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Culture

[edit]
Main article: Culture of Saudi Arabia
Supplicating pilgrim at Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد ٱلْـحَـرَام, The Sacred Mosque) in Mecca. The Ka'bah (Arabic: كَـعـبَـة, lit. 'Cube', Kaaba) is the cubic building in front of the pilgrim.

Saudi Arabia has centuries-old attitudes and traditions, often derived from Arab civilization. This culture has been heavily influenced by the austerely puritanical Wahhabi form of Islam, which arose in the eighteenth century and now predominates in the country. Wahhabi Islam has been called "the predominant feature of Saudi culture."[1]

Religion in society

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Main article: Religion in Saudi Arabia
See also: Islam in Saudi Arabia, Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism, and Salafism

The Hejazi region, where the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located, is the destination of the Ḥajj pilgrimage, and often deemed to be the cradle of Islam.[2][a]

Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia and its law requires that all citizens be Muslims.[13] Neither Saudi citizens nor guest workers have the right of freedom of religion.[13] The official and dominant form of Islam in the kingdom - Wahhabism-arose in the central region of Najd, in the eighteenth century. Proponents call the movement "Salafism",[14] and believe that its teachings purify the practice of Islam of innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of Muhammad and his companions.[15] The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahabbi ideology which denounces the Shia faith.[16][17] Prince Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi ambassador to the United States, stated: "The time is not far off in the Middle East when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them."[18]

Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have "religious police" (known as Haia or Mutaween), who patrol the streets "enjoining good and forbidding wrong" by enforcing dress codes, strict separation of men and women, attendance at prayer (salat) five times each day, the ban on alcohol, and other aspects of Sharia (Islamic law). (In the privacy of the home behavior can be far looser, and reports from the Daily Mail and WikiLeaks indicate that the ruling Saudi Royal family applies a different moral code to itself, indulging in parties, drugs and sex.[19])

Until 2016, the kingdom used the lunar Islamic calendar, not the international Gregorian calendar,[20] but in 2016 the kingdom announced its switch to the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes.[21][22]

Daily life is dominated by Islamic observance. Businesses are closed three or four times a day[23] for 30 to 45 minutes during business hours while employees and customers are sent off to pray.[24] The weekend is Friday-Saturday, not Saturday-Sunday, because Friday is the holiest day for Muslims.[25][26] For many years only two religious holidays were publicly recognized - ʿĪd al-Fiṭr and ʿĪd al-Aḍḥā. (ʿĪd al-Fiṭr is "the biggest" holiday, a three-day period of "feasting, gift-giving and general letting go".[27])

As of 2004 approximately half of the broadcast airtime of Saudi state television was devoted to religious issues.[28] 90% of books published in the kingdom were on religious subjects, and most of the doctorates awarded by its universities were in Islamic studies.[29] In the state school system, about half of the material taught is religious. In contrast, assigned readings over twelve years of primary and secondary schooling devoted to covering the history, literature, and cultures of the non-Muslim world comes to a total of about 40 pages.[28]

Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the Islamic holy city of Mecca

"Fierce religious resistance" had to be overcome to permit such innovations as paper money (in 1951), female education (1964), and television (1965) and the abolition of slavery (1962).[30] Public support for the traditional political/religious structure of the kingdom is so strong that one researcher interviewing Saudis found virtually no support for reforms to secularize the state.[31]

Because of religious restrictions, Saudi culture lacks any diversity of religious expression, buildings, annual festivals and public events.[32][33] Celebration of other (non-Wahhabi) Islamic holidays, such as the Muhammad's birthday and the Day of Ashura, (an important holiday for the 10-25% of the population[34][35][36] that is Shīʿa Muslim), are tolerated only when celebrated locally and on a small scale.[37] Shia also face systematic discrimination in employment, education, the justice system according to Human Rights Watch.[38] Non-Muslim festivals like Christmas and Easter are not tolerated at all,[39] although there are nearly a million Christians as well as Hindus and Buddhists among the foreign workers.[40][39] No churches, temples or other non-Muslim houses of worship are permitted in the country. Proselytizing by non-Muslims and conversion by Muslims to another religion is illegal,[40] and as of 2014 the distribution of "publications that have prejudice to any other religious belief other than Islam" (such as Bibles), was reportedly punishable by death.[41] In legal compensation court cases (Diyya) non-Muslim are awarded less than Muslims.[39] Atheists are legally designated as terrorists.[42] And at least one religious minority, the Ahmadiyya Muslims, had its adherents deported,[43] as they are legally banned from entering the country.[44]

