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Whitby Lifeboat Station

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Coordinates: 54°29′17″N 0°36′47″W / 54.4881°N 0.6130°W / 54.4881; -0.6130
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Whitby Lifeboat Station
Whitby Lifeboat Station
Whitby Lifeboat Station is located in North Yorkshire
Whitby Lifeboat Station
Whitby, North Yorkshire
General information
TypeRNLI Lifeboat Station
LocationThe Fish Pier
AddressChurch Street
Town or cityWhitby, North Yorkshire, YO22 4AE
CountryEngland
Coordinates54°29′17″N 0°36′47″W / 54.4881°N 0.6130°W / 54.4881; -0.6130
Opened2007[note 1]
Cost£1 million
Owner Royal National Lifeboat Institution
Website
Whitby Lifeboat Station

Whitby Lifeboat Station is a Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat station located in Whitby, North Yorkshire, England. It is one of nine situated along the Yorkshire coast.[1]

Whitby has had a lifeboat station since 1802, with the RNLI responsible since 1861. In its 200 plus year history, Whitby has had five different lifeboat stations (although not all operated at the same time). A sixth lifeboat and station was located at Upgang, just up the coast from Whitby, and whilst it was considered separate from Whitby, it was crewed by men from the Whitby lifeboat.

The present day station covers a huge swathe of the northern coast from the Humber to Hartlepool, and is regularly listed as the busiest in the north of England. The station has two lifeboats; a 13-metre (43 ft) Shannon-class All-weather lifeboat (ALB) 13-49 Lois Ivan (ON 1356), and the D-class (IB1) Inshore lifeboat (ILB) Warter Priory (D-810).[2]

History

[edit]

The first lifeboat to be stationed at Whitby was in 1802 on the west side of the river.[3] This had been paid for by a combination of local finance and an offer from Lloyd's of London who contributed £50 of the £160 needed for a lifeboat.[4] A 30-foot 10-oared lifeboat was constructed by Henry Greathead of South Shields, at a cost of £160, arriving in Whitby on 15 September 1802. The boat was kept on a carriage, in a boathouse near the West Pier.[5]

By 1817, the Greathead lifeboat was reported as being unserviceable. No more details are available, until 1822, when two new lifeboats were placed at Whitby. A 26-foot 6in long 10-oared boat was constructed by Wake of Sunderland to replace the Greathead boat. It was kept in the same boathouse, and called "West Side Lifeboat". A No.2 station was created with the second boat, a 26-foot 10-oared lifeboat, constructed by local boatbuilder Christopher Gale, and launched from davits on Tate Hill Pier, where a boathouse was built out for protection. The boat was known as the "East Side Lifeboat".[5]

By 1859, the "West Side Lifeboat" was found to be rotten, and a new 30-foot boat was ordered from local boatbuilder Francis Falkingbridge, costing £130, and delivered in September 1860. This boat would be involved in the 1861 Disaster as documented later. [5]

By the end of the 1865, Whitby had three lifeboats under the command of the harbour master.[6] One of these was the Upgang Lifeboat, which was housed at a newly created station on a stretch of beach at Upgang, 1 mile (2 km) along the coast west towards Sandsend.[7] The station had been created as in certain conditions, launching the Whitby harbour boats had proven extremely difficult.[5] The RNLI always regarded Upgang as being a different lifeboat station, despite its proximity to Whitby,[8] and the fact it was crewed by men from the Whitby station.[9]

The lifeboat stations in Whitby are detailed as follows;[10]

Name Dates Location Notes
Whitby No.1 1802–1847 Whitby West Pier, West side of the river Closed when the Khyber Pass was cut in the town,[note 2][11] so the lifeboat house was moved further inland.[12]
Whitby No.1 1847–1957 Whitby Landward Pier, on the west side of the river, opposite the Old East Pier Now the Whitby Lifeboat Museum (rebuilt 1895)
Whitby No.2 1822–1963 Whitby East Pier, East side of the river (by the old East Pier)
Upgang 1865–1919 Upgang was located a little to the west of Whitby After closure, the boat at Upgang was transferred to Whitby
Whitby (Motor) 1919–2006 East bank of the river in Whitby Harbour Closed and demolished in 2006; new lifeboat station built on the same site
Whitby 2007– Built on the site of the former 1919 Motor boat lifeboat station
A map showing the locations of both RNLI and independent lifeboat stations in Yorkshire

