intermarriage rates between whites and Hispanics do not differ significantly among the genders (with Hispanic females slightly more likely to marry whites).[54]

Genetics

[edit]

Genetic research has found that the average non-European admixture is present in both white-Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites with different degrees according to different areas of the United States. Average European admixture among self-identified white Hispanic Americans who took a commercial DNA test from 23andMe is 73% (the average for Hispanic Americans regardless of race is 49.5%), contrasting to that of non-Hispanic European Americans, whose European ancestry totals 98.6% on average.[55] "Average admixture," however, can be a misleading measure, as it conflates vastly different population groups and ignores marked differences within individual Latino groups. Each Latin American country has a unique demographic history. Mexican Americans and Central Americans may frequently be of mestizo descent for instance, but Mexico has one of the largest total white populations in Latin America, and over 65% of Costa Rica's population identifies as white.[56][57][58] Many other Latin American countries with relatively high proportions of white Latin Americans are Paraguay and Chile. In Uruguay, over 85% of the population identifies as white.[59] The genetic profile of American Latinos varies from group to group and is a result of unique immigration histories.[60] For instance, the Cuban exiles "fleeing the Castro regime in the 1960s and '70s were almost entirely white, educated and middle or upper class."[61]

Employment

[edit]

Farmworkers in the country are disproportionately white Hispanic/white Latino.[62] This is especially true in some areas, for example Southern Arizona.[63] Many are producers, in other words they are farm operators.[64] White Hispanics/white Latinos are a larger part of the Southern Arizona population than in the rest of the country, and are a large part of the area's agricultural workforce.[63] However, racial classification in the United States usually requires tribal enrollment to identify one's race as Native or Indigenous. "Brown" Latinos are often automatically recorded as white if they aren't enrolled in a Native tribe and if they don't have Black ancestry. This paints a false picture of the workforce in a state that has had a history of racial profiling, such as Arizona SB 1070, and which continues to harbor widespread, racial-based anti-immigrant sentiment.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Table 4. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race: 2010 and 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  2. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  3. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  4. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  5. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  6. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved October 19, 2021.
  7. ^ Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1995). World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy. Simon & Schuster. p. 316. Some Cubans divide Hispanics into groups not only by country, but also by skin tone—Euro-Hispanics, Afro-Hispanics, and Indo-Hispanics. The black community is similarly split.
  8. ^ Various (2001). "Introduction". In Agustín Laó-Montes and Arlene Dávila (ed.). Mambo Montage: The Latinization of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 10. For instance, in the global chain of otherness, upper-class Euro-Latinos can be located...
  9. ^ Elizabeth M. Grieco (2010). White Population: 2000: Census 2000 Brief. DIANE Publishing Company. p. 8. Among White Hispanics who reported more than one race, the majority indicated they were "White and Some other race" (80 percent), followed by "White and American Indian and Alaska Native" (6 percent)...
  10. ^ Wendy D. Roth (2012). Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Stanford University Press. p. 7. While some assimilated White Latinos will join the privileged White group, most light-skinned Latinos will remain in an "honorary White" middle tier...
  11. ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Luis Fraga; John A. Garcia (2010). Latino Lives in America: Making It Home. Temple University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4399-0050-5.
  13. ^ a b Nancy L. Fisher (1996). Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-5346-3.
  14. ^ Robert H. Holden; Rina Villars (2012). Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-118-27487-3.
  15. ^ a b c d Hochschild, Jennifer; Powell, Brenna (2008). "Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850–1930: Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, Mixed Parentage, Hindoos, and the Mexican Race". Studies in American Political Development. 22 (1): 59–96. doi:10.1017/S0898588X08000047. S2CID 146658895.
  16. ^ "Race/Ethnicity and the 2020 Census".
  17. ^ Brown, Anna (February 25, 2020). "The changing categories the U.S. census has used to measure race". Pew Research Center.
  18. ^ "Table 4. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race: 2010 and 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  19. ^ "2019 American Community Survey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  20. ^ Fitzgerald, Kathleen J. (February 18, 2014). Recognizing Race and Ethnicity: Power, Privilege, and Inequality. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4931-2 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ a b c Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (July 10, 2015). "'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics". Pew Research Center.
