Jump to content

Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bandar bin Sultan)

In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Saud.
Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud
Bandar bin Sultan aged 59
Prince Bandar in 2008
President of General Intelligence
Tenure19 July 2012 – 15 April 2014
PredecessorMuqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
SuccessorKhalid bin Bandar Al Saud
MonarchAbdullah
Secretary General of the National Security Council
Tenure16 October 2005 – 29 January 2015
PredecessorOffice established
SuccessorOffice abolished
MonarchAbdullah
Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.
Tenure24 October 1983 – 8 September 2005
PredecessorFaisal Alhegelan
SuccessorTurki bin Faisal Al Saud
Monarch
Born (1949-03-02) 2 March 1949 (age 75)
Ta'if, Saudi Arabia
SpouseHaifa bint Faisal
Issue8, including Reema, Khalid, and Faisal
Names
Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
HouseAl Saud
FatherSultan bin Abdulaziz
MotherKhiziran
Alma mater

Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud (Arabic: بندر بن سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; born 2 March 1949) is a member of the Saudi ruling family, military officer, and retired diplomat who served as Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United States from 1983 to 2005. From 2005 to 2015 he served as secretary general of the National Security Council, and was director general of the Saudi Intelligence Agency from 2012 to 2014. From 2014 to 2015 he was King Abdullah's special envoy.

Early life

[edit]

Bandar was born officially on 2 March 1949 in Taif.[1] By his own account, and according to Western think tanks, his actual date of birth is later. He had reportedly altered his birthday (overstated his age) to enter the Royal Saudi Air Force while a teen.[2]

Bandar's parents were Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz and his Ethiopian concubine Khiziran. Both of Bandar's parents were very young at the time of his birth: his mother Khiziran was just sixteen, and was working as a maid in the palace when she first came in contact with Sultan. The royal family provided Khiziran with a generous monthly pension after Bandar was born, but told her to take her child and live with her own family.[3]

Bandar thus spent his early years in a non-royal milieu, living with his mother and aunt, and had little contact with his father until he was about eight years old.[3] By this time, the royal family relented and invited Khiziran to bring Bandar with her and live in the palace with Prince Sultan's widowed mother, Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.[3] Khiziran died in Riyadh in October 2019.[4]

Education

[edit]

Bandar graduated from the Royal Air Force College Cranwell in 1968.[5] He received additional training at Maxwell Air Force Base and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.[5] He is a trained pilot and has flown numerous fighter aircraft. Bandar's military career ended in 1977 after he crash-landed his jet and suffered a severe back injury.[3] Afterward, he received a master's degree in international public policy at the Johns Hopkins University's Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.[6]

One of his classmates in Cranwell was Bandar bin Faisal, son of King Faisal and his future brother-in-law.[7]

Initial career

[edit]
Prince Bandar c. 1980s

Bandar joined the Royal Saudi Air Force, and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel.[8] His diplomatic career began in 1978 when he was appointed the King Khalid's personal envoy. He successfully lobbied the United States Congress to approve the sale of F-15s to Saudi Arabia. In the Oval Office, President Carter advised him to win the support of California governor Ronald Reagan. He did and in exchange helped Carter win the support of South Dakota Democratic Senator James Abourezk for the Panama Canal treaty. Crown Prince Fahd made Bandar an emissary to Carter and granted him permission to act independently of the Saudi-U.S. ambassador.[3]

In 1982, King Fahd made him the military attache at the Saudi Embassy, a move which could have ended his diplomatic career. However, in 1983, Fahd appointed Bandar as Saudi Ambassador to the United States.[3]

Ambassador to the United States (1983–2005)

[edit]

On 24 October 1983 Bandar was appointed ambassador to the United States by King Fahd.[9] He replaced Faisal Alhegelan in the post.[10] During his tenure as ambassador and, before that, the king's personal envoy to Washington, he dealt with five U.S. presidents, ten secretaries of state, eleven national security advisers, sixteen sessions of Congress, and the media.[11] He had extensive influence in the United States. At the pinnacle of his career, he served both "as the King's exclusive messenger and the White House's errand boy".[11] For over three decades, he was the face of the Saudi Arabia lobby.[11][12] The U.S. is widely seen as one of Saudi Arabia's most essential allies, but different members of the royal family feel different mixtures of trust and suspicion of the United States. Therefore, Prince Bandar's intimate relationships with U.S. leaders and policy-makers are considered to be both the source of his power base in the kingdom, as well as the cause of suspicions within the royal family that he is too close to U.S. political figures.[13]

