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George Town Conurbation
Konurbasi Utara
Metropolitan area
Northern Conurbation
Map
Country Malaysia
States
Core city George Town
Largest city Seberang Perai
Satellite cities
List of satellite cities
Area
 • Total3,765 km2 (1,454 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total2,843,344
 • Density756/km2 (1,960/sq mi)
GDP (2020)
 • TotalRM125.839 billion
(US$30.2 billion)
 • Per capitaRM44,244
(US$10,618)
Time zoneUTC+8 (MST)
Postcode
06xxx, 09xxx, 10xxx, 11xxx, 12xxx, 13xxx, 14xxx, 32xxx
Area codes
    • +604 (-2, -4, -5, -6 and -8)
    • +605 (-7 and -8)

The George Town Conurbation, also known as the Northern Conurbation, is the urban area within and surrounding the Malaysian state of Penang, including parts of neighbouring Kedah and Perak. It is the second largest conurbation in Malaysia, with a population of over 2.84 million people as of 2020.

Encompassing 3,765 square kilometres (1,454 sq mi), the conurbation consists of Penang, four districts in Kedah and portions of two districts in Perak. George Town, the capital city of Penang, is the core city of the region.

As of 2020, the George Town Conurbation is the second largest metropolitan economy in Malaysia, with an estimated gross metropolitan product of over US$30 billion. It was home to two of the ten richest districts in Malaysia by per capita GDP in 2020. It is a regional hub of numerous industries, such as finance, healthcare, education, publishing, tourism and manufacturing, with George Town being Malaysia's leading exporter. George Town is also a major cultural hub of the country, being reputed for its culinary scene and its inclusion as a World Heritage Site since 2008.

History

[edit]

Originally founded as an entrepôt, George Town's diversified economy is primarily driven by the tertiary sector and manufacturing.[1] Penang's path to industrialisation began in the 1970s with the establishment of free industrial zones at Bayan Lepas and Perai. As Penang's industries rapidly scaled up the value chain, the border towns in neighbouring Kedah, specifically Sungai Petani and Kulim, also started to witness economic spillover resulting from agglomeration effects and the rise in the standard of living within the former.[2] In 1996, the Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) was opened as an extension of Penang's electronics industry.[3]

However, interstate coordination in urban development was lacking, causing development policies to be disjointed while an urban sprawl radiated out of Penang's borders into Kedah and Perak. In the early 2000s, the Malaysian federal government began formulating the National Urbanisation Policy (NUP) and the National Physical Plan (NPP), in which the concept of a George Town Conurbation was created out of the desire by policy planners to decentralise urban development in Peninsular Malaysia to four major metropolitan areas.[4][5]

In 2011, the then Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, announced plans to intensify infrastructure investment in Penang as part of a "Greater Penang Masterplan".[6] However, by 2013, there had been no further developments on the proposal, prompting then Penang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng to question the federal government's lack of progress.[7] The strained federal-state ties following the 2013 general election resulted in the Barisan Nasional-controlled federal government cutting development expenditures for Penang, then an opposition state held by Pakatan Rakyat (predecessor to Pakatan Harapan). This situation persisted until the 2018 general election, which led to both the federal and Penang governments being helmed by the same coalition for the first time since 2008.[8] The George Town Conurbation was further expanded under the Fourth National Physical Plan (NPP-4), published in 2021.[9]

Definition

[edit]
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
10km
6miles
10
Bukit Merah
9
Selama
8
Parit Buntar
7
Bagan Serai
6
Yan
5
Bandar Baharu
4
Kulim
3
Sungai Petani
2
Seberang Perai
1
George Town
Interactive map of the George Town Conurbation.
Click link at the top right corner to zoom in.
1
George Town
2
Seberang Perai
3
Sungai Petani
4
Kulim
5
Bandar Baharu
6
Yan
7
Bagan Serai
8
Parit Buntar
9
Selama
10
Bukit Merah

The George Town Conurbation is defined to encompass an area of 3,765 km2 (1,454 sq mi) across the states of Penang, Kedah and Perak, including George Town, Seberang Perai, Sungai Petani, Kulim, Yan, Bandar Baharu and portions of Kerian and Selama districts.[10][11]

Prior to Malayan independence, George Town's metropolitan area confined itself to what is now Central George Town, two neighbouring subdistricts and Butterworth.[12][13] In 2006, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government published the National Urbanisation Plan (NUP), which identified George Town as the core city of a "regional-level" conurbation involving Penang Island, Seberang Perai, Kulim, Sungai Petani, Parit Buntar and Bagan Serai.[14][15] Under the Second National Physical Plan (NPP-2) in 2010, Bandar Baharu was incorporated into the conurbation, which was defined as stretching from Sungai Petani in the north to Parit Buntar in the south.[16][17]

