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Raphael and La Fornarina

Raphael and La Fornarina
Raphael and La Fornarina
Artist	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Year	1813
Medium	Oil on canvas
Dimensions	63.8 cm × 53.3 cm (25 1/2 in × 21 in)
Location	Fogg Museum

Raphael and La Fornarina was painted in 1813 in Italy by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.^[1] It is the first of five versions of the painting, which he completed between 1813 and his death in 1867.^[2] In 1814 his first version was exhibited at the Salon.^[3] The work shows the renowned painter, Raphael, sitting in his studio with his mistress, La Fornarina (the baker), on his knee. His embrace reflects his affection and desire for her, while his gaze towards his own artwork, his portrait of his mistress, indicates his love for art.^[4] This contrast represents the painter's major conflict between who he loves and what he loves.^[4] The mistress makes eye contact with the viewer and her posture, specifically her arms resting on his shoulders, shows how proud and satisfied she is with being his mistress and inspiration.^[4] The Fornarina's sensual gaze at the viewer claims her importance and place both within the artist's studio and profession.^[5] Although Ingres thoroughly researched the Renaissance artist's life through biographies by Giorgio Vasari and Angelo Comolli, and planned to create a series of paintings based on his life, in the end he only produced two scenes: Raphael and La Fornarina, and its succeeding versions, and the Betrothal of Raphael.^[6] The depiction of the Fornarina resembles not only the Virgin Mary, in the painting in the background of the Madonna della Seggiola, but also Ingres' depiction of the promiscuous Grande Odalisque.^[7] The illustration highlights an interconnection between Raphael and Ingres as they both paint what they desire.^[8]

Background

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, paintings depicting and glorifying the lives of prominent and famous artists became popular among the Bourgeoisie and were exhibited at the Salon (Paris).^[9] This painting is an example of the Troubadour style as its subject is a great Renaissance figure and illustrates a detailed and intimate Renaissance studio scene, by incorporating columns, colored tiles, furniture, such as the easel, armchair, and stool and by creating a linear grid.^[2]^[9] Besides the increased interest in Renaissance masters during the early nineteenth century, Ingres became intrigued and curious about Raphael's artworks and life after seeing a replica of the Madonna della seggiola, in his teacher's Toulousian art studio.^[10] At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Ingres was awarded the Rome Prize.^[11] 'There was an increase in French presence and culture in Italy during Ingres' time there, due to Napoleon.'^[11] 'Although Ingres submitted his works to the Salon, one of them being the Raphael and La Fornarina, he only receive little recognition.'^[11]

Description and Compositional Analysis

The painting shows Raphael and his ravishing mistress, the Fornarina in his art studio. Her pose is dynamic, energetic, graceful, and alive as she is both hugging the artist, yet also pulling away and distancing herself.^[9] Rosalind E. Krauss, a renowned art critic, interprets the anecdotal episode, specifically the Fornarina's seductive gaze as evoking the idea she is embraced only after she has seen, appreciated, and admired his work.^[12] She has a beautifully symmetric face, is wearing a turban scarf on her head, is dressed in a green velvet gown, and is adorned in gold jewellery .^[13] The turban is a typical hairstyle found in high Italian Renaissance artworks.^[14] Her bare skin, naked shoulders, and draping dress speaks for her desired body.^[15] Ingres uses Raphael's La Fornarina as his model for the mistress.^[16] In the background there is a view of the Vatican, specifically showing the Cortile di San Damasco, where Raphael had painted his famous frescos, and which places the artist in the heart of Rome.^[13] In the scene, another one of his paintings, Madonna della seggiola can be found.^[9] Ingres used Raphael's own self-portrait, located in the Uffizi, as his model for the painter.^[9] Ingres focused on details to achieve perfection.^[17] The contrast between the living, breathing, and really existing Fornarina as opposed to the idealized Fornarina on the canvas, on the easel, is central to this painting. The Fornarina is physically present in Raphael's life, but she is also alive in his portrait, living in the painter's imagination. The perfect resemblance of the portrait of the Fornarina demonstrates both Ingres' and Raphael's artistic talent.^[18]