Reagan era

[edit]
Prince Bandar with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1986
Prince Bandar with President George H. W. Bush in 1991
Prince Bandar with President George W. Bush in 2002

During the Reagan Era, he secured the purchase of AWACs surveillance aircraft despite opposition from the American Israel Public Affairs Committee.[11] The $5.5 billion deal was the beginning of a $200 billion deal for the purchase of American weapons for Saudi Arabia, which included a slush fund that the CIA could direct for its off-the-budget projects. For example, at CIA request, Prince Bandar deposited $10 million in a Vatican bank used to meddle in Italian elections by undermining the Italian Communist Party.[14] The Al-Yamamah arms deal between Britain and Saudi Arabia included diverting hundreds of millions of British pounds stretching over more than a decade to Prince Bandar through a Saudi Arabian government bank account at Riggs Bank, but some of the money was used to fund secret CIA projects off-the-budget.[15] According Robert Lacey these payments to Prince Bandar amounted to more than a billion British pounds.[16] After the United States rejected an arms order, he arranged the delivery of intermediate-range nuclear-warhead-capable missiles from China.[11] This angered the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States Department of State.[11] Pursuant to an understanding with the CIA, Prince Bandar provided $32 million to the U.S.-backed terrorist militants, the Contras, through a Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) account, as part of what later became known as the Iran-Contra scandal.[17][3] Nancy Reagan used him to relay messages to the Cabinet.[3]

Clinton era

[edit]

Clinton, as governor of Arkansas, had asked him to help pay for the Middle East Studies Center at the University of Arkansas.[3] In the 1990s, he persuaded Libyan president Muammar Gaddafi to turn in two suspects allegedly involved in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. He privately described Gaddafi as "a Jerry Lewis trying to be a Churchill".[3]

In the first autumn of Clinton's presidency, September 1993, Prince Bandar was appointed Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, and he continued the role until the second term of George W. Bush's presidency.[18]

Bush presidencies

[edit]

Bandar formed close relationships with several American presidents, notably George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, his closeness to the latter gaining him the affectionate and controversial nickname 'Bandar Bush'.[19] His particularly close relationship with the Bush family was highlighted in Michael Moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9/11. He was reportedly so close to George H. W. Bush that he was often described as a member of the former president's family.[3][20] He advocated Saddam Hussein's overthrow in Iraq in March 2003.[21] He encouraged military action against Iraq and supported Dick Cheney's agenda for "The New Middle East", which called for pro-democracy programs in both Syria and Iran.[21]

Resignation

[edit]

On 26 June 2005, Bandar submitted his resignation as ambassador to the United States for "personal reasons".[22] The official end date of his term was 8 September 2005.[23] Bandar returned to Saudi Arabia weeks prior to the death of King Fahd, upon which Bandar's father, Sultan bin Abdulaziz, became the nation's crown prince. It was rumored that Bandar's return was timed in order to secure a position in the new government.[24]

Prince Bandar was succeeded as ambassador by Prince Turki Al Faisal.[1] Nevertheless, even after leaving the ambassadorship, Bandar continued to maintain strong relationships within the Bush administration and to meet with high-ranking White House staff even after Prince Turki took over the post; Turki gave up the ambassador's job after only 18 months.[13]

Secretary General of National Security Council (2005–2015)

[edit]

In October 2005, King Abdullah appointed Bandar bin Sultan as secretary-general of the newly created National Security Council.[25]

Bandar secretly met with U.S. officials in 2006 after resigning as ambassador.[26] Seymour Hersh reported in 2007 in The New Yorker that as Saudi Arabia's national security adviser, Bandar continued to meet privately with both President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. At that time Hersh described Bandar as a key architect of the Bush administration policy in Iraq and the Middle East.[13]

On 25 January 2007, Saudi Arabia sent Bandar to Iran for discussions on the crisis in Lebanon and the Kingdom even held talks with Hizballah leaders, whom he had invited for the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.[27] After tensions with Qatar over supplying rebel groups, Saudi Arabia (under Bandar's leadership of its Syria policy) switched its efforts from Turkey to Jordan in 2012, using its financial leverage over Jordan to develop training facilities there, with Bandar sending his half-brother and deputy Salman bin Sultan to oversee them.[28]