In 2021, the Fourth National Physical Plan (NPP-4) renamed the George Town Conurbation as the Northern Conurbation, and expanded the region's limits to Yan, Selama, Bagan Serai and Bukit Merah.[18][19][20]

Timeline of definitions of the George Town Conurbation
Definition Definition Year Area Population
George Town metropolitan area
List of constituents
 1959 ~66.3 km2 (25.6 sq mi) 306,295 (1957)[21]
280,277 (2020)[22]
National Urbanisation Plan
List of constituents
 2006 2,935 km2 (1,133 sq mi) 1.827 million (2000)[23][24][25]
2.701 million (2020)[26][27][28][29]
Second National Physical Plan
List of constituents
  • Penang
  • Kulim District (Kulim)
  • Kuala Muda District (Sungai Petani)
  • Bandar Baharu District (Bandar Baharu)
  • Kerian District (Parit Buntar)
2010 3,062 km2 (1,182 sq mi) 2.331 million (2010)[30][31][32]
2.705 million (2020)[26][27][28][29]
Fourth National Physical Plan
List of constituents
 2021 3,765 km2 (1,454 sq mi) 2.843 million (2020)[26][27][28][29]

Demographics

[edit]

Census estimates

[edit]

As of the sixth Malaysian census conducted in 2020, the George Town Conurbation had a population of 2.843 million residents. The metropolitan area's population density was 750 residents per square kilometre. The racial markup was... The median age of the metropolitan area was... Males composed...of the population, while females were...of the population.

...of the population in the metropolitan area were in households, ...were in group quarters, and ...were institutionalized. There were ...households, of which ...had children. ...were composed of opposite sex and married couples. Male households with no wife composed .... ... were female households with no husbands. ...were non-family households. The household density was ... per square kilometre.


The following is based on official censuses for the local government areas within the George Town Conurbation since 2000.

List of cities of towns within the Greater Penang Conurbation (2000–2020)
City or town Local government Census population Area Density
2000 2010 2020
George Town, Penang Penang Island City Council 575,498 708,127 794,313 306km2 2,596/km2
Seberang Perai, Penang Seberang Perai City Council 655,711 818,197 946,092 748km2 1,265/km2
Sungai Petani, Kedah Sungai Petani Municipal Council 339,898 443,488 545,053 913km2 597/km2
Kulim, Kedah Kulim Municipal Council 190,952 281,260 319,056 774km2 436/km2
Kulim Hi-Tech Industrial Park Local Authority 18,679
Bandar Baharu, Kedah[note 1] Bandar Baharu District Council – 41,352 44,412 271km2 164/km2
Yan, Kedah[note 2] Yan District Council – – 73,384 246km2 298/km2
Bagan Serai, Perak[note 3] Kerian District Council 34,161 – 40,336 144km2 280/km2
Beriah, Perak[note 4] – – 11,808 150km2 80/km2
Bukit Merah, Perak[note 5] – – 130
Parit Buntar, Perak 31,116 38,756 37,300 50km2 746/km2
Selama, Perak[note 6] Selama District Council – – 12,781 163km2 89/km2
George Town Conurbation 1,827,336 2,331,180 2,843,344 3,765km2 755/km2
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia (2000–2020)[23][24][25][30][31][32][26][27][28][29], Selama District and Land Office[34], Kerian District Council[35]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1959306,295—    
20001,827,336+4.45%
20102,331,180+2.47%
20202,843,344+2.01%
[36][37]

Population estimates

[edit]

Ethnicity

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Subregions

[edit]

The George Town Conurbation concentrates around Penang, which had a population of 1.74 million as of 2020.[27] Penang has only two cities, George Town and Seberang Perai, making it the only state in Malaysia whose local governments are incorporated as cities only. Both cities are the most economically and politically important regions of the metropolitan area.

George Town

[edit]
Main article: George Town
Skyline of George Town's central business district, including Komtar, Penang's tallest skyscraper.

George Town is the core city of the George Town Conurbation. It is the district and state capital of the North-East District and Penang. The Penang state government and the Penang State Legislative Assembly are located in the city.[38][39] In 1957, George Town was the first city in Malaya to be incorporated, with its boundaries expanded in 2015 to cover the entirety of Penang Island. The Penang Island City Council administers the city.[40][41]

George Town's city centre and its central business district are the most economically prominent north of the Klang Valley. The city is also a hub of the Malaysian semiconductor and electronics industry.[42] In 2023, the city was Malaysia's leading exporter. As of 2020, the city had a population of 794,313 distributed among 37 subdistricts,[27] including:

Seberang Perai

[edit]
Main article: Seberang Perai
Skyline of Butterworth, including Penang Sentral, Penang's largest intermodal transport hub.