On the one hand, the Fornarina's facial features and garments in both depictions resemble those of the Madonna della seggiola which makes the mistress appear saintlike.^[9]In the depiction of the Madonna della seggiola, appearing in the background, Ingres intentionally cuts off the image of the Son to emphasize the likeness between the Madonna and the Fornarina.^[5] In Raphael's Madonna della seggiola, St. John is present on the right hand side, while in Ingres' version, he is not visible.^[10] The resemblance in features and pose, specifically the embrace between the Fornarina and Raphael, is similar to that of the Virgin Mary holding her son.^[7]On the other hand, there is also a strong likeness between the illustration of the mistress and Ingres' painting of the Grande Odalisque.^[7]"In these works the Virgin and the odalisque are not merely sisters, they are one. ... These images seem to amalgamate two different kinds of emotional response - sexual desire of male for female and reverential love of son for mother."^[7]

Raphael embraces his mistress, but instead of looking at her, his face is turned away from her, his desire, and is observing and admiring his own work. Raphael is faced with the decision of having to choose between his love for his mistress and his vocation.^[6]She is a distraction and will lead to his downfall, yet she and his art are interconnected because she represents beauty and beauty is what inspires him and his artwork.^[6]

Sources

The painting and its future versions were based on the biographies about Raphael's life: Vita by Giorgio Vasari, a 16th century Italian painter and writer, and Vita di Raffaello da Urbino by Angelo Comolli.^[18]Vasari makes multiple references to a mistress, yet it is unclear if he is referring to the same woman or multiple lovers.^[4]Although the mistress' identity remained uncertain, by the eighteenth century she was named and identified as the Fornarina, a small baker, and by the nineteenth century she was identified as Margarita Luti, she daughter of a Sienese baker^[4]^[19]

Bavaria, a close friend of Raphael, stated that Raphael had painted a breathtaking portrait of his beloved mistress, La Fornarina, which he describes as: "no less than alive."^[4]In addition, Vasari also discusses Raphael's sexual appetite by telling the story of how Agostino Chigi, a dear friend, incentivized Raphael to finish painting a grande room in his Villa Farnesina by having his mistress moved into the painter's quarters.^[4]Lastly, "Vasari reports that 'Raphael was amorous and fond of women, and was continually pressed into their service ...'"^[4]

The beautiful Fornarina represents Raphael's demise, she lures him to his death.^[20]Vasari stated that: "Raphael died of exhaustion from lovemaking," while other biographers went as far as blaming his mistress for his death.^[20]

While Comolli stated: "Poor Raphael ... desperately pursuing a ruinous passion ... His passion for beautiful women was ever alive and became his downfall. Indeed, I would almost call it his rage for women had not Raphael often declared that he was not transported by women as such, but by beautiful ones, since it was from their beautiful faces that he derived the beauty of his art; but the end proved otherwise, and his days ended all too soon from his having succumbed too much to his passion. Oh the humiliation of it! Raphael of Urbino, the foremost painter of the universe, the fairest genius in the flower of his years, behold him brought low by a woman, and such a woman!"^[1]

Nineteen century biographers, such as Balzac, shaped their accounts of the mistress around their moral views, specifically that of the strict madonna-whore binary.^[15]

Ingres and Raphael

In 1813, at the time of the painting, Ingres married Madeleine Chapelle, which likely influenced and led him to specifically focusing on Raphael's relationships with women.^[9] In Le Roman d'amour de M. Inges, by Henry Lapauze, Ingres' and Raphael's relationships and encounters with women are contrasted and analyzed.^[8]Raphael was engaged to Cardinal Medici Bibbiena's niece, but was an adulterer as he was sleeping with a commoner.^[8]Ingres had only three romantic relationships and although he was known to be surrounded by women, he was not a debauchee, rather a restrained, chivalrous gentleman.^[8]In a letter to a women, Ingres wrote: "I will live and die the servant of women."^[8] Raphael was 37 when he died of debauchery, the Fornarina was his vice.^[8]"When Balzac rewrote Raphael's d'Urbino story, he had his protagonist die in a lustful embrace, his death rattle obscuring the words of desire that his larynx would produce."^[21]Depictions of La Fornarina were often accredited to Giulio Romano, Raphael's student, in order to disassociate Raphael from dishonorable artworks, such as paintings of his mistress.^[22] Contrastingly, Ingres died at the old age of 86 from a bilateral pneumonia, after being exposed to cold bursts of wind in efforts to help his wife.^[8] These differences shape the interrelation between painters and their desires where Raphael, the debauchee, paints his beloved mistress and Ingres commits debauchery in repeatedly painting Raphael with his mistress.^[8]