Bandar's tenure as secretary general was extended for four years on 3 September 2009.[29] His term ended on 29 January 2015.[30] The office was also abolished on the same day.[31]

Disappearance and rumors

[edit]

After King Abdullah renewed Bandar's post on the National Security Council for an additional 4-year term in September 2009, Bandar failed to make the customary public demonstration of his allegiance to him.[32] This noticeable absence was followed by others: an avid fan of the Dallas Cowboys, Bandar did not appear in his customary seat—next to owner Jerry Jones in Jones's skybox—for the home opener of the new Cowboys Stadium.[32] In October 2009, he was not present in King Abdullah's delegation for the watershed Damascus visit.[32] Most strikingly, in December 2009, Prince Bandar was not present for the return of his father, Crown Prince Sultan, from Morocco.[32] After that event, journalists began to report on Bandar's disappearance, noting that his last appearance in public had been with King Abdullah in Jeddah on 10 December 2008.[32]

Hugh Miles of the London Review of Books reported rumors that Bandar was undergoing surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Bandar's lawyer denied these rumors;[32] he has no spokesman.[33]

Le Figaro's Middle East blog reported that Bandar had been in a hospital in France, and was recuperating in Morocco.[34]

Iran's Press TV reported that Bandar was under house arrest for an attempted coup. Saudi opposition sources said he was in Dhaban Prison.[32] Some rumors alleged that his coup was exposed by Russian intelligence services because of his frequent trips to Moscow to encourage cooperation against Iran.[32]

In October 2010, Middle East analyst Simon Henderson reported in Foreign Policy that Prince Bandar had made his first public appearance in almost two years. Citing official Saudi media, Henderson reported that Bandar had been greeted at the airport by "a virtual who's who of Saudi political figures." Henderson noted that no explanation had been given for the Prince's whereabouts for the previous two years—the only detail was that he had returned "from abroad." Henderson and other analysts viewed this reemergence as a sign of Bandar's rehabilitation into the active politics of the kingdom.[35]

In what was perceived as a return to prominence, in March 2011, Bandar was sent to Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and China to gather support for Saudi Arabia's military intervention in Bahrain.[33][36] In April 2011, Bandar was present in meetings when U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates visited King Abdullah and in a separate visit by National Security Advisor Tom Donilon.[36]

The other goal of his late March 2011 visit to Islamabad was to raise the prospect of a return engagement for the Pakistan Army. The goal was achieved, and Pakistan quickly approved the proposal.[37] His visit to China during the same period resulted in the issuing of lucrative contracts in return for political support. Since China was not a friend of the Arab Spring, it was eager for Saudi oil and investment. Bandar secretly negotiated the first big Saudi-Chinese arms deal. Thus, Bandar was the Kingdom's premier China expert.[37]

Director General of Saudi Intelligence Agency (2012–2014)

[edit]

Bandar was appointed director general of Saudi Intelligence Agency on 19 July 2012 replacing Muqrin bin Abdulaziz.[23][38] Although no official reason for the appointment was provided,[39] the appointment occurred after growing tension between Sunnis and Shiites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.[40] It was also considered as a move of Saudi Arabia to display more aggressive foreign policy given the regional challenges that comes from Iran and Syria.[41] Prince Bandar is also a member of the Military Service Council.[42]

Bandar organised the visit of Manaf Tlass, who defected from Syria on 6 July 2012, to Saudi Arabia in the last week of July 2012.[43]

In 2013 Bandar said that the Saudis would "shift away" from the United States over Syrian and Iranian policy.[44]

According to a number of articles, Bandar, allegedly confronted Vladimir Putin in a bid to break the deadlock over Syria. This included security of winter Olympics in Sochi if there is no accord. "I can give you a guarantee to protect the Winter Olympics next year. The Chechen groups that threaten the security of the games are controlled by us," he allegedly said.[45] Putin then rejected the proposal furiously by saying "we know that you have supported the Chechen terrorist groups for a decade. And that support, which you have frankly talked about just now, is completely incompatible with the common objectives of fighting global terrorism that you mentioned."[46]

Bandar had been tasked with managing Saudi policy in the Syrian Civil War, but he was replaced in early 2014 by interior minister Prince Muhammad bin Nayef. Bandar took a confrontational tone with the United States and was called a "problem" privately by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. However, Bandar had also been struggling with poor health stemming from the 1977 plane crash, leading to speculation that this was why he was replaced.[47]

Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki reportedly complained about secret Saudi Arabian support for militant groups saying, "They are attacking Iraq, through Syria and in a direct way, and they announced war on Iraq, as they announced it on Syria, and unfortunately it is on a sectarian and political basis."[48]

Assassination rumors

[edit]

In July 2012, the rumours of his assassination were reported by DEBKAfile[49][50] and later published in Tehran Times.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] This news was denied by Arab News[58] and the journalist David Ignatius.[59][60]

In August 2013, The Wall Street Journal reported that Bandar had been appointed to lead Saudi Arabia's efforts to topple Syrian President Bashar Assad. According these reports Bandar acted as the lynchpin in arming the jihadis fighting Assad. The US Central Intelligence Agency considered this a sign of how serious Saudi Arabia was about this aim.[28] The Journal reported that in late 2012 Saudi intelligence, under Bandar's direction, began efforts to convince the US that the Assad government was using chemical weapons.

Bandar was also described as "jetting from covert command centers near the Syrian front lines to the Élysée Palace in Paris and the Kremlin in Moscow, seeking to undermine the Assad regime." He had a simple message: my kingdom has the money needed to defeat Assad—and we're ready to use it.[28]

On 15 April 2014, Bandar was removed from his position "at his own request" according to the announcement in the Saudi state media.[61][62] He remained as secretary general of the National Security Council until it was abolished in January 2015.

Views

[edit]

Bandar considers himself an American Hamiltonian conservative.[3] Before the 2000 U.S. presidential election was decided, he invited George H. W. Bush to go pheasant shooting on his English estate in a "Desert Storm reunion".[3] After the September 11 attacks in 2001, in an interview in The New York Times, he stated, "Bin Laden used to come to us when America through the CIA and Saudi Arabia were helping our brother mujahideen in Afghanistan to get rid of the communist secularist Soviet Union forces. Osama bin Laden came and said 'Thank you. Thank you for bringing the Americans to help us.' At that time, I thought he couldn't lead eight ducks across the street."[63]

Bandar argued some researchers "learn to speak a few words of Arabic and call themselves experts about the affairs of my country."[64]

Honours and awards

[edit]

Bandar is the recipient of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Hawk Flying Medal of Aviation and the King Faisal Medal.[23] In 2001, he was awarded an honorary degree of doctor of law by Howard University.[65] In 2002, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Quincy Jones at a ceremony in Dublin, Ireland.[66]

Controversy

[edit]

Bandar endured controversy over allegations in the book Plan of Attack by Bob Woodward that President George W. Bush informed him of the decision to invade Iraq ahead of Secretary of State Colin Powell.[67]

See also: Al-Yamamah arms deal

Bandar helped negotiate the 1985 Al Yamamah deal, a series of massive arms sales by the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia worth £40 billion, including the sale of more than 100 warplanes. After the deal was signed, British arms manufacturer British Aerospace (now BAE Systems) allegedly funnelled secret payments of at least £1 billion into two Saudi embassy accounts in Washington, in yearly instalments of up to £120 million over at least 10 years. He allegedly took money for personal use out of the accounts, as the purpose of one of the accounts was to pay the operating expenses of his private Airbus A340. According to investigators, there was "no distinction between the accounts of the embassy, or official government accounts [...], and the accounts of the royal family." The payments were discovered during a Serious Fraud Office investigation, which was stopped in December 2006 by attorney general Lord Goldsmith.[68][69] In 2009, he hired Louis Freeh as his legal representative for the Al-Yamamah arms scandal.[70]

A court affidavit filed on 3 February 2015 claims that Zacarias Moussaoui was a courier between Osama bin Laden and Turki bin Faisal Al Saud in the late 1990s, and that Turki introduced Moussaoui to Bandar.[71] Zacarias Moussaoui stated on oath and wrote to Judge George B. Daniels that Saudi royal family members, including Prince Bandar, donated to Al-Qaeda and helped finance the 11 September attacks.[72] The Saudi government continues to deny any involvement in the 9/11 plot, and claims there is no evidence to support Moussaoui's allegations in spite of numerous previous intense investigations, noting that Moussaoui's own lawyers presented evidence of his mental incompetence during his trial.[71] Leaked information from the redacted portion of the 9/11 Commission Report states that two of the 9/11 hijackers received $US130,000 in payment from Bandar's bank account.[73]