Seberang Perai is the most populous city in Penang and the George Town Conurbation. It is the third most populous city in Malaysia, and the most populous city outside the Klang Valley. The city is comprised of three of five districts of Penang that are located on the mainland Malay Peninsula. Administration of the city is carried out by the Seberang Perai City Council, which was incorporated in 2019.[43]

The city is primarily known for its agricultural and manufacturing industry, being the site of the Port of Penang, the third largest in Malaysia, as well as Penang Sentral, the principal logistics hub of northwestern Malaysia.[44][45] As of 2020, the city had a population of 946,092 distributed among 58 subdistricts,[27] including:

Cities outside Penang

[edit]
Main articles: Sungai Petani, Kulim District, and Parit Buntar

Four of 12 districts in Kedah, Sungai Petani, Kulim, Bandar Baharu and Yan, are included within the George Town Conurbation.[46] Sungai Petani and Kulim are the two of the three most populous cities of the state, although neither districts were incorporated as cities but as municipalities. Bandar Baharu and Yan are the two smallest districts by land area in Kedah. As of 2020, the four districts had a combined population of over 1 million distributed among 65 subdistricts,[47] including:

The southernmost areas of the conurbation are formed by portions of Kerian and Selama, two of Perak's northern districts.[48] As of 2020, the area had a population of 103,225 distributed among 24 subdistricts,[49][50] including:

Economy

[edit]
See also: Economy of Penang

As the core of the George Town Conurbation, Penang has a diversified tertiary sector that generated three-quarters of the conurbation's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) by 2020.[51] Economic spillover effects have benefited neighbouring towns such as Sungai Petani and Kulim, resulting in economies of agglomeration and the formation of a high-tech industrial cluster stretching from the Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone (Bayan Lepas FIZ) to the Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP).[52][53] By 2005, both the Bayan Lepas FIZ and KHTP were accorded Multimedia Super Corridor Cyber City status.[53] This has fostered extensive ecosystems that include research and development (R&D), human capital development and various forms of business support, driven by private sector investment.[52][53] Additionally, industrial growth has accelerated the urbanisation of Sungai Petani and Kulim since the 1990s.[54]

The NPP-4 outlines plans for ongoing economic diversification in Sungai Petani and Kulim, the two largest economies within Kedah by GDP.[55][9] Manufacturing remains the main economic driver in the two towns, while the southern fringes of the conurbation, spanning Bandar Baharu and northern Perak, are primarily focused on agriculture.[9]

Gross domestic product of the conurbation in 2020 (est.)[51][56][55]
City or town Local government GDP

(RM million)

GDP

(US$ million)

GDP per capita

(RM)

George Town Penang Island City Council 51,935 12,464 65,383
Seberang Perai Seberang Perai City Council 45,149 10,836 47,722
Sungai Petani Sungai Petani Municipal Council 11,746 2,819 21,553
Kulim Kulim Municipal Council 11,301 2,712 33,466
Kulim Hi-Tech Industrial Park Local Authority
Bandar Baharu Bandar Baharu District Council 688 165 15,480
Yan Yan District Council 762 183 10,382
Bagan Serai Kerian District Council 3,610 866 21,700
Beriah
Bukit Merah
Parit Buntar
Selama Selama District Council 648 155 18,802
George Town Conurbation 125,839 30,201 44,244

Transportation

[edit]
See also: Transport in Penang

Land

[edit]
The Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway in George Town

George Town is connected to mainland Seberang Perai by two bridges – the 13.5 km (8.4 mi) Penang Bridge and the 24 km (15 mi) long Second Penang Bridge.[57] The North-South Expressway, a 966 km (600 mi) expressway that stretches along the western part of Peninsular Malaysia, provides a direct link from Seberang Perai to Sungai Petani in the north and Bukit Merah in the south.[9] The Butterworth-Kulim Expressway connects the Port of Penang with the industrial town of Kulim to the east, facilitating logistical access for industries in Kulim.[58]

Within George Town, the Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway is a highway along the city's eastern coastline, connecting the city centre with the two bridges.[59] Federal Route 6 is a pan-island trunk road encircling the city, while the George Town Inner Ring Road is a major thoroughfare within the city centre.[60][61]

Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) operates the West Coast line, connecting the conurbation to other regions of western Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.[62][63] The Butterworth railway station is the primary rail terminal within the conurbation.[64] Aside from regular KTM services, Butterworth is one of the major stops of the Eastern and Oriental Express service between Bangkok and Singapore.[65] Other KTM stations within the conurbation include Sungai Petani, Tasek Gelugor, Bukit Tengah, Bukit Mertajam, Simpang Ampat, Nibong Tebal, Parit Buntar and Bagan Serai.[62][63]