The lifeboat stations have always been in different locations in Whitby on the mouth of the River Esk; between 1822 and 1863, it was located on the original East Pier on the east bank of the river.[13] The present day lifeboat station is also on the east side of the river (further upstream) and was opened in 1919,[14] although another building housed a second lifeboat on the west side of the river between 1895 and 1957.[15] A new station building was built on the site in 1895, and this building has since been re-opened as the Whitby Lifeboat Museum.[16]

The lifeboat disaster of 1861, where twelve of the lifeboatmen died, prompted a local fund-raising effort for their widows and children. This eventually raised over £8,000, but the trustees of the fund thought that supplying the money to the widows and orphans might give them ideas above their station, so a memorial was paid for instead, to be installed in the parish Church of St Mary in the town.[17] Soon after the tragedy, the local lifeboat committee agreed to the RNLI taking over responsibility for the Whitby lifeboats.

In 1881, a ship foundered during a heavy snowstorm in Robin Hood's Bay. The lifeboat stationed in that village was deemed to be unseaworthy and so a telegraph was sent to launch the Whitby lifeboat, the Robert Whitworth. Due to the heavy seas, this had to be taken over land through blizzards and snowdrifts. A similar situation occurred in April 1834, when the lifeboat from Whitby was carried overland to Robin Hood's bay to rescue two women in difficulty.[18]

The sinking of the Rohilla in 1914 was attended by six lifeboats in all, but the motorised lifeboat from Tynemouth was the only one that could get near to the Rohilla due to the swell and the pull of the waves on the other lifeboats which were using oars. After this, most RNLI crews were persuaded about the efficacy of using motorised boats over ones with oars; previously, many crews were suspicious of motorised lifeboats.[19] The first motorboat delivered to Whitby was the Margaret Harker-Smith in 1919. She only had a single engine and so was fitted sails and additionally had the capacity for men to row her with oars.[20]

Despite this, Whitby retained a rowing lifeboat until 1957, the Robert and Ellen Robson (ON667), which was the last rowing boat to be officially operated by the RNLI.[21] This boat is now on display in the RNLI museum in Whitby.[22]

In 1966, the first Inshore Lifeboat (ILB) was launched at Whitby. The ILB is useful for rescues where the all-weather lifeboat has difficulty getting to.[23]

The Lifeboat Museum, Whitby

On 7 September 2007, the Duchess of Kent formally unveiled a new £1 million lifeboat station in Whitby.[24] The new station was built on the site of the old motor lifeboat station (built in 1918 and in use since 1919), which had become life-expired but was known to the crews as the Tin Shed. Whilst the new lifeboat station was being constructed, the old No 1 lifeboat station, now the museum, was resurrected as the lifeboat house for one year from 2006 to 2007.[25]

Notable incidents

[edit]

Between 1802 (when the first lifeboat was launched at Whitby) and 2009, 24 lifeboat crew members were lost from Whitby. Their names are commemorated in the RNLI memorial at Poole in Dorset. A news report in 2022 stated that in its more than 200-year history, the Whitby lifeboat had been launched over 2,900 times, and saved over 1,230 people.[26]

Lifeboat disaster (1841)

[edit]

On 6 October 1841, the east-side lifeboat was on her way to the rescue of two yawls foundering in Whitby Bay. The lifeboat capsized and four lifeboatmen lost their lives.[12][14]

Henry Freeman (lifeboatman)
Attribution: Frank Meadow Sutcliffe and The Sutcliffe Gallery

Lifeboat disaster (1861)

[edit]

On 9 February 1861, a severe storm struck the east coast of England which resulted in 200 ships being wrecked. The crew had already been out and responded to five ships in distress, when responding to the sixth, a huge wave capsized their vessel.[27] The only survivor of the incident was Henry Freeman, the only member of the crew wearing a cork lifejacket; the other twelve crew, all of who drowned, were wearing their traditional ballast filled lifebelts.[note 3]

Agenoria (1877)

[edit]