Versions

'Following the 1813 version of Raphael and La Fornarina he produced four additional versions in 1825, 1830, 1840, and 1860.'^[3] 'He also produced one signed drawing and four prints illustrating the two subjects.'^[2] "Ingres explained his decision in 1860 to undertake yat a fourth version in oils by saying, 'I am taking up again the picture of Raphael and La Fornarina, my last edition of this subject, which will, I hope, cause the others to be forgotten.'"^[17] Rosalinda Krauss disproves the theory that Ingres created various versions of his artwork for 'the pursuit of perfection', but rather that:

"Through this movement of repeatability its 'perfection' has been breeched in advance. Because - and this was precisely Ingres' practice if not his 'intention' -each repetition is always a recontextualization of the model -a change in scale, medium, site. Each repetition thus as well involves a change in meaning. This is a change to which the model itself has always, and in advance, been open. The model's 'truth', its absolute ness, its indivisible self-presence, has never, theoretically, been possible."^[23]

Over his life time, Ingres' interests shifted from 'oil replica' toward the technology of mechanical reproduction.'^[24]

References

^ ^a ^b Steinberg, "A Working Equation or—Picasso in the Homestretch," 102.
^ ^a ^b ^c Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 313.
^ ^a ^b McVaugh, "Turner and Rome, Raphael and the Fornarina," 380.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Steinberg, "A Working Equation or - Picasso in the Homestretch," 103.
^ ^a ^b Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 329.
^ ^a ^b ^c Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 155.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Leeks, "Other-Wise," 33.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lathers, "Tué par un Excès d'amour," 559.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ingres and Rosenblum, "Ingres," 98 - 99.
^ ^a ^b Leeks, "Other-Wise," 32.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chu, "The Restoration Period and the Beginnings of Romanticism in France," 201 - 221.
^ Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 156.
^ ^a ^b Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 328.
^ Fend, "The Hermetic borderline," 248.
^ ^a ^b Lathers, "Tué par un Excès d'amour," 556.
^ Shiff, "Representation, Copying, and the Technique of Originality," 340.
^ ^a ^b Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 153.
^ ^a ^b Abraham, "Frederic Leighton's 'Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna'," 62.
^ Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 555.
^ ^a ^b Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 554
^ Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 557.
^ Lathers, "Tué Par Un Excès d’amour," 560.
^ Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 157.
^ Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 154.

Sources

Betzer, Sarah. “Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres'sRaphael and the Fornarina.” Oxford Art Journal38, no. 3 (2015): 313–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/kcv020.
Brand, Peg Zeglin. "The Role of Luck in Originality and Creativity." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 73, no. 1 (2015): 31-55. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43283315.
Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate (2012). Nineteenth-Century European Art. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pentice Hall. pp. 201–221. ISBN 978020570799-7.
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, and Robert Rosenblum. Essay. In Ingres, 62–63. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1967.
Fend, Mechthild. "Hermetic Borderline." In Fleshing out Surfaces: Skin in French Art and Medicine, 1650–1850, 237-73. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvnb7m8d.12.
Krauss, Rosalind E. "You Irreplaceable You." Studies in the History of Art 20 (1989): 151-59. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42620163.
Lathers, Marie. ""Tué Par Un Excès D'amour": Raphael, Balzac, Ingres." The French Review 71, no. 4 (1998): 550-64. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/398850.
Leeks, Wendy. "Ingres Other-Wise." Oxford Art Journal 9, no. 1 (1986): 29-37. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1360370.
McVaugh, Robert E. "Turner and Rome, Raphael and the Fornarina." Studies in Romanticism 26, no. 3 (1987): 365-98. Accessed November 22, 2020. doi:10.2307/25600666.
Shiff, Richard. "Representation, Copying, and the Technique of Originality." New Literary History 15, no. 2 (1984): 333-363. Accessed November 23, 2020. doi:10.2307/468860.
Steinberg, Leo. "A Working Equation Or—Picasso in the Homestretch." The Print Collector's Newsletter 3, no. 5 (1972): 102-105. Accessed November 22, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44129471.

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[:0-1] Steinberg, "A Working Equation or—Picasso in the Homestretch," 102.

[:1-2] Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 313.

[:12-3] McVaugh, "Turner and Rome, Raphael and the Fornarina," 380.

[:2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Steinberg, "A Working Equation or - Picasso in the Homestretch," 103.

[:3-5] Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 329.

[:4-6] Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 155.

[:5-7] Leeks, "Other-Wise," 33.

[:6-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lathers, "Tué par un Excès d'amour," 559.