Personal life

[edit]

In 1972, Bandar married Haifa bint Faisal, with whom he had eight children: four sons and four daughters.[23]

His daughter Princess Reema bint Bandar, who was formerly married to Faisal bin Turki bin Nasser Al Saud,[74] is the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the United States, being the first woman to hold such position in the Kingdom.[75] His son Khalid is the Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the United Kingdom[76] and is married to Lucy Cuthbert, niece of Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland.[77][78] Another of his sons, Faisal, has been the president of the Saudi Arabian Federation for Electronic and Intellectual Sports (SAFEIS) and the Arab eSports Federation since 2017.[79]

The youngest two (Hussa and Abdulaziz) attended Potomac School in McLean, Virginia, while living in Washington from 2001 to 2005. Abdulaziz also attended Abingdon School from 2008 to 2010.[80]

Habits and health concerns

[edit]

Known for his cigar smoking,[81] he usually wears European clothes,[82] and he likes American colloquialisms and American history.[82] In the mid-1990s, he suffered his first depression.[83] His health problems were reported to have continued into the 2010s, often being treated abroad.[84]

Property

[edit]

He travels frequently on his private Airbus A340.[3] He owned Glympton Park, Oxfordshire, until March 2021 when he sold the property to the King of Bahrain’s family.[85][86]

Bandar owned an estate with a 32-room house in Aspen, Colorado. He bought the land in 1989 and built the residence in 1991.[87] On 12 July 2006, it was reported that Prince Bandar was seeking to sell his 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m2) mansion in Aspen, Colorado, for US$135 million. The palatial vacation home, called Hala Ranch, is larger than the White House, is perched on a mountaintop of 95 acres (380,000 m2), and includes 15 bedrooms and 16 bathrooms featuring 24-karat gold fixtures. In December 2006, the mansion was still listed for sale at $135 million.[26] In December 2007, the 14,395-square-foot (1,337.3 m2) guesthouse was sold for a reported $36.5 m.[88] The purported reason for the sale is that Bandar was too busy to enjoy the mansion.[89] Finally, he sold his Aspen ranch for $49 million to Starwood Mountain Ranch LLC in June 2012.[87] It is reported that billionaire John Paulson bought Hala Ranch,[90] and Paulson confirmed this.[91]

Membership

[edit]

Bandar is a board member of the Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Foundation.[92]

Donations

[edit]