The schooner Agenoria which was transporting coal from Hartlepool to Whitby ran aground just outside Whitby harbour on 10 January 1877. The Whitby lifeboat Harriott Forteath launched to try and effect a rescue.[28] During the swell, she capsized and all but one of her 12 crew were thrown into the water. One swam ashore, seven got back into the vessel, but three members of the RNLI crew drowned, with their bodies washing up on the beaches around Whitby in the following days.[29][30]

The Visitor (1881)

[edit]

The brig Visitor foundered in the bay of Robin Hood's Bay in November 1881, and after the hold was flooded with 5 feet (1.5 m) of water, the crew abandoned ship into their lifeboat.[31] The Robin Hood's Bay RNLI lifeboat station had been closed in 1855, and the unofficial lifeboat in the village was deemed "unseaworthy"[note 4] and so a telegraph was sent to launch the Whitby Lifeboat. The seas were too rough to launch from Whitby and row around the coastline, so a decision was made to haul Robert Whitworth the 6 miles (9.7 km) overland to Robin Hood's Bay through blizzards and snow drifts, some as deep as 7 feet (2.1 m). This took two hours to achieve using the combined strength of 18 horses and 200 men.[32] When the lifeboat and crew arrived, they launched the boat and spent 90 minutes in effecting a rescue of the people still stranded at sea. All survived and a commemorative plaque now memorialises the rescue in the village of Robin Hood's Bay.

The events of The Visitor prompted the RNLI to re-open the lifeboat station at Robin Hoods Bay (until 1931).[33]

SS Rohilla (1914)

[edit]
Main article: SS Rohilla

Rohilla was launched in 1906 for the British India Steam Navigation Company. She was pressed into war service in 1914 as HMHS Rohilla (His Majesties Hospital Ship). Whilst sailing from the Firth of Forth to Dunkirk to evacuate wounded soldiers, she ran aground on Saltwick Nab reef, which is just south of Whitby Harbour. Despite being only a short distance from the shore, high seas and gale force winds created atrocious conditions for any prospect of a rescue from the shore. One of Whitby's RNLI lifeboats Robert and Mary Ellis (ON 588) attempted to close on the wreck but was forced back by the high waves. Another of Whitby's lifeboats the John Fielden (ON 379) was dragged across the rocky scar to a point adjacent to the wrecked ship and made two successful rescues bringing 35 people to the safety of the shore, however the damage to her hull prevented and further attempts.

An audacious plan to haul the Upgang lifeboat William Riley of Birmingham and Leamington (ON 594) overland to opposite the Rohilla and then lower it by hand down the 200-foot (61 m) cliff was successful however the mountainous sea conditions prevented her launch.[34][35]

A lifeboat from Scarborough was towed to the scene of the tragedy but they too were thwarted by the storm conditions, they did however stay on the scene throughout the night set to make another attempt at first light which was still pushed back and the lifeboat was towed back to Scarborough.

In all, six lifeboats were launched to try and rescue the 234 people on board over the course of three days. During the grounding of the vessel, she broke her back and several attempts were made to safely remove those onboard. In all, 89 people died in the sinking. Of the six lifeboats launched, only two were motorboats, and because of the perilous waves, only one of the motorboats, the Henry Vernon (ON 613) which had travelled down the coast from Tynemouth was able to get close to what remained of the ship rescuing the last 50 souls. This tragedy was one of the pivotal points that was to see the RNLI introduce motor lifeboats spelling the end for the traditional rowing boat.[19][36]

Ruswarp flood (1931)

[edit]

The Whitby Lifeboat was again taken overland to the village of Ruswarp (further upstream of Whitby on the River Esk) in September 1931 due to extreme flooding. The flooding had washed away several bridges and the lifeboat was needed to rescue people from their houses.[37] Despite the narrowness of the walls on the roads and the extreme current, the lifeboat crew (in No. 2 Lifeboat) managed to rescue five people.[38][39]

Admiral Von Tromp (1976)

[edit]