[:7-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ingres and Rosenblum, "Ingres," 98 - 99.

[:13-10] Leeks, "Other-Wise," 32.

[:14-11] Chu, "The Restoration Period and the Beginnings of Romanticism in France," 201 - 221.

[12] Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 156.

[:8-13] Betzer, "Artist as Lover: Rereading Ingres's Raphael and the Fornarina," 328.

[14] Fend, "The Hermetic borderline," 248.

[:9-15] Lathers, "Tué par un Excès d'amour," 556.

[16] Shiff, "Representation, Copying, and the Technique of Originality," 340.

[:15-17] Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 153.

[:10-18] Abraham, "Frederic Leighton's 'Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna'," 62.

[19] Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 555.

[:11-20] Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 554

[21] Lathers, "Tué pa un Excès d'amour," 557.

[22] Lathers, "Tué Par Un Excès d’amour," 560.

[23] Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 157.

[24] Krauss, "You Irreplaceable You," 154.

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v t e Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
List of paintings
History paintings	The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles (1801) Oedipus and the Sphinx (1808) Jupiter and Thetis (1811) Romulus' Victory Over Acron (1812) Virgil reading The Aeneid before Augustus, Livia and Octavia (1812) The Dream of Ossian (1813) Raphael and La Fornarina (1813) Paolo and Francesca (1814–1819) Don Pedro of Toledo Kissing Henry IV's Sword (1814) Aretino and Charles V's Ambassador (1815) Henry IV Receiving the Spanish Ambassador (1817) The Death of Leonardo da Vinci (1818) Roger Freeing Angelica (1819) The Dauphin's Entry Into Paris (1821) The Vow of Louis XIII (1824) The Apotheosis of Homer (1827) The Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian (1834) The Illness of Antiochus (1840) The Odyssey (1850) Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII (1854)
Nudes	The Half-Length Bather (1807) The Valpinçon Bather (1808) La Dormeuse de Naples (1809) Grande Odalisque (1814) The Source (c 1820) Odalisque with Slave (1842) Venus Anadyomene (1848) The Turkish Bath (1863)
Portraits	Bonaparte, First Consul (1804) Portrait of Philibert Rivière (1805) Portrait of Marie-Françoise Rivière (1805–06) Mademoiselle Caroline Rivière (1806) Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne (1806) La Belle Zélie (1806) Portrait of Madame Duvaucey (1807) Portrait of Charles Marcotte (1810) Portrait of Paul Lemoyne (1811) Portrait of Madame de Senonnes (1814) Portrait of Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples (1814) Portrait of Madame Jacques-Louis Leblanc (1823) Portrait of Madame Marcotte de Sainte-Marie (1826) Portrait of Amédée de Pastoret (1826) Portrait of Monsieur Bertin (1832) Luigi Cherubini and the Muse of Lyric Poetry (1842) Portrait of Comtesse d'Haussonville (1845) Portrait of Baronne de Rothschild (1848) Portrait of Madame Moitessier (1844–1856) The Princesse de Broglie (1851–1853) Portrait of Madame Ingres (1859)
Self-portraits	Self-Portrait Aged 24 (1806) Self-Portrait at Seventy-Eight (1858) Antwerp Self-Portrait (1864–1865)
Museums	Musée Ingres

