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Alexandra Elbakyan

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Alexandra Elbakyan
Александра Элбакян
Alexandra Elbakyan
Elbakyan in 2021
Born (1988-11-06) 6 November 1988 (age 36)
Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
(now Almaty, Kazakhstan)
NationalityKazakhstani
Alma mater
Occupations
Known forSci-Hub
MovementOpen Access
Scientific career
FieldsNeural engineering, Computer science
Websitesci-hub.ru/alexandra

Alexandra Asanovna Elbakyan (Russian: Алекса́ндра Аса́новна Элбакя́н, Armenian: Ալեքսանդրա Էլբակյան,[1][2] born 6 November 1988) is a Kazakhstani computer programmer and creator of the website Sci-Hub, which provides free access to research papers without regard for copyright.[3][4][5][6] According to a study published in 2018, Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature.[7]

Elbakyan has been described as "Science's Pirate Queen".[8] In 2016, Nature included her in their list of the top ten "people who mattered" in science.[9] Since 2011, she has been living in Russia.[10][11][12][13]

Early life

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Elbakyan was born in Almaty, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (named Alma-Ata in Russian), on 6 November 1988.[14][15] She identifies as multiracial, with Armenian, Slavic and Asian roots.[16] Alexandra was raised by a single mother, who was an accomplished computer programmer.[10]

Alexandra started programming at the age of 12, making web pages in HTML and later writing in PHP, Delphi, and Assembly languages.[10] She attempted to create a Tamagotchi powered by artificial intelligence.[17] She performed her first computer hack at the age of 14; using SQL injection, she obtained access to all logins and passwords of her home internet provider. Later, she discovered there were more vulnerabilities of the cross-site scripting type. She reported these issues to the internet provider, hoping to get a job with them, but this did not happen. Instead, the provider cut off her internet access.[10] Alexandra wrote in her blog that she first hacked a publisher's website when she was 16. The publisher was MIT Press, which published online books on neuroscience, but they were locked behind a paywall that she could not afford. Alexandra wrote a PHP program that exploited a vulnerability on the website to download paywalled books without payment.[18]

Studies

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In 2009, she obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science from the Kazakh National Technical University, specializing in information security.[4] She studied the possibility of using brainwaves measured using electroencephalography (EEG) for authentication instead of using a password.[19][20][21] While working on her thesis, Elbakyan discovered the paywall problem with accessing journal articles, as her university did not have access to many publications related to her work.

Alexandra became interested in developing brain–computer interfaces and in 2010 she joined the University of Freiburg to work on such a project,[22][2] which eventually led to her summer internship in neuroscience at Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States.[23] The same year, Elbakyan spoke at the Humanity+ Summit at Harvard on the topic "Brain-Computer Interfacing, Consciousness, and the Global Brain".[24] Elbakyan's idea was to develop a new kind of brain-machine interface that would merge human and machine qualia.[25][26] She also participated in the Towards a Science of Consciousness conference that was held in Tucson, Arizona with the poster "Consciousness in Mixed Systems: Merging Artificial and Biological Minds via Brain-Machine Interface".[27]

From 2012 to 2014, she was a master's student at Higher School of Economics in Moscow, but then dropped out.[8][28][29] According to a 2016 interview, her neuroscience research was on hold, but she was enrolled in a history of science master's program at a private university in an undisclosed location. Her thesis would focus on scientific communication.[4] In 2019, she graduated from Saint Petersburg State University with a master's degree in linguistics.[12][2]

Sci-Hub

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See also: Sci-Hub § Legal status

According to Elbakyan, Sci-Hub is a simplified version of a Global Brain because it "connects [the] brains of many researchers."[21][30]

Elbakyan developed Sci-Hub in 2011, when she lived in Kazakhstan.[31] It was characterized by Science correspondent John Bohannon as "an awe-inspiring act of altruism or a massive criminal enterprise, depending on whom you ask."[4] Elbakyan has stated that the script was initially intended to make access to academic papers fast and convenient, without a global goal of making all science free.[3]

When academic publisher Elsevier sued Sci-Hub in the US in 2015, Elbakyan wrote a letter to the judge, wherein she explained her motives for starting the project: she could not afford to pay for each of the hundreds of papers she needed for her research project, so she had to pirate them.[32][33][34] She founded her website to help others in the same situation. In the letter Elbakyan has provided various arguments in support for her cause, such as Elsevier not being an author of papers, and not paying the authors, mentioning that "The general opinion in research community is that research papers should be distributed for free (open access), not sold".[35]

Elsevier was granted an injunction against her and $15 million in damages.[36][37] Following a lawsuit, Elbakyan remained in hiding due to the risk of extradition.[38] There were also lawsuits against Sci-Hub and Elbakyan from other publishers and in other countries.