On 30 September 1976, the trawler, Admiral Von Tromp, ran aground on Saltwick Bay rocks, much as the Rohilla had done 62 years earlier. The trawler had set sail from Scarborough the day before and was going fishing in an area some 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) north-east of Scarborough. Why the boat ran aground some 90 degrees off of her pre-planned course has never been fully explained as the man at the helm of the ship drowned that night. The Whitby Lifeboat was launched and made several attempts to get the men off the stricken boat, but to no avail, even though at one point, the two boats were touching. Eventually, the flooding of the ship led the men to taking to open water from which three were washed ashore, with the skipper of the boat being rescued by the inshore lifeboat from the sea. Two of the trawler men died. At a resultant inquiry, a nautical surveyor stated that even if the boat had been left to its own devices, she would not have been taken upon the rocks by the tide. Two of the RNLI crewmen were awarded RNLI medals, one silver and one bronze, for the mission.[40][41]

Station honours

[edit]

The following are awards made at Whitby[42][43]

John Harland, crew member - 1946
Lt. John Lingard, RN – 1829
Lt. Richard Jones, Coastguard Officer - 1830
Lt. Richard Jones, Coastguard Officer - 1831 (Second-Service Award)
Lt. George Sherras Brittain, RN - 1838
Thomas Langlands, Coxswain - 1914
Lt. George Sherras Brittain, RN - 1837
John Storr, fisherman of Whitby - 1853
Henry Freeman - 1861
Thomas Robinson - 1861
William T. Quigley, Chief Officer of Coastguard - 1868
Henry Freeman, Coxswain - 1880 (Second-Service Award)
Thomas Langlands, Coxswain - 1906
Richard Eglon, Second Coxswain - 1914
George Peart - 1914
John W. Storry - 1924
James Murfield, Coxswain - 1939
James Philpot, Motor Mechanic - 1940
John Harland, crew member - 1946
Robert Allen, Coxswain - 1977
John Dryden, Acting Second Coxswain - 1939
James Philpot, Mechanic - 1939
James Murfield, Coxswain - 1940
John Dryden, Acting Second Coxswain - 1940 (post.)
Christopher Wale, Acting Bowman - 1940 (post.)
William Dryden, Assistant Mechanic - 1940
Matthew Winspear, crew member - 1940
John Walker, crew member - 1940
Harry Murfield, Coxswain - 1946
Eric Taylor, Coxswain - 1954
William Harland, Coxswain - 1970
Michael Coates, Helmsman - 1975
Brian Hodgson, Helmsman - 1975
Richard M. K. Robinson, Helmsman - 1977
Peter N. Thomson, Coxswain Mechanic - 1988
Nicholas Botham, Helmsman - 1988
John Pearson, Helmsman - 1993
  • Medal Service Certificate
David Wharton, crew member - 1975
Barry Mason, crew member - 1975
Michael R. Coates, crew member - 1977
Brian W. Hodgson, crew member - 1977
  • The Maud Smith Award 1946
    (for the bravest act of lifesaving during the year by a member of a lifeboat crew)
John Harland, crew member - 1946
  • The Ralph Glister Award 1975
    (for the most meritorious service of the year performed by a rescue boat crew)
The Helmsman and crew - 1975
  • The Ralph Glister Award 1977
    (for the most meritorious service of the year performed by a rescue boat crew)
Richard M. K. Robinson, Helmsman - 1977
David A. Wharton, crew member - 1977
Tony Easton, crew member - 1977
John Harland, crew member - 1946
  • Royal Humane Society's Testimonial
W. Dryden, Mechanic - 1958
  • The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum
W. Harland, Coxswain - 1966
John Anderson - 1968
Peter Neville Thomas - 1968
David Frampton - 1970
Robert Allen - 1970
D Wharton, crew member - 1975
Peter N. Thomson, Second Coxswain/Motor Mechanic - 1977
Dennis D. Carrick, Assistant Mechanic - 1977
Howard Bedford, crew member - 1977
Raymond Dent, crew member - 1977
Thomas Hansel, crew member - 1977
David A. Wharton, crew member - 1977
Tony Easton, crew member - 1977
M. Coates, Helmsman - 1977
B. Hodgson, crew member - 1977
J. Easton, crew member - 1977
Peter Thomson, Coxswain Mechanic - 1982
Nick Bentley - 1993
Glenn Goodberry (Ronald Rundle Goodberry) - 1993
Keith Elliott, Second Coxswain - 2000
  • A Collective Letter of Thanks signed by the Chairman of the Institution
Peter N. Thomson, Coxswain Mechanic - 1993
Keith Stuart, Second Coxswain Assistant Mechanic - 1993
Michael Russell, crew member - 1993
Nicholas Botham, crew member - 1993
Adrian Blackburn, crew member - 1993
Howard Fields, crew member - 1993
Daniel Wordsworth, lifeguard - 2011
Calum Norman - 2011
  • A Framed Letter of Thanks signed by the Chairman of the Institution
Keith Stuart, Coxswain - 2000
John Pearson, Helmsman - 2003
Whitby Lifeboat Station - 2008
  • Letter of appreciation
Hugh Ramsden, Helmsman - 2011
Peter Neville Thomson - 1993[44]
Neil Andrew Williamson, Curator, RNLI Whitby Lifeboat Museum and Launching Authority - 2024KBH[45]