In 1990, Bandar donated an unknown amount to finance construction of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies (OCIS).[93]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Korany, Bahgat; Fattah, Moataz A. (2010). "Irreconcilable Role Partners? Saudi Foreign Policy between the Ulema and the US". In Korany, Bahgat; Hillal Dessouki, Ali E. (eds.). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. Cairo; New York: American University in Cairo Press. p. 369. ISBN 978-977-416-360-9.
  2. ^ Simpson, William (2008). The Prince: The Secret Story of the World's Most Intriguing Royal, Prince Bandar bin Sultan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0611-8942-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Walsh, Elsa (24 March 2003). "The Prince". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006.
  4. ^ "Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz's Mother dies". Egypt Today. Riyadh. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  5. ^ a b Al Mulhim, Abdulateef (29 July 2012). "From pilot's g-suit to three-piece suit". Arab News. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  6. ^ "Who's Who: The House of Saud". PBS. 7 October 2004.
  7. ^ Samore, Gary Samuel (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 255. ProQuest 303295482.
  8. ^ Laham, Nicholas (2002). Selling AWACS to Saudi Arabia: The Reagan Administration and the Balancing of America's Competing Interests in the Middle East. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-275-97563-0.
  9. ^ Al Zuhayyan, Abdulrahman (7 October 2012). "Prince Bandar, Architect of Saudi-US Relations". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  10. ^ "Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 507. Archived from the original (Country Readers Series) on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Prince Bandar bin Sultan: Larger-than-life diplomacy". The Economist. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  12. ^ MacArthur, John R. (16 April 2007). "The Vast Power of the Saudi Lobby". Harper's Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2007.
  13. ^ a b c Hersh, Seymour M. (5 March 2007). "Is the Administration's new policy benefitting our enemies in the war on terrorism?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  14. ^ "House of Bush, House of Saud: The Secret Relationship Between the World's Two Most Powerful Dynasties". Amazon. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  15. ^ Trento, Joseph J. (2005). Prelude to Terror: The Rogue CIA and the Legacy of America's Private Intelligence Network. New York: Carroll & Graf. p. 102.
  16. ^ Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Penguin Books. p. 108.
  17. ^ Draper, Theodore (1991). A Very Thin Line. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 80–83.
  18. ^ "Deans of the Diplomatic Corps". Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1 March 2013.
  19. ^ Baer, Robert (May 2003). "The Fall of the House of Saud". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  20. ^ Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (7 June 2007). "Prince Bandar". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  21. ^ a b Ottoway, David (2008). The king's messenger: Prince Bandar bin Sultan and America's tangled. New York: Walker Publishing Company. p. 251. ISBN 9780802777645.
  22. ^ "Saudi envoy to U.S. offers resignation". NBC News. 27 June 2005.
  23. ^ a b c d "His Royal Highness Prince Bandar bin Sultan". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  24. ^ Leyne, Jon (1 August 2005). "Tensions remain among Saudi royals". BBC News.
  25. ^ "Saudi Arabia creates new security council". United Press International. Riyadh. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  26. ^ a b Borchgrave, Arnaud de (27 December 2006). "Analysis: Arabian Medicis". United Press International. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  27. ^ Jones, Toby (2007). "Saudi Arabia's Not so New Anti-Shi'ism". Middle East Report. 242 (242): 29–32. JSTOR 25164776.
  28. ^ a b c Entous, Adam; Malas, Nour; Coker, Margaret (25 August 2013). "A Veteran Saudi Power Player Works To Build Support to Topple Assad". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  29. ^ "Prince Bandar gets four-year extension as NSC chief". Arab News. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  30. ^ "King Salman makes appointments". Royal Embassy, Washington DC. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  31. ^ Kerr, Simeon (30 January 2015). "Saudi king stamps his authority with staff shake-up and handouts". Financial Times. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Miles, Hugh (19 January 2009). "The Missing Prince". LRB Blog.
  33. ^ a b Rosenberg, Matthew. (27 May 2011). "Saudi Bid to Curb Iran Worries U.S.". The Wall Street Journal.
  34. ^ "Prince Bandar missing". Gulfblog. June 2010. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015.
  35. ^ Henderson, Simon. (21 October 2010). "Bandar Is Back," Foreign Policy
  36. ^ a b Hannah, John (22 April 2011). "Shadow Government: Bandar's Return". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  37. ^ a b Riedel, Bruce (2011). "Brezhnev in the Hejaz" (PDF). The National Interest. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2013.
  38. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (20 July 2012). "Saudi Appointment Suggests Bigger Regional Ambitions". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  39. ^ "Saudi king names ex-U.S. envoy as intelligence chief". CNN. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  40. ^ "KSA: New Director for Spy Agency". Middle East Confidential. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  41. ^ "New Saudi spymaster marks shift in policy". United Press International. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  42. ^ "Saudi- Authority to monitor audiovisual media". MEFAFN. Arab News. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  43. ^ Solomon, Jay; Dagher, Sam (26 July 2012). "Key Role Floated for Syrian Defector". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  44. ^ Bakr, Amena; McDowell, Angus (22 October 2013). "Saudi Arabia to 'shift away from the US' over Iran, Syria, intelligence chief says". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  45. ^ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (27 August 2013). "Saudis offer Russia secret oil deal if it drops Syria". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  46. ^ "Saudi Intelligence Chief Back in Russia to Discuss Syria Crisis". Daily HY. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  47. ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen; Entous, Adam (19 February 2014). "Saudi Arabia Replaces Key Official in Effort to Arm Syria Rebels". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  48. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Qatar in war on Iraq". Dawn. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  49. ^ "Saudi silence on intelligence chief Bandar's fate denotes panic". DEBKAfile. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  50. ^ Morales, Eric (31 July 2012). "Report: Saudi intelligence chief murdered by Syrian hit men". Digital Journal.
