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A free license or open license is a license that allows copyrighted work to be reused, modified, and redistributed. The term broadly covers free content licenses and open-source licenses, also known as free software licenses.

Free software license

A pie chart displays the most commonly used open source license as Apache at 30%, MIT at 26%, GPL at 18%, BSD at 8%, LGPL at 3%, MPL at 2%, and remaining 13% as licenses with below 1% market share each. — Popular free and open source licenses include the Apache License, the MIT License, the GNU General Public License (GPL), the BSD Licenses, the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) and the Mozilla Public License (MPL).

Free software licenses, also known as open-source licenses, are software licenses that allow content to be used, modified, and shared.^[1] They facilitate free and open-source software (FOSS) development.^[2] Intellectual property (IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works.^[3] Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose.^[4] They grant the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the source code, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the Open Source Definition and The Free Software Definition.^[5]

After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.^[6] Richard Stallman founded the free software movement in response to the rise of proprietary software.^[7] The term "open source" was used by the Open Source Initiative (OSI), founded by free software developers Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond.^[8]^[9] "Open source" is alternative label that emphasizes the strengths of the open development model rather than software freedoms.^[10] While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and free software licenses describe the same type of licenses.^[11]

The two main categories of free and open-source licenses are permissive and copyleft.^[12] Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require attribution and disclaim liability.^[13]^[14] Permissive licenses come from academia.^[15] Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement.^[16] Copyleft licenses require derivative works to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license.^[13]^[14] Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license.^[17] Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.^[18]

Free content license

Free content Free content license

Open-source hardware

A free license or open license^[20]^[21] is a license which allows others to reuse another creator’s work as they wish. Without a special license, these uses are normally prohibited by copyright, patent or commercial license. Most free licenses are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and perpetual (see copyright durations). Free licenses are often the basis of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding projects.

The invention of the term "free license" and the focus on the rights of users were connected to the sharing traditions of the hacker culture of the 1970s public domain software ecosystem, the social and political free software movement (since 1980) and the open source movement (since the 1990s).^[22] These rights were codified by different groups and organizations for different domains in Free Software Definition, Open Source Definition, Debian Free Software Guidelines, Definition of Free Cultural Works and The Open Definition.^[20] These definitions were then transformed into licenses, using the copyright as legal mechanism. Ideas of free/open licenses have since spread into different spheres of society.

Open source, free culture (unified as free and open-source movement), anticopyright, Wikimedia Foundation projects, public domain advocacy groups and pirate parties are connected with free and open licenses.

Licenses

By type of license

Public domain licenses
- Creative Commons CC0
- WTFPL
- Unlicense
- Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)^[23]
Permissive licenses
- Apache License
- BSD License
- MIT License
- Mozilla Public License (file-based permissive copyleft)
- Creative Commons Attribution
Copyleft & patentleft licenses
- GNU GPL, LGPL (weaker copyleft), AGPL (stronger copyleft)
- Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
- Mozilla Public License
- Common Development and Distribution License
- GFDL (without invariant sections)
- Free Art License

By type of content

By authors

Creative Commons
Free Software Foundation
Open Source Initiative
Microsoft
- Microsoft Public License
- Microsoft Reciprocal License
Open Content Project
Open Data Commons from Open Knowledge Foundation
- Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
- Attribution License (ODC-By)
- Open Database License (ODC-ODbL)
European Union
- European Union Public Licence

Notes

^ Coleman 2004, "Political Agnosticism".
^ Rosen 2005, pp. 73–90.
^ Rosen 2005, pp. 22–23.
^ Rosen 2005, pp. 103–106.
^ Greenbaum 2016, pp. 1304–1305.
^ Oman 2018, pp. 641–642.
^ Williams 2002, ch. 1.
^ Carver 2005, pp. 448–450.
^ Greenbaum 2016, § I.A.
^ Brock 2022, § 16.3.4.
^ Byfield 2008.
^ Smith 2022, § 3.2.
^ ^a ^b Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008, pp. 211–212.
^ ^a ^b Meeker 2020, 16:13.
^ Rosen 2005, p. 69.
^ Joy 2022, pp. 990–992.
^ Smith 2022, § 3.4.1.
^ Smith 2022, § 3.4.
^ Logo contest on freedomdefined.org (2006)
^ ^a ^b Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org "This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."
^ The Open Source Definition
^ Kelty, Christpher M. (2018). "The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 99. Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.
^ PDDL 1.0 on opendatacommons.org