Whitby lifeboats

[edit]

All-weather lifeboats

[edit]

No.1 Station

[edit]
ON[a] Name In service[46] Class Comments
– Unnamed 1802–1817 Greathead [note 5]
– "West Side Lifeboat" 1822–1859 26-foot 6in non-self-righting [note 6]
– Unnamed 1860–1861 30-foot non-self-righting [note 7]
– Lucy 1861–1870 32-foot Self-righting (P&S) [47]
– Lucy (1870–1871),
Robert Whitworth (1871–1881) 		1870–1881 32-foot Self-righting (P&S) First named Lucy, later named Robert Whitworth. Original boat named Robert Whitworth served at Bridlington and was wrecked in the Great Gale of 1871.[48][47][b][49]
180 Robert and Mary Ellis 1881–1908 34-foot 1in Self-righting (P&S) [50]
588 Robert and Mary Ellis 1908–1934 35-foot Self-righting (P&S) [47]

No.2 Station

[edit]
ON[a] Name In service [46] Class Comments
– "East Side Lifeboat",
Petrel,
Gertrude 		1822–1872 26-foot North Country (P&S) [note 8]
– Harriott Forteath 1872–1880 30-foot Self-righting (P&S)
– Harriott Forteath 1880–1881 32-foot Self-righting (P&S) [47]
– Harriott Forteath 1881–1887 32ft Self-righting (P&S) Formerly Robert Whitworth at Whitby No.1
114 Christopher 1887–1895 34-foot Self-righting (P&S) [47]
379 John Fielden 1895–1914 34-foot Self-righting (P&S) Damaged beyond repair during the SS Rohilla rescue effort. Despite rescuing several people, the John Fielden broke in two on the rocks of Saltwick Nab.[51]
455 Forester 1914–1919 34-foot Self-righting (Rubie)
594 William Riley of Birmingham and Leamington 1919–1931 34-foot Self-righting (Rubie) A self-righting boat, William Riley of Birmingham and Leamington was at Upgang, but after only two rescues, was allocated to Whitby. After retirement from the RNLI, the boat saw many uses, with rumours of involvement in the Dunkirk evacuation.
580 Jacob and Rachel Vallentine 1931–1938 34-foot Self-righting (Rubie) [47]
522 Jacob and Rachel Vallentine 1938–1947 34-foot Self-righting (Rubie) Formerly Richard at Donna Nook[47]
669 Robert and Ellen Robson 1947–1957 34-foot Rubie designed Dungeness self righter. Built in 1918,the Robert and Ellen Robson served at Tramore and Aberdeen, spending ten years at Whitby before being retired from active service.[21]
[52]

Upgang Station

[edit]