  22. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  23. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  24. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  25. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  26. ^ "Modified Race Data Summary File" (PDF). Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  27. ^ Grieco, Elizabeth M. "Race and Hispanic Origin of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2007; American Community Survey Reports" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  28. ^ a b Lopez, Gustavo; Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana; Lopez, Mark Hugo (December 20, 2017). "Hispanic Identity Fades Across Generations as Immigrant Connections Fall Away". Pew Research Center.
  29. ^ Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 14. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  30. ^ "CIA — The World Factbook – Mexico". Retrieved March 18, 2010.
  31. ^ "Mexico — Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  32. ^ Alejandra M. Leal Martínez (2011). For The Enjoyment of All:" Cosmopolitan Aspirations, Urban Encounters and Class Boundaries in Mexico City (PhD thesis). Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 3453017.
  33. ^ McDonald, TK (June 24, 2016). "The Economics of Mexico's Middle Class". Investopedia.com. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  34. ^ Navarrete, Federico. "El mestizaje y las culturas" [Mixed race and cultures]. México Multicultural (in Spanish). Mexico: UNAM. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  35. ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Academic investigation (in Spanish). university of the State of Mexico. 2005. p. 196. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  36. ^ Jones, Nicholas A.; Amy Symens Smith. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
  37. ^ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Faces of America: How 12 Extraordinary Americans Reclaimed Their Pasts (New York University Press, 2010)
  38. ^ Pauline T. Newton (2005). "An Interview with Judith Ortiz Cofer". Transcultural Women Of Late-Twentieth-Century U.S. American Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 161. ISBN 0-7546-5212-2.
  39. ^ Rosa Linda Fregoso (2003). MeXicana encounters: the making of social identities on the borderlands. University of California Press. pp. 108–111. ISBN 978-0-520-23890-9. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  40. ^ Anita Page: Star of the silent screen. Independent.co.uk (September 8, 2008).
  41. ^ Rodriguez, Clara E. (2008). Heroes, Lovers, and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533513-2. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  42. ^ Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (June 30, 2006). Latinas in the United States. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-11169-2. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  43. ^ "Dowling Family Genealogy Frances Martha DOMINGUEZ". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  44. ^ Quinonez, Ernesto (June 19, 2003). "Y Tu Black Mama Tambien". Newsweek. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
  45. ^ The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV[dead link‍]. Washingtonpost.com (August 3, 2000).
  46. ^ Blonde, Blue-Eyed Euro-Cute Latinos on Spanish TV. Latinola.com (October 24, 2010).
  47. ^ Latinas Not Reflected on Spanish TV. Vidadeoro.com (October 25, 2010).
  48. ^ What are Telenovelas? – Hispanic Culture. Bellaonline.com.
  49. ^ Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-Language TV. Articles.sun-sentinel.com (August 6, 2000).
  50. ^ Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations. Boston.com (August 19, 2004).
  51. ^ Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena. Pbs.org.
  52. ^ Soap Operas on Latin TV are Lily White Archived May 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ a b Ramirez, Luz Elena (2009). Encyclopedia of Hispanic-American Literature (1 ed.). Infobase Publishing. pp. xvii+430. ISBN 978-0-8160-6084-9. LCCN 2007034805.
  54. ^ "Key facts about race and marriage, 50 years after Loving v. Virginia". Pewresearch.org. June 12, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  55. ^ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (September 18, 2014). "The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States". bioRxiv 10.1101/009340.. "Supplemental Tables and Figures". p. 42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  56. ^ "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7, CONAPRED, Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  57. ^ "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico", "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  58. ^ "Listado de Temáticas". INEC (in Spanish). Retrieved June 29, 2024.
  59. ^ "Uruguay", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, June 26, 2024, retrieved June 29, 2024
  60. ^ "Reports for Caribbean and Latin American Customers". May 15, 2019.
  61. ^ Bardach, Ann Louise (January 29, 2015). "Why Are Cubans So Special?". The New York Times.
  62. ^ "Farm Worker Health and Hygiene" (PDF). Pew Charitable Trusts Stakeholders' Discussion Series.
  63. ^ a b City of Tucson. "City of Tucson". U.S. Economic Development Administration. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  64. ^ United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA NASS) (October 2019). "2017 Census - Hispanic Producers". Retrieved September 23, 2022.
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