References

Brock, Amanda, ed. (2022). Open Source Law, Policy and Practice (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-886234-5. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- Smith, P McCoy. "Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source". In Brock (2022).
Byfield, Bruce (March 4, 2008). ""Free" and "Open Source" Software: Navigating the Shibboleths". Datamation. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
Carver, Brian W. (2005). "Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses". Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 20 (1): 443–481. ISSN 1086-3818.
Coleman, Gabriella (2004). "The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast". Anthropological Quarterly. 77 (3): 507–519. ISSN 0003-5491.
Greenbaum, Eli (April 2016). "The Non-Discrimination Principle in Open Source Licensing" (PDF). Cardoza Law Review. 37 (4).
Joy, Reagan (2022). "The Tragedy of the Creative Commons: An Analysis of How Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights Undermine the Use of Permissive Licensing". Case Western Reserve Law Review. 72 (4): 977–1013.
Meeker, Heather (January 2020). Open Source Software Licensing Basics for Corporate Users. Open Source Software Licensing. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
Oman, Ralph (Spring 2018). "Computer Software as Copyrightable Subject Matter: Oracle V. Google, Legislative Intent, and the Scope of Rights in Digital Works". Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. 31 (2): 639–652.
Rosen, Lawrence (2005). Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law (Paperback ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-148787-1. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (Winter 2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License". Journal of Management Information Systems. 25 (3): 207–239. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250306.
Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software (First ed.). Sebastopol, California : Farnham: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00287-9. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023.

External links

Links to use: Criticism of copyright Open-source hardware#Licenses Free software Free content Public-domain-equivalent license

[FOOTNOTEColeman2004"Political_Agnosticism"-1] Coleman 2004, "Political Agnosticism".

[FOOTNOTERosen200573–90-2] Rosen 2005, pp. 73–90.

[FOOTNOTERosen200522–23-3] Rosen 2005, pp. 22–23.

[FOOTNOTERosen2005103–106-4] Rosen 2005, pp. 103–106.

[FOOTNOTEGreenbaum20161304–1305-5] Greenbaum 2016, pp. 1304–1305.

[FOOTNOTEOman2018641–642-6] Oman 2018, pp. 641–642.

[FOOTNOTEWilliams2002ch.&nbsp;1-7] Williams 2002, ch. 1.

[FOOTNOTECarver2005448–450-8] Carver 2005, pp. 448–450.

[FOOTNOTEGreenbaum2016§_I.A-9] Greenbaum 2016, § I.A.

[FOOTNOTEBrock2022§&nbsp;16.3.4-10] Brock 2022, § 16.3.4.

[FOOTNOTEByfield2008-11] Byfield 2008.

[FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.2-12] Smith 2022, § 3.2.

[FOOTNOTESenSubramaniamNelson2008211–212-13] Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008, pp. 211–212.

[FOOTNOTEMeeker202016:13-14] Meeker 2020, 16:13.

[FOOTNOTERosen200569-15] Rosen 2005, p. 69.

[FOOTNOTEJoy2022990–992-16] Joy 2022, pp. 990–992.

[FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4.1-17] Smith 2022, § 3.4.1.

[FOOTNOTESmith2022§&nbsp;3.4-18] Smith 2022, § 3.4.

[19] Logo contest on freedomdefined.org (2006)

[opendefinition-20] Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org "This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."

[21] The Open Source Definition

[22] Kelty, Christpher M. (2018). "The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 99. Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.

[23] PDDL 1.0 on opendatacommons.org

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v t e Software distribution
Licenses	Beerware Floating licensing Free and open-source Free Open source Freely redistributable License-free Proprietary Public domain Source-available
Compensation models	Adware Commercial software Retail software Crippleware Crowdfunding Freemium Freeware Pay what you want Careware Donationware Open-core model Postcardware Shareware Nagware Trialware
Delivery methods	Digital distribution File sharing On-premises Pre-installed Product bundling Retail software Sneakernet Software as a service
Deceptive and/or illicit	Unwanted software bundling Malware Infostealer Ransomware Spyware Trojan horse Worm Scareware Shovelware
Software release life cycle	Abandonware End-of-life Long-term support Software maintenance Software maintainer Software publisher Vaporware list
Copy protection	Digital rights management Software protection dongle License manager Product activation Product key Software copyright Software license server Software patent Torrent poisoning

v t e Creative Commons
Works and projects	Licenses NonCommercial license Licensed works Category Public Domain Mark Content directories Jurisdiction ports
Major directories	Creative Commons ccMixter Free Music Archive Freesound OpenGameArt.org Openclipart Dogmazic Phlow Electrobel Jamendo Newgrounds Audio portal Scripped Wikimedia Commons
People	Lawrence Lessig Joi Ito
See also	Free and open content Free culture movement