On 17 February 2023, a court in India refused to dismiss a blocking application submitted by the legal representatives of the publishers; nonetheless, the legal representatives of Elbakyan are working on a new creative legal strategy, namely the mandatory economic angle. Additionally, the revoked .SE domain of Sci-Hub, in a different court case, has now been restored due to a successful "ownership verification process."[39]

Recognition and awards

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Elbakyan speaking at Harvard in 2010

In December 2016, Nature named Elbakyan as one of the 10 people who most mattered in science that year.[9] Researchers who use Sci-Hub often thank Elbakyan in the Acknowledgments section of their papers.[40]

For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero,[41][42] for example by Nobel laureate Randy Schekman.[43] Ars Technica has compared her to Aaron Swartz,[44] and The New York Times has compared her to Edward Snowden.[30] Edward Snowden acknowledged Sci-Hub to be one of the most important websites for academics in the world.[45] She has also been called a modern-day "Robin Hood",[46][47] a "Robin Hood of science",[12][48] and "Science's Pirate Queen".[6][8][11]

Elbakyan has several biological species named in her honor:

Elbakyan was nominated twice for John Maddox Prize and made it to the final shortlist. Some researchers say that Elbakyan deserves a Nobel Prize for her work.[13][59][60] Wildlife scientist T R Shankar Raman has stated in an interview: "I am not a fan of the Nobel Prizes, given they have their own biases and have failed to adequately acknowledge scientific contributions of women, for example. But given that its stated purpose is to award those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, Alexandra Elbakyan certainly qualifies."[61]

In 2023 Elbakyan received the Award for Access to Scientific Knowledge from the Electronic Frontier Foundation for her "vital work in helping to ensure that technology supports freedom, justice, and innovation for all people."[62]

Views

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Elbakyan is a strong supporter of the open access movement. According to her, Sci-Hub is a true implementation of open access principle in science.[63] She believes that science should be open to all and not behind paywalls.[64]

She has described herself as a devout pirate and thinks that copyright law prevents the free exchange of information online and the free distribution of knowledge on the Internet.[64][65][66] In 2018, she asked supporters of Sci-Hub to join their local Pirate Party in order to fight for copyright laws to be changed.[67]

Elbakyan has stated that she is inspired by communist ideals,[5][68] and considers the common ownership of ideas to be essential for scientific progress.[41] In her 2016 interview to Vox, she said: "I like the idea of communism, and the idea that knowledge should be common and not intellectual property is very relevant. That is especially true for information. Research articles are used for communication in science. But the word "communication" implies common ownership by itself."[3] She referenced the work of Robert Merton, who considered communism to be a part of scientific ethos.[41][69] According to her, Sci-Hub is fighting for communism in science and against the current state of things when knowledge has become the private property of corporations, because knowledge belongs to everyone.[70]

Elbakyan does not consider herself a strict Marxist. She wanted to join either the Communist Party of the Russian Federation or Pirate Party of Russia, but was unable to as membership in political parties is restricted to those with Russian citizenship.[12]

Elbakyan justified Sci-Hub by saying that lack of universal access to academic knowledge violates Article 27 of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "everyone has the right freely to … share in scientific advancement and its benefits."[41][64][71][72][73][74][75]

She has stated that she supports a strong state which can stand up to the Western world, and that she does not want "the scientists of Russia and of my native Kazakhstan to share the fates of the scientists of Iraq, Libya, and Syria, that were 'helped' by the United States to become more democratic."[76] In 2012, she supported Putin's politics,[41] but in 2018, she expressed support for the Pirate Party of Russia,[67] which is in opposition to Putin.[77] A few months before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, when asked in an interview if she was still loyal to Putin, she responded that she is neither aligned with Putin nor with the Russian liberal opposition, reiterating that she identifies herself as a communist.[78]

