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Russian Civil War
Part of the Russian Revolution, the aftermath of World War I, and the interwar period

Clockwise from top left:
Date8 November 191716 November 1920[y][1]: 3, 230 [2]
(3 years, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Result
  • Bolshevik victory
  • Partial victory by independence movements (see § Aftermath)
Main belligerents

Bolsheviks:
 Soviet Union (after 1922)

Regional Bolshevik forces


Supported by

Regional anti-Bolshevik forces

Pro-Allied Separatists[l]


Supported by
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Lenin
Leon Trotsky
Yakov Sverdlov #
Jukums Vācietis
Grigory Zinoviev
M. Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Frunze
Joseph Stalin
Yukhym Medvedev
Vilhelm Knorin
Martuni
A. Krasnoshchyokov
Mirza Kuchik Khan
Damdin Sükhbaatar
and others
Alexander Kolchak Executed
Lavr Kornilov 
Anton Denikin
Pyotr Wrangel
Nikolai Yudenich
Otani Kikuzo
Czechoslovakia Radola Gajda
Maurice Janin
Reza Khan
Poland Józef Piłsudski
German Empire H. von Eichhorn X
Ottoman Empire Nuri Pasha
C.G.E. Mannerheim Enver Pasha 
and others
A. Kerensky Surrendered
Viktor Chernov
A. Filimonov
Democratic Republic of Georgia Noe Zhordania
Boris Kamkov
M. Spiridonova
D. Terpylo (DOW)
Nykyfor Hryhoriv 
A. Antonov 
Nestor Makhno
Viktor Bilash
Volin
D. Popov
Stepan Petrichenko
and others
Strength
Red Army:
5,498,000 (peak)[3][z]
Mongolian People's Army: ~17,000
White Army
( 1919):
1,023,000 (peak)[aa]

German Army:
~547,000 (peak)

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Army:
20,000 (peak)
Iron Division:
14,000 (peak)

Finnish Volunteers:
8,000 (peak)
Casualties and losses
  • Czechoslovakia 13,000 killed
  • 6,500 killed
  • United Kingdom 938+ killed[7]
  • United States 596 killed
  • Romania 350 killed
  • Kingdom of Greece 179 killed
  • Poland ~250,000
  • ~125,000
  • ~5,000
  • ~3,000 killed
  • Estonia 3,888 killed
  • Latvia 3,046 killed
  • 1,444 killed[8]

  • German Empire 500 killed
>300,000 (collectively)
>13,300
~1,000 
  • 7,000,000–12,000,000 total casualties (including civilians and non-combatants)
  • 1–2 million refugees outside Russia
  1. ^ Polish–Lithuanian War
  2. ^ Red Army invasion of Armenia
  3. ^ Allegiance to the Russian State between 3 January 1919 and February 1920. See Russian Army (1919).
  4. ^ Japan also stayed in North Sakhalin until 1925.
  5. ^ Supported Bolsheviks against Finnish-backed Karelians during the Viena expedition
  6. ^ The Allies also supported Pro-Allied separatists when Central Powers supported the White Movement
  7. ^ Briefly was a Central Power (February-April 1918)
  8. ^ Fought a war with Poland before they became allies
  9. ^ Opposed to White Army
  10. ^ Created as a Central Power puppet state that later became pro-allied
  11. ^ Allied-backed when assisting Estonians, Central Power when assisting Karelians and Ingrians. See Heimosodat
  12. ^ Some pro-Allied separatists saw the Bolsheviks as a bigger threat than the White Army, while some were opposed to both. Sometimes Central Powers supported various White movements that were opposed to separatism (particularly the Don Republic, the Kuban People's Republic and the West Russian Volunteer Army)
  13. ^ Finnish Civil War
  14. ^ Polish-Soviet War
  15. ^ Basmachi movement
  16. ^ Basmachi movement
  17. ^ Basmachi movement
  18. ^ De facto deposed after the Bolshevik Coup of November 1917; formally abolished in January 1918 after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The White movement then promised to convey a new constituent assembly and reestablish the state accordingly with its decisions.
  19. ^ Anti-Bolshevik soviets and Assemblies of Workers' Plenipotentiaries
  20. ^ Came close to war with the Siberian Army
  21. ^ Created as a Central Power puppet state that later became pro-allied
  22. ^ Aligned with the Bolsheviks until March 1918, when they fell out over the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Most Left SRs opposed the Bolsheviks afterward, but a minority of Left SRs remained allied to the Bolsheviks for years after.
  23. ^ Intermittently aligned with the Bolsheviks until 1920; opposed after.
  24. ^ Aligned with the Bolsheviks until 1919; opposed after.
  25. ^ The evacuation of Crimea was the end of major resistance to the Bolsheviks (apart from the Green Army revolts which occurred mostly in 1921-22), while the main phase ended on 25 October 1922. However, lower-scale revolts against the Bolsheviks continued in Central Asia and the Far East through the 1920s and 1930s. As a result, the earliest start date for the civil war is 7 November 1917 and the latest date for the end of the civil war being the 16 June 1923.
  26. ^ The Red Army peaked in October 1920 with 5,498,000: 2,587,000 in reserves, 391,000 in labor armies, 159,000 on the front and 1,780,000 drawing rations
  27. ^ 683,000 active
    340,000 reserve
  28. ^ Not always allied with White Army
  29. ^ Official allegiance to the Russian State
    Unofficial allegiance to the German Empire
  30. ^ Came close to war with the Siberian Army
  1. ^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681770093.
  2. ^ Последние бои на Дальнем Востоке. М., Центрполиграф, 2005.
  3. ^ Erickson 1984, p. 763.
  4. ^ Damien Wright, Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20, Solihull, UK, 2017, pp. 394, 526–528, 530–535; Clifford Kinvig, Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia 1918–1920, London 2006, ISBN 1-85285-477-4, p. 297; Timothy Winegard, The First World Oil War, University of Toronto Press (2016), p. 229
  5. ^ Belash, Victor & Belash, Aleksandr, Dorogi Nestora Makhno, p. 340
  6. ^ a b Smele 2016, p. 160.
  7. ^ Wright, Damien (2017). Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20'. Solihull, UK: Helion and Company. pp. 490–492, 498–500, 504. ISBN 978-1911512103.; Kinvig 2006, pp. 289, 315; Winegard, Timothy (2016). The First World Oil War. University of Toronto Press. p. 208.
  8. ^ Eidintas, Žalys & Senn 1999, p. 30.