In 2016 the Saudi government stripped the religious police of the power to pursue, arrest or detain members of the public.[45]

In 2017 Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution.[46] A new center, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet's Hadith, was established that year to monitor interpretations of the Prophet Muhammad's hadiths to prevent them being used to justify terrorism.[47]

In March 2018 the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue. In Riyadh the following month King Salman met the head of the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.[48]

Islamic heritage sites

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See also: Mecca, Medina, Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia, and Tourism in Saudi Arabia
The Mosque of the Prophet in Medina containing the tomb of Muhammad

Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (idolatry), and the most significant historic Muslim sites (in Mecca and Medina) are located in the western Saudi region of Hejaz.[2] As a consequence, under Saudi rule, an estimated 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished for religious reasons.[49] Critics claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost,[50] leaving fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad.[51] Demolished structures include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter Fatima, and other mosques founded by Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first Caliph), Umar (the second Caliph), Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth Caliph), and Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions).[52]

Four cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the archeological site at Al Hijr (Kaaba); the Turaif district in the city of Diriyah; Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca; and the cave art in the Ha'il Region. Ten other sites submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO in 2015.[53]

In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law that gives the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Program, also known as Saudi Vision 2030, the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.[54] Saudi Arabia also participates in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), created in March 2017, with a contribution of 18.5 million euros.[55]

Dress

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File:Traditional dress of Madinah, Hijaz.jpg
A local Hijazi man wearing a traditional dress of Madinah

Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of hijab (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress). The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a thawb), with a keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an agal) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of finer cotton, also held in place by an agal) worn on the head. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak (bisht) over the top. In public women are required to wear a black abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect for their religion. This requirement applies to non-Muslim women too and failure to abide can result in police action, particularly in more conservative areas of the country. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.

  • Ghutrah (Arabic: غتره) is a traditional headdress typically worn by Arab men. It is made of a square of cloth ("scarf"), usually cotton, folded and wrapped in various styles around the head. It is commonly worn in areas with an arid climate, to provide protection from direct sun exposure, and also protection of the mouth and eyes from blown dust and sand.
  • Agal (Arabic: عقال) is an item of Arab headgear constructed of cord which is fastened around the Ghutrah to hold it in place. The agal is usually black in colour.
  • Thawb (Arabic: ثوب) is the standard Arabic word for garment. It is ankle-length, usually with long sleeves, similar to a robe.
  • Bisht (Arabic: بشت) is a traditional Arabic men's cloak usually only worn for prestige on special occasions such as weddings.
  • Abaya (Arabic: عبائة) is a women's garment. It is a black cloak which loosely covers the entire body except the head. Some women choose to cover their faces with a niqāb and some do not. Some abayas cover the top of the head as well.[56]

Arts and entertainment

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Main articles: Cinema of Saudi Arabia and Music of Saudi Arabia
King Abdullah practising falconry, a traditional pursuit in the country

During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the Kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms.[57] During the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and theaters. However, with King Abdullah's reforms from 2005, some cinemas have re-opened,[58] including one in KAUST.