Controversies

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Elbakyan was in conflict with the liberal, pro-Western wing of the Russian scientific community.[8] According to her interview, she was attacked on the Internet by 'science popularizers' who supported liberal views that led to the shutdown of Sci-Hub in Russia in 2017 for a few days.[79] In particular, Elbakyan was strongly critical of the former Dynasty Foundation (shut down in 2015) and its associated figures. She believes that the foundation was politicized, tied to Russia's liberal opposition, and fit the legal definition of a "foreign agent". Dynasty's founder, in her opinion, financed researchers whose political views agreed with its own.[76] Elbakyan states that after she began to investigate the foundation's activities and published her findings online, she became the target of a cyberharassment campaign by Dynasty's supporters.[80]

In December 2019, The Washington Post reported that Elbakyan was under investigation by the US Justice Department for suspected ties to Russia's military intelligence arm, the GRU, to steal U.S. military secrets from defense contractors.[81] Elbakyan has denied this, saying that Sci-Hub "is not in any way directly affiliated with Russian or some other country's intelligence," but noting that "of course, there could be some indirect help. The same as with donations, anyone can send them; they are completely anonymous, so I do not know who exactly is donating to Sci-Hub. There could be some help that I’m simply unaware of. I can only add that I write all of Sci-Hub code and design myself and I’m doing the server’s configuration."[82]

On May 8, 2021, Elbakyan tweeted that the FBI had served a subpoena to Apple seeking her iCloud data. The tweet included a screengrab of the notice from Apple.[83] The tweet was retweeted by Edward Snowden, who commented: "Members of Congress should be making calls about this. Journalists should be asking the White House and DOJ questions. The founder of Sci-hub — unquestionably one of the most important sites for academics in the world — should not be subject to persecution for their work."[45]