For lifeboats stationed at Upgang, please see Upgang Lifeboat Station

Motor Station

[edit]
ON[a] Op. No.[c] Name In service[53] Class Comments
667 – Margaret Harker-Smith 1919–1938 40-foot Self-righting (motor) Paid for by public donation but named after the lady who bequeathed a large sum of money for her. The boat was the first motorboat launched at Whitby as a direct response to the Rohilla disaster.[54][55]
808 – Mary Ann Hepworth 1938–1974 41ft Watson After withdrawal from RNLI service, the Mary Ann Hepworth was used as a pleasure cruiser up and down the River Esk and also out to sea from Whitby Harbour.[54]
1033 44-012 The White Rose of Yorkshire 1974–1988 Waveney Transferred to Invergordon in 1988.[56]
1131 47-023 City of Sheffield 1988–1996 Tyne
1212 14-14 George and Mary Webb 1996–2023 Trent
1356 13-49 Lois Ivan 2023– Shannon Arrived on station 11 June 2023 to replace George and Mary Webb.[26][57][58]

Inshore lifeboats

[edit]
Op. No.[c] Name In service [53] Class Comments
D-84 Unnamed 1966–1970 D-class (RFD PB16)
D-193 Unnamed 1971–1977 D-class (RFD PB16)
D-260 Gwynaeth 1977–1987 D-class (Zodiac III)
D-369 Unnamed 1988–1997 D-class (EA16) [59]
D-521 OEM Stone II 1997–2007 D-class (EA16)
D-503 Criddy and Tom 2005–2007 D-class (EA16)
D-512 Jane Ann II 2007 D-class (EA16)
D-674 OEM Stone III 2007–2017 D-class (IB1) An Inshore Lifeboat (ILB), she was unveiled and named by the Duchess of Kent at the re-opening of Whitby's new lifeboat station in 2007.
D-810 Warter Priory 2017– D-class (IB1) [60]
  1. ^ a b c ON is the RNLI's Official Number of the boat.
  2. ^ The Robert Whitworth was officially retired in December 1881, but there is a record of her being used at sea to perform a rescue in 1892. Records are not complete, so there is no information what happened to the Robert Whitworth after this.
  3. ^ a b Op. No. is the RNLI's Operational Number of the boat carried on the hull.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The present station is built on the site of the former Motor Boat Lifeboat station first built in 1919.
  2. ^ The Khyber Pass was cut out of the West Cliff at the behest of George Hudson who built the Royal Crescent at the top of the cliff. The road curves 180 degrees and rises up the hill before curving another 180 degrees back on itself to access the cliff top.
  3. ^ The story is that the captain of the lifeboat, Jon Storr, had given the new type lifebelt to Henry Freeman as he was the youngest crew member. The other crew members wore their traditional life belts filled with ballast. The new life jacket had been sent out to all local lifeboat stations by the RNLI in an effort to persuade them to become part of a nationally supported organisation which it would be hoped would be better resourced and staffed.
  4. ^ Some reports described the boat as being rotten.
  5. ^ 30-foot (10-Oared) non-self-righting lifeboat, built by Henry Greathead, costing £160.
  6. ^ 26-foot 6in (10-Oared) non-self-righting lifeboat, built by Wake of Sunderland.
  7. ^ 30-foot non-self-righting lifeboat, built by Francis Fordingbridge.
  8. ^ 26-foot 6in (10-Oared) non-self-righting lifeboat, built by Christopher Gale.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Mayday… Ride For The Lifeboats!". northernlifemagazine.co.uk. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Whitby's lifeboats". rnli.org. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Nostalgia on Tuesday: Brave Tradition". The Yorkshire Post. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  4. ^ Chrystal 2012, p. 42.
  5. ^ a b c d Morris, Jeff (January 1989). The Story of the Whitby Lifeboats. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 1–26.
  6. ^ "Genuki: WHITBY: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890., Yorkshire (North Riding)". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  7. ^ Dibdin & Ayling 1894, p. 183.
  8. ^ "Annual Report". The Lifeboat. 11 (116). Poole: RNLI: 21. May 1880. ISSN 0024-3086.
  9. ^ Leach 2018, p. 116.
  10. ^ "Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey, Yorkshire to Lincolnshire; Whitby to Reighton" (PDF). historicengland.org. English Heritage. p. 35. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  11. ^ "Point 9 – Royal Crescent". BBC News. 29 September 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  12. ^ a b White 1993, p. 81.
  13. ^ "Tate Hill Pier, Whitby, North Yorkshire | Educational Images". Historic England. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Station History | RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  15. ^ "Whitby Lifeboat Museum – Visit Our RNLI Museums". rnli.org. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  16. ^ "Major award for Whitby lifeboat museum's Pete". The Whitby Gazette. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  17. ^ Taylor, John Russell (2014). The second wave: British drama for the seventies (2 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-415-72790-7.