From the 18th century onward, Wahhabi fundamentalism discouraged artistic development inconsistent with its teaching. In addition, Sunni Islamic prohibition of creating representations of people have limited the visual arts, which tend to be dominated by geometric, floral, and abstract designs and by calligraphy. With the advent of oil-wealth in the 20th century came exposure to outside influences, such as Western housing styles, furnishings, and clothes. Music and dance have always been part of Saudi life. Traditional music is generally associated with poetry and is sung collectively. Instruments include the rabābah, an instrument not unlike a three-string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments, such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). Of the native dances, the most popular is a martial line dance known as the ʿarḍah, which includes lines of men, frequently armed with swords or rifles, dancing to the beat of drums and tambourines. Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is still very popular.[25]

Censorship has limited the development of Saudi literature, although several Saudi novelists and poets have achieved critical and popular acclaim in the Arab world-albeit generating official hostility in their home country. These include Ghazi Algosaibi, Abdelrahman Munif, Turki al-Hamad and Rajaa al-Sanea.[59][60]

In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority (GEA) was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector.[61] The first concerts in Riyadh for 25 years took place the following year.[62] Other events since the GEA's creation have included comedy shows, professional wrestling events and monster truck rallies.[63] In 2018 the first public cinema opened after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2,000 screens running by 2030.[64]

Developments in the arts in 2018 included Saudi Arabia's debut appearances at the Cannes Film Festival and the Venice Biennale.[65][66]

Sport

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Main articles: Sport in Saudi Arabia and Women's sport in Saudi Arabia


Football is the national sport in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabia national football team is considered as one of Asia's most successful national teams, having reached a joint record 6 AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals (1984, 1988, and 1996) and having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament. In the 1994 FIFA World Cup under the leadership of Jorge Solari, Saudi Arabia beat both Belgium and Morocco in the group stage before falling to defeat Sweden in the round of 16. During the 1992 FIFA Confederations Cup, which was played in Saudi Arabia, the country reached the final, losing 1-3 to Argentina. Saudi Arabia qualified for the FIFA World Cup for a fifth time in 2018.[67]

Scuba diving, windsurfing, sailing and basketball (which is played by both men and women) are also popular with the Saudi Arabian national basketball team winning bronze at the 1999 Asian Championship.[68]

In September 2018, the World Boxing Super Series super-middleweight final between Callum Smith and George Groves took place at King Abdullah Sports City in Jeddah.[69]

More traditional sports such as horse racing and camel racing are also popular. A stadium in Riyadh holds races in the winter. The annual King's Camel Race, begun in 1974, is one of the sport's most important contests and attracts animals and riders from throughout the region. Falconry, another traditional pursuit, is still practiced.[25]

Women's sport is controversial due to the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities[70], however this restriction has eased slightly in recent years.[71][72][73] Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums. Segregated seating, allowing women to enter, has been developed in three stadiums across major cities.[74]

Cuisine

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Main article: Saudi Arabian cuisine
Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine

Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. Islamic dietary laws are enforced: pork is not allowed and other animals are slaughtered in accordance with halal. Kebabs and falafel are popular, as is shāwarmā (shawarma), a marinated grilled meat dish of lamb, mutton, or chicken. As in other Arab countries of the Arabian Peninsula, machbūs (kabsa), a rice dish with lamb, chicken, fish or shrimp, is among the national dishes as well as the dish mandi (food). Flat, unleavened taboon bread is a staple of virtually every meal, as are dates, fresh fruit, yoghurt and hummus. Coffee, served in the Arabic style, is the traditional beverage but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well.[25] Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine. The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Arabia.

Women

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See also: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia and Women's education in Saudi Arabia

Women do not have equal rights to men in the kingdom. The US State Department considers Saudi government's discrimination against women a "significant problem" in Saudi Arabia and notes that women have few political rights due to the government's discriminatory policies.[75] The World Economic Forum 2010 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 129th out of 134 countries for gender parity.[76] Other sources had complained of an absence of laws criminalizing violence against women.[75]

Under Saudi law, every adult female must have a male relative as her "guardian" (wali),[75] As of 2008, a woman was required to have permission from her male guardian in order to travel, study, or work.[75][77] A royal decree passed in May 2017 allowed them to avail government services such as education and healthcare without the need of a consent of a male guardian. The order however also stated that it should only be allowed if it doesn't contradict the Sharia system.[78][79]

Saudi woman wearing a niqāb in Riyadh. Under Saudi law, women are required to wear a abaya but niqab and hijab is optional.