v t e Raphael
List of paintings
Early works	Baronci Altarpiece (1500–1501) Saint Sebastian (1501–1502) Resurrection of Christ (1499–1502) Mond Crucifixion (1502–1503) Madonna and Child with the Book (c. 1503) Solly Madonna (c. 1500–1504) Oddi Altar (1502–1504) Conestabile Madonna (c. 1502–1504) Portrait of a Man (c. 1503–1504) Vision of a Knight (1503–1504) The Marriage of the Virgin (1504) Diotallevi Madonna (c. 1504) Portrait of Perugino ¹ (c. 1504) Colonna Altarpiece (c. 1503–1505) Saint George (c. 1503–1505) Three Graces (c. 1503–1505) Saint Michael (c. 1504–1505)
Florentine period	Christ Blessing (c. 1502–1504) Portrait of Pietro Bembo (c. 1504) Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga ² (c. 1504–1505) Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro ² (c. 1504–1505) Small Cowper Madonna (c. 1504–1505) Terranuova Madonna (c. 1504–1505) Madonna del Granduca (c. 1505) Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1505) Young Man with an Apple (c. 1505) Self-portrait (1504–1506) La donna gravida (1505–1506) Madonna del Cardellino (c. 1505–1506) Young Woman with Unicorn (c. 1505–1506) Madonna del Prato (1506) Madonna with Beardless Saint Joseph (c. 1506) Portrait of Agnolo Doni (c. 1506) Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro (c. 1506) Portrait of Maddalena Doni (c. 1506) Ansidei Madonna (1505–1507) Madonna of the Pinks (c. 1506–1507) Bridgewater Madonna (c. 1507–1508) The Deposition (1507) Madonna of the Baldacchino (c. 1506–1508) La belle jardinière (1507–1508) (completed by Ridolfo Ghirlandaio) Canigiani Holy Family (c. 1507–1508) Colonna Madonna (c. 1507–1508) Portrait of a Young Woman (La Muta) (c. 1507–1508) Esterhazy Madonna (c. 1508) Niccolini-Cowper Madonna (1508) Tempi Madonna (1508) Saint Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1507–1509)
Roman period	Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami (c. 1509) Garvagh Madonna (c. 1509–1510) Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (c. 1509–1511) Portrait of a Cardinal (c. 1510–1511) Alba Madonna (c. 1511) Madonna of Loreto (c. 1511) The Prophet Isaiah (1511–1512) Madonna of Foligno (c. 1511–1512) Portrait of Pope Julius II (1511, 1512) Galatea (c. 1512) Madonna with the Fish (c. 1512–1514) Madonna della Seggiola (c. 1513–1514) Madonna of the Candelabra (c. 1513–1514) Sistine Madonna (c. 1513–1514) Madonna dell'Impannata (c. 1513–1514) Madonna della Tenda (c. 1513–1514) Portrait of a Young Man (c. 1513–1514) Sibyls (1514) Portrait of Bindo Altoviti (c. 1512–1515) Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–1515) Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (c. 1514–1516) Creation of the World (1516) Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano (1516) Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena (c. 1516) La velata (c. 1516) Visitation (c. 1517) The Ecstasy of Saint Cecilia (c. 1514–1517) Madonna with the Blue Diadem (c. 1510–1518) Holy Family of Francis I (1518) Saint Michael Vanquishing Satan (1518) Ezekiel's Vision (c. 1518) Portrait of Doña Isabel de Requesens y Enríquez de Cardona-Anglesola (with Giulio Romano) (c. 1518) Saint Margaret and the Dragon (c. 1518) La Fornarina (1518–1519) Small Holy Family (c. 1518–1519) (with Giulio Romano) Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1518–1519) (with Giulio Romano) Transfiguration (1516–1520) Madonna de Bogota (c. 1517–1520) Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals (c. 1518–1520) Madonna of the Rose (1518–1520) Self-Portrait with a Friend (1518–1520)
Raphael Rooms	The Parnassus (1509–1511) The School of Athens (1509–1511) Disputation of the Holy Sacrament (1510–1511) Cardinal and Theological Virtues (1511) The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (1511–1512) The Mass at Bolsena (1512–1514) The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila (1513–1514) Deliverance of Saint Peter (1514) The Fire in the Borgo (c. 1514–1517) (executed by Giulio Romano)
Tapestry cartoons	Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1514–1516) Christ's Charge to Peter (1514–1516) Healing of the Lame Man (1514–1516) Death of Ananias (1514–1516) Conversion of the Proconsul (1514–1516) Sacrifice at Lystra (1514–1516) Saint Paul Preaching in Athens (1514–1516)
Drawings	Lucretia (1500s) Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1508)
Sculptures	Jonah (1520) (executed by Lorenzetto) Elijah (c. 1520–1524) (executed by Lorenzetto and Raffaello da Montelupo)
Buildings	Chigi Chapel (1507–1520) (continued by other architects) Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia (1515–1519) Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila (c. 1520) Sant'Eligio degli Orefici (1509–1575) (completed by Baldassare Peruzzi and Bastiano da Sangallo) Villa Madama (1518–1525) (completed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and other disciples) Villa Farnesina (decoration)
Related	Giovanni Santi (father) Imperia Cognati (mistress and model) Margarita Luti (mistress and model) Giulio Romano (disciple and collaborator) Raphael and La Fornarina (1813 painting) Raphael (1894 opera) La Fornarina (1944 film) Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module SS Raffaello Raphael (crater) Vatican loggias
¹ Also attributed to Lorenzo di Credi ² Attributed

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