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The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States, indirectly elected to a four-year term by the American people through the Electoral College. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.

Since the office was established in 1789, 45 people have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College; one, Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States (giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidents and the number of persons who have served as president).

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[1]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this provision when he selected Gerald Ford for the office following Spiro Agnew's resignation in 1973. The following year, Ford became the second to do so when he chose Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him after he acceded to the presidency. As no mechanism existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency before 1967, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing presidential election and subsequent inauguration.

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.^[2]

There are five living former presidents. The most recent to die was George H. W. Bush, on November 30, 2018.

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
Presidency^[a]		Name (Birth–Death)		Election	Vice President
1	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	George Washington (1732–1799)	Unaffiliated	1788–89	John Adams^[c]
1	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	George Washington (1732–1799)	Unaffiliated	1792	John Adams^[c]
2	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	John Adams (1735–1826)	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)	Democratic- Republican	1800	Aaron Burr
3	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)	Democratic- Republican	1804	George Clinton^[e]
4	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	James Madison (1751–1836)	Democratic- Republican	1808	George Clinton^[e]
				1808	Vacant after Apr. 20, 1812
				1812	Elbridge Gerry^[e]
				1812	Vacant after Nov. 23, 1814
5	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	James Monroe (1758–1831)	Democratic- Republican	1816	Daniel D. Tompkins
5	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	James Monroe (1758–1831)	Democratic- Republican	1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)	Democratic- Republican^[f]	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]^[h]
6	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)	National Republican	1824
7	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845)	Democratic	1828
				1828	Vacant after Dec. 28, 1832
				1832	Martin Van Buren
8	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841	William Henry Harrison^[e] (1773–1841)	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	John Tyler (1790–1862)	Whig^[j]		Vacant throughout presidency
10	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	John Tyler (1790–1862)	Unaffiliated		Vacant throughout presidency
11	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	James K. Polk (1795–1849)	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850	Zachary Taylor^[e] (1784–1850)	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874)	Whig	1848	Vacant throughout presidency
14	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869)	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e]
14	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869)	Democratic	1852	Vacant after Apr. 18, 1853
15	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	James Buchanan (1791–1868)	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865	Abraham Lincoln^[l] (1809–1865)	Republican	1860	Hannibal Hamlin
16	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865	Abraham Lincoln^[l] (1809–1865)	National Union^[m]	1864	Andrew Johnson
17	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875)	National Union^[n]		Vacant throughout presidency
17	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875)	Democratic		Vacant throughout presidency
18	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885)	Republican	1868	Schuyler Colfax
				1872	Henry Wilson^[e]
				1872	Vacant after Nov. 22, 1875
19	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893)	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881	James A. Garfield^[o] (1831–1881)	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	September 19, 1881^[p] – March 4, 1885	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886)	Republican	1880	Vacant throughout presidency
22	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e]
22	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	Democratic	1884	Vacant after Nov. 25, 1885
23	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901)	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908)	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901	William McKinley^[q] (1843–1901)	Republican	1896	Garret Hobart^[e]
				1896	Vacant after Nov. 21, 1899
				1900	Theodore Roosevelt
26	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)	Republican	1900	Vacant through Mar. 4, 1905
26	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)	Republican	1904	Charles W. Fairbanks
27	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	William Howard Taft (1857–1930)	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e]
27	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	William Howard Taft (1857–1930)	Republican	1908	Vacant after Oct. 30, 1912
28	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)	Democratic	1912	Thomas R. Marshall
28	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924)	Democratic	1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923	Warren G. Harding^[e] (1865–1923)	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	August 2, 1923^[r] – March 4, 1929	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933)	Republican	1920	Vacant through Mar. 4, 1925
30	August 2, 1923^[r] – March 4, 1929	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933)	Republican	1924	Charles G. Dawes
31	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964)	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945	Franklin D. Roosevelt^[e] (1882–1945)	Democratic	1932	John Nance Garner
				1936	John Nance Garner
				1940	Henry A. Wallace
				1944	Harry S. Truman
33	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972)	Democratic	1944	Vacant through Jan. 20, 1949
33	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972)	Democratic	1948	Alben W. Barkley
34	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969)	Republican	1952	Richard Nixon
34	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969)	Republican	1956	Richard Nixon
35	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963	John F. Kennedy^[s] (1917–1963)	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973)	Democratic	1960	Vacant through Jan. 20, 1965
36	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973)	Democratic	1964	Hubert Humphrey
37	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974	Richard Nixon^[h] (1913–1994)	Republican	1968	Spiro Agnew^[h]
				1972	Spiro Agnew^[h]
					Vacant, Oct. 10 – Dec. 6, 1973
					Gerald Ford^[t]
38	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977	Gerald Ford (1913–2006)	Republican		Vacant through Dec. 19, 1974
38	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977	Gerald Ford (1913–2006)	Republican		Nelson Rockefeller^[t]
39	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Jimmy Carter (b. 1924)	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004)	Republican	1980	George H. W. Bush
40	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004)	Republican	1984	George H. W. Bush
41	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018)	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Bill Clinton (b. 1946)	Democratic	1992	Al Gore
42	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Bill Clinton (b. 1946)	Democratic	1996	Al Gore
43	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	George W. Bush (b. 1946)	Republican	2000	Dick Cheney
43	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	George W. Bush (b. 1946)	Republican	2004	Dick Cheney
44	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Barack Obama (b. 1961)	Democratic	2008	Joe Biden
44	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Barack Obama (b. 1961)	Democratic	2012	Joe Biden
45	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Donald Trump (b. 1946)	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Joe Biden (b. 1942)	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris
Sources:^[3]^[4]^[5]

Notes

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Died in office of natural causes.
^ Early during Adams' term the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.
^ ^a ^b ^c Resigned from office
^ John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.
^ Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
^ While president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
^ Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.
^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.
^ Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.
^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.
^ Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.
^ ^a ^b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2.

References

^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Washington, D.C.: Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^ Kelly, Martin (February 17, 2020). "Chart of the Presidents and Vice Presidents". thoughtco.com. New York City: Dotdash. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

External links

[3] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[4] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[5] Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.

[6] The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.

[diednatural-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Died in office of natural causes.

[8] Early during Adams' term the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.

[9] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.

[resigned-10] Resigned from office

[11] John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.

[12] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.

[13] Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.

[14] Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.

[15] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.

[16] While president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.

[17] Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.

[18] Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.

[19] Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.

[20] Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.

[21] Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.

[VP25th-22] Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2.

[1] "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.

[2] Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

[23] "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Washington, D.C.: White House. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

[24] "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Washington, D.C.: Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

[25] Kelly, Martin (February 17, 2020). "Chart of the Presidents and Vice Presidents". thoughtco.com. New York City: Dotdash. Retrieved February 20, 2020.

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v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents and presidencies	George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present)
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