  18. ^ Lloyd, Chris (28 August 1999). "Come hell or high snowdrift, we'll save their souls". Northern Echo. ProQuest 328877089.
  19. ^ a b Potts, Lauren (30 October 2014). "Three-day WW1 sea rescue remembered". BBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  20. ^ Leach 2018, p. 31.
  21. ^ a b "Museum resumes its role as a lifesaver after nearly 50 years". The Yorkshire Post. 20 September 2005. ProQuest 335230525.
  22. ^ Lavery, Brian (2005). The island nation: a history of Britain and the sea. London: Conway Maritime. p. 165. ISBN 1-84486-016-7.
  23. ^ Barnard, Ashley (5 July 2016). "Lifeboat crew members past and present meet for 50th anniversary event for celebrate 50 years of Whitby's inshore lifeboat". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  24. ^ Foster, Mark (7 September 2007). "Duchess declares lifeboat station open". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  25. ^ "Whitby Station History | RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  26. ^ a b "Whitby: New lifeboat to carry the names of 10,000 people". BBC News. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Lifeboatman who survived against the odds – thanks to his new lifejacket". The Northern Echo. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  28. ^ Stanway, Kate (1909). Britannia's Calendar of Heroes. London: G Allen & Sons. p. 13. OCLC 5957418.
  29. ^ "Shipping Casualties and Loss of Life". The Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle. No. 4,634. Col E. 13 January 1877. p. 8. OCLC 173729645.
  30. ^ "The Whitby Lifeboat Accident". The Leeds Mercury. No. 12,095. Col F. 15 January 1877. p. 3. OCLC 751697369.
  31. ^ Historic England. "Visitor (1368757)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  32. ^ Wilson, Natalya (16 January 2013). "Author tells fascinating history of lifeboats". York Press. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  33. ^ Leach 2018, p. 121.
  34. ^ "The lifeboat heroes of World War one who saved over 200 lives | RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  35. ^ "Lifeboat rescue mission". BBC News. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  36. ^ Simons, Paul (30 October 2014). "Weather eye: the hospital ship Rohilla". The Times. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  37. ^ Chrystal 2012, p. IV.
  38. ^ "Five Lives Rescued in the Floods". The Lifeboat. 28 (308). Poole: RNLI: 373–304. Autumn 1977. ISSN 0024-3086.
  39. ^ Chrystal 2012, p. 44.
  40. ^ "Scarborough Maritime Heritage Centre | Admiral Von Tromp, mysterious sinking". www.scarboroughsmaritimeheritage.org.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  41. ^ Newton, Grace (1 April 2018). "Nobody knows why this shipwreck on the Yorkshire coast ran aground". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  42. ^ "Whitby's station history". RNLI. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  43. ^ Cox, Barry (1998). Lifeboat Gallantry. Spink & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-907605-89-3.
  44. ^ "Ordinary Members of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The Gazette. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  45. ^ "British Empire Medal (Civil Division)". The Gazette. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  46. ^ a b Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2021). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2021. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 2–120.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g "Whitby Lifeboat Station Boat History". www.whitbylifeboat.co.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  48. ^ Jones, Richard M. (2013). The Great Gale of 1871. Cirencester: Mereo. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-909544-72-7.
  49. ^ Whitworth, Alan (1999). "11. The Story of the Whitby Lifeboat, the Robert Whitworth". Aspects of the Yorkshire Coast. Barnsley: Wharncliffe Books. pp. 182–183. ISBN 1-871647-54-1.
  50. ^ "Additional stations and new life-boats [sic]". The Lifeboat. 11 (125). Poole: RNLI: 639. August 1882. ISSN 0024-3086.
  51. ^ "Scarborough Maritime Heritage Centre | Rohilla rescue 1914 – Saltwick Bay, Whitby". www.scarboroughsmaritimeheritage.org.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
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  60. ^ Foster, Mark (11 July 2017). "Duchess of Kent names Whitby's new inshore lifeboat". The Northern Echo. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

Sources

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