According to a leading Saudi feminist and journalist, Wajeha al-Huwaider, "Saudi women are weak, no matter how high their status, even the 'pampered' ones among them, because they have no law to protect them from attack by anyone."[80]

Women face discrimination in the courts, where the testimony of one man equals that of two women in family and inheritance law.[75] Polygamy is permitted for men,[81] and men have a unilateral right to divorce their wives (talaq) without needing any legal justification.[82] A woman can only obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her.[83] In practice, it is very difficult for a Saudi woman to obtain a judicial divorce.[83] With regard to the law of inheritance, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs[84] and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs.[84]

The average age at first marriage among Saudi females is 25 years in Saudi Arabia,[85] with child marriage no longer common.[86] As of 2015, Saudi women constitute 13% of the country's native workforce despite being 51% of all university graduates.[87] Female literacy is estimated to be 81%, lower than male literacy.[88][89]

Obesity is a problem among middle and upper class Saudis who have domestic servants to do traditional work but, until 2018, were forbidden to drive and so are limited in their ability to leave their home.[90] As of April 2014, Saudi authorities in the education ministry have been asked by the Shoura Council to consider lifting a state school ban on sports for girls with the proviso that any sports conform to Sharia rules on dress and gender segregation, according to the official SPA news agency.[91]

The religious police, known as the mutawa, impose many restrictions on women in public in Saudi Arabia.[75][92] The restrictions include forcing women to sit in separate specially designated family sections in restaurants, to wear an abaya and to cover their hair.[75]

Although Saudi Arabia imposes a strict dress code on women throughout the country by using religious police, female anchors working for Al-Arabia news network which is partly owned by Prince Abdulaziz, the son of the late King Fahad, are prohibited from wearing a veil and are encouraged to adopt a Western dress code.[93]

A few Saudi women have risen to the top of the medical profession; for example, Dr. Ghada Al-Mutairi heads a medical research center in California[94] and Dr. Salwa Al-Hazzaa is head of the ophthalmology department at King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh and was the late King Fahad's personal ophthalmologist.[95]

In February 2017, Saudi Arabia appointed its first woman to head the Saudi Stock Exchange.[96] As of 2018, two women hold cabinet positions in the Saudi government: Dr Tamadur bint Youssef Al Ramah, who was appointed deputy labor minister that year; and Norah bint Abdallah Al Faiz, who became deputy minister of education in charge of women's affairs in 2009.[97]

Reforms

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A number of reforms have aimed to improve the position of women in Saudi society.

On 25 September 2011, King Abdullah announced that Saudi women would gain the right to vote (and to be candidates) in municipal elections, provided that a male guardian grants permission.[98] Women were finally allowed to vote for the first time in the municipal elections of December 2015, when 978 women also registered as the kingdom's first female candidates.[99]

In 2013 a law was passed that criminalized domestic violence against women, carrying a 12-month jail sentence and fines of up to 50,000 riyals ($13,000).[100] This was followed in 2018 by law criminalizing sexual harassment.[101]

In December 2017 the country's first ever concert by a female performer took place in Riyadh.[102] The following month Saudi women were allowed to enter sports stadiums for the first time.[103]

In March 2018 a law was passed allowing Saudi mothers to retain custody of their children after divorce without having to file any lawsuits.[104]

In June 2018, King Salman issued a decree allowing women to drive, lifting the world's only ban on women drivers.[105]

The Saudi Vision 2030 program includes a commitment to increase female participation in the workforce from 22% to 30% by 2030.[106] As of 2018 Saudi women can open their own businesses without a male's permission.[107] Also as of 2018 Saudi women can apply for work in the Public Prosecution Office and the General Directorate of Passports, and as notaries in the Ministry of Justice.[108][109][110] In February 2018 the first applications were opened for women to join the Saudi military.[111]

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