  51. ^ "U.S. reopens probe into bribery claims against Saudi prince". Tehran Times. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  52. ^ Carroll, Rick (1 August 2012). "Commentary: Rumors fly of Bandar's death". Aspen Times. Aspen, Colorado. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012.
  53. ^ Gardner-Smith, Brent (24 August 2012). "Bandar still alive, insiders say". Aspen Times. Aspen. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013.
  54. ^ "Prince Bandar Bin Sultan: Is The Saudi Spy Chief Dead Or Alive?". International Business Times. 31 July 2012.
  55. ^ Kalman, Aaron (30 July 2012). "Pro-Assad websites claim Syria has killed Saudi intelligence chief, to avenge Damascus bombing". The Times of Israel.
  56. ^ Black, Ian (10 October 2012). "Prince Bandar bin Sultan – profile". The Guardian.
  57. ^ Walker, Richard (14 August 2012). "Was Saudi Arabia top spy assassinated?". American Free Press. Agence France-Presse.
  58. ^ "Thierry Meyssan and Prince Bandar bin Sultan". Arab News. 4 August 2012.
  59. ^ Ignatius, David (5 August 2012). "Is Saudi Arabia on the edge?". The Washington Post.
  60. ^ Kapoor, Talal (8 August 2012). "The Return of Bandar bin Sultan" (Commentary). Datarabia. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  61. ^ "Saudi Arabia replaces intelligence chief". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  62. ^ "Saudi intelligence chief Bandar bin Sultan Removed". BBC News. 16 April 2014.
  63. ^ Dudney, Robert S. (December 2001). "Verbatim Special: War on Terror" (PDF). Air Force Magazine: 40–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  64. ^ Ahrari, M. Ehsan (1999). "Saudi Arabia: A Simmering Cauldron of Instability?" (PDF). The Brown Journal of World Affair. VI (2): 209–222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2012.
  65. ^ "Commencement 2000". Howard University. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  66. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  67. ^ Woodward, 269.
  68. ^ "Saudi prince 'received arms cash'". BBC. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  69. ^ "Saudi Reportedly Got $2 Billion for British Arms Deal". The Washington Post. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  70. ^ "Frontline:Black Money, Extended Interview with Louis Freeh". PBS. 7 April 2009.
  71. ^ a b "New allegations of Saudi involvement in 9/11". CNN. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  72. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Shane, Scott (4 February 2015). "Pre-9/11 Ties Haunt Saudis as New Accusations Surface". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  73. ^ Sperry, Paul (17 April 2016). "How US covered up Saudi role in 9/11". The New York Post.
  74. ^ "His Royal Highness Prince Turki bin Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Saudi Environmental Society (SENS). Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  75. ^ "The Ambassador". The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  76. ^ "Who's Who: Prince Khaled bin Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi ambassador to the UK". Arab News. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  77. ^ "Another royal wedding: Saudi prince marries Englishwoman". CBS News. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  78. ^ "Saudi prince weds in Oxford register office". The Oxford Times. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  79. ^ "HRH Prince Faisal bin Bandar bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Arabnet. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  80. ^ "Public Schools' Fencing Championships". British Fencing. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  81. ^ Curiel, Jonathan (10 December 2006). "U.S. planning to promote democracy in Muslim nations/Campaign draws mixed reviews". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  82. ^ a b Ottaway, David (2008). The king's messenger: Prince Bandar bin Sultan and America's tangled. New York: Walker Publishing Company. p. 124. ISBN 9780802777645.
  83. ^ Henderson, Simon (22 October 2010). "Foreign Policy: A Prince's Mysterious Disappearance". NPR.
  84. ^ Black, Ian (16 April 2014). "End of an era as Prince Bandar departs Saudi intelligence post". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  85. ^ Hipwell, Deirdre; Nereim, Vivian; Harvey, Benjamin (2 April 2021). "Saudi Prince Sells English Country Estate to King of Bahrain". Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  86. ^ Leigh, David. "Secrets of al Yamamah". The Guardian. London.
  87. ^ a b "Saudi prince sells Aspen ranch for $49M". Aspen Daily News. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  88. ^ Carroll, Rick. "Pitkin County real estate sales dip in '07". Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  89. ^ AP: Saudi prince asking $135M for Colo. home, NBC News 12 July 2006.
  90. ^ Carmiel, Oshrat; Bit, Kelly (5 June 2012). "Paulson Buys Saudi Prince's Ranch In $49 Million Deal". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  91. ^ Brennan, Morgan (5 June 2012). "Billionaire John Paulson Confirms $49 Million Purchase of Hala Ranch". Forbes. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  92. ^ "Who are we?". Sultan Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  93. ^ Riddel, Peter (2009). "The call to Islam: Diverse methods and varied responses" (PDF). Stuttgarter Theologische Themen. IV: 35–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bandar bin Sultan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandar_bin_Sultan_Al_Saud&oldid=1254642557"