Works

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Elbakyan, Alexandra. "Alexandra Elbakyan". Twitter. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Alexandra Elbakyan | Sci-Hub". Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Belluz, Julia (18 February 2016). "Meet the woman who's breaking the law to make science free for all". Vox. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d Bohannon, John (29 April 2016). "The frustrated science student behind Sci-Hub". Science. 352 (6285): 511. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..511B. doi:10.1126/science.352.6285.511. PMID 27126021.
  5. ^ a b "Transcript and translation of Sci-Hub presentation". University of North Texas. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017. We have a recent addition to our lineup of speakers that we'll start off the day with: Alexandra Elbakyan. As many of you know, Alexandra is a Kazakhstani graduate student, computer programmer, and the creator of the controversial Sci-Hub site.
  6. ^ a b Elbakyan, Alexandra; Bozkurt, Aras (2021). "A Critical Conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a Scholarly Activist, or a Butterfly Flapping its Wings?". Asian Journal of Distance Education. 16 (1): 111–118. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  7. ^ Himmelstein, Daniel S; Romero, Ariel Rodriguez; Levernier, Jacob G; Munro, Thomas Anthony; McLaughlin, Stephen Reid; Greshake Tzovaras, Bastian; Greene, Casey S (1 March 2018). "Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature". eLife. 7: e32822. doi:10.7554/eLife.32822. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 5832410. PMID 29424689.
  8. ^ a b c d Graber-Stiehl, Ian (8 February 2018). "Science's Pirate Queen". The Verge. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered this year". Nature. 540 (7634): 507–515. 12 March 2016. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..507.. doi:10.1038/540507a. PMID 30905952. In 2009, when she was a graduate student working on her final-year research project in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Elbakyan became frustrated at being unable to read many scholarly papers because she couldn't afford them...
  10. ^ a b c d Elbakyan, Alexandra. "Autobiography" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b Bartlett, Tom (28 June 2021). "Is the Pirate Queen of Scientific Publishing in Real Trouble This Time?". Archived from the original on 28 June 2021.
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  22. ^ Gameiro, Denise Neves (4 June 2016). "This 27-year-old Woman is Shaking up the Scientific Publishing Industry". Labiotech.eu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Alexandra Elbakyan, a 27-year-old researcher from Kazakhstan...was studying 'Neuroscience and Consciousness' in labs at Georgia Tech (US) and University of Freiburg (Germany)...she was forced to pirate papers for herself and other researchers
  23. ^ "People". Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Alexandra Elbakyan ... Summer 2010 ... Programming and data analysis
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  40. ^ For examples, see:
  41. ^ a b c d e "How one perplexing pirate is plundering the publishers". The Medical Republic. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2021. We were waiting for a call from either a master lawbreaker or a hero of science, depending on who you ask.
  42. ^ "Pirate website Sci-Hub is making the world's academic research free to all. Some call her a hero. Others". The Toronto Star. 5 October 2019. ISSN 0319-0781. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  43. ^ ""Александра Элбакян — герой. Я аплодирую ее усилиям и ее смелости"". indicator.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  44. ^ Kravets, David (3 April 2016). "A spiritual successor to Aaron Swartz is angering publishers all over again". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016. Just as Swartz did, this hacker is freeing tens of millions of research articles from paywalls, metaphorically hoisting a middle finger to the academic publishing industry, which, by the way, has again reacted with labels like 'hacker' and 'criminal.' Meet Alexandra Elbakyan, the developer of Sci-Hub, a Pirate Bay-like site for the science nerd. It's a portal that offers free and searchable access "to most publishers, especially well-known ones."
  45. ^ a b Snowden, Edward (8 May 2021). "Members of Congress should be making calls about this". Twitter. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021. Members of Congress should be making calls about this. Journalists should be asking the White House and DOJ questions. The founder of Sci-hub — unquestionably one of the most important sites for academics in the world — should not be subject to persecution for their work.
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  59. ^ Singh, Sidharth (18 September 2021). "Will Indian researchers lose free access to scientific papers?". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021. Abi Tamim Vanak, a research associate at the Ashoka Trust for Research on Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, went so far as to argue that Elbakyan deserved a Nobel Prize. "SciHub has been my go to resource for accessing paywalled scientific literature. Alexandra Elbakyan has done more for science than all the top publishing houses in the world. She has freed knowledge from the clutches of corporate greed," he added. "She deserves a Nobel Prize."
  60. ^ Jose Luis, Gorriz (10 June 2020). "Alexandra Elbakyan is the person who has contributed the most to the dissemination of science in the world". Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Alexandra Elbakyan is the person who has contributed the most to the dissemination of science in the world. Good candidate for the Nobel Prize. Scientists are very grateful for her work. It is time for the world to consider that access to science should be facilitated
  61. ^ "Commercial Science Journals: A Luxury Market?". SBMT - Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021. SBMT: Would you nominate Alexandra Elbakyan, from Sci-Hub for the Nobel Prize. If so, how to start a global movement for this? Dr. TR Shankar Raman: I am not a fan of the Nobel Prizes, given they have their own biases and have failed to adequately acknowledge scientific contributions of women, for example. But given that its stated purpose is to award those who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, Alexandra Elbakyan certainly qualifies.
  62. ^ Release, Press (26 July 2023). "Electronic Frontier Foundation to Present Annual EFF Awards to Alexandra Asanovna Elbakyan, Library Freedom Project, and Signal Foundation". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
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  65. ^ "Scientist vs. publisher: Sci-Hub reveals flaws in academia – The Miscellany News". 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021. As a devout pirate, I think that copyright should be abolished. At least some corrections to the laws should be made that prohibit prosecutions or injunctions against free distribution of scientific knowledge and educational resources
  66. ^ "Fighting for Communism in Science - BPR Interviews: Alexandra Elbakyan". Brown Political Review. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. From the very beginning, it's been my dream that Sci-Hub would facilitate long-lasting changes in the copyright laws that have been used to stop the free exchange of information online. We can have a discussion when copyright is used to stop the free distribution of movies and music, but if the law is against science and knowledge, there is nothing to discuss. Sci-Hub has made obvious that copyright prevents the development of science, free academic discussion on the Internet, and the free exchange of research knowledge in the form of articles and books. So what is the best thing we can do? It is to eliminate copyright law and allow the free distribution of knowledge on the Internet, and the free operation of websites like Sci-Hub. Sci-Hub's main crime is that it allows the free reading of academic journals and books on the Internet. That shouldn't be a crime in the first place.
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Further reading

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