Public transportation

[edit]
Penang Sentral at Butterworth, Seberang Perai

Public bus services are primarily provided by Rapid Penang, which operates 46 routes throughout the conurbation as of 2024, including interstate routes into Kedah and Perak.[66] Penang Sentral in Seberang Perai serves as the main intermodal transport hub of the conurbation.[67] Opened in 2018, the hub integrates Rapid Penang and interstate bus services, linking to the adjacent Butterworth railway station and the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal.[68][69]

The Penang Hill Railway is the only rail-based transportation system in the conurbation. As of 2024, a cable car system is being built to complement the funicular railway.[70][71] Additionally, the Penang Transport Master Plan envisages the introduction of urban rail throughout the state.[72][73] Construction of the 28 km (17 mi) Mutiara LRT line is expected to begin in 2025 and will be completed by 2030.[74][75]

To further promote urban mobility, pedestrian and cycling infrastructure throughout George Town are also being upgraded.[76][77] In 2016, George Town became the first city in Malaysia to have a public bicycle-sharing service with the launch of LinkBike.[78]

Air

[edit]
View of Penang International Airport and the Second Penang Bridge in 2017

The Penang International Airport (PIA) lies 16 km (9.9 mi) south of downtown George Town. It is the main airport within the conurbation, with services to major regional cities including Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Bangkok, Taipei, Hong Kong, Xiamen, Shanghai, Doha and Dubai.[79][80] PIA is the third busiest in Malaysia for passenger traffic after Kuala Lumpur and Kota Kinabalu airports, recording close to 6.8 million passengers in 2023.[81] It is also Malaysia's second busiest in terms of cargo tonnage, handling nearly 120,000 t (120,000 long tons; 130,000 short tons) within the same year, and managed the highest export value of all entry points nationwide.[81][82]

Sea

[edit]
The Port of Penang with George Town in the background

The Port of Penang serves as the main harbour for northwestern Malaysia and southern Thailand.[83] In 2023, it handled more than 1.4 million TEUs of cargo, the third highest of all Malaysian ports.[84] Swettenham Pier, located within downtown George Town, accommodates cruise ships and is one of the main entry points into the city. In 2017 it recorded 125 port calls, surpassing Port Klang as the busiest cruise shipping terminal in the country.[85]

The cross-strait Penang ferry service connects downtown George Town and Seberang Perai, and was formerly the only transportation link between the island city and the mainland until the completion of the Penang Bridge in 1985.[86] At present, four ferries ply the Penang Strait between both cities daily.[87]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Bandar Baharu was included into the conurbation in 2010.[33]
  2. ^ Yan was included into the conurbation in 2021.[9]
  3. ^ Bagan Serai was excluded from the conurbation in 2010 but was reinstated in 2021.[9][33]
  4. ^ Beriah was included into the conurbation in 2021.[9]
  5. ^ Bukit Merah was included into the conurbation in 2021.[9]
  6. ^ Selama was included into the conurbation in 2021.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". Department of Statistics Malaysia. Nov 2024. ISBN 978-967-253-792-2.
  2. ^ "Northern Corridor Economic Region Strategic Development Plan (2021-2025)" (PDF). Northern Corridor Economic Region.
  3. ^ "Science park draws investors across a variety of fields". The Japan Times. 29 Nov 2019. Retrieved 5 Nov 2024.
  4. ^ "An Overview of Spatial Policy in Malaysia". Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 18 Oct 2023.
  5. ^ Kharas, Homi; Zeufack, Albert; Majeed, Hamdan (2010). "Cities, People and the Economy: A Study on Positioning Penang" (PDF). Khazanah Nasional. ISBN 978-983-44193-3-2 – via World Bank.
  6. ^ admin. "Penang welcomes the Federal Government's initiative by Prime Minister Dato' Sri Najib Tun Razak to co-develop a Greater Penang Masterplan – Lim Guan Eng". Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  7. ^ "Penang Paradigm - making Penang No. 1 in Malaysia" (PDF). Buletin Mutiara. 16 Feb 2013. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 6 Nov 2024.
  8. ^ Gooi, Hsiao Leung; Ooi, Kee Beng; Francis Loh, Kok Wah. "Enabling Decentralisation and Improving Federal-State Relations in the Federation of Malaysia" (PDF). Penang Institute.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rancangan Fizikal Negara Keempat: Pelan Pengurusan Spatial Negeri" (PDF). Ministry of Local Government Development. Oct 2021.
  10. ^ Samat et al. 2020, p. 5–6.
  11. ^ Samat, Narimah; Mahamud, Amirul; Tan, Mou Leong; Maghsoodi Tilaki, Mohammad J.; Tew, Yi Lin (2020). "Modelling Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of George Town Conurbation, Malaysia". Land. 9 (10): 1–16. doi:10.3390/land9100373 – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ International Urban Research 1959, p. 88.
  13. ^ "The population of metropolitan areas". The World's Metropolitan Areas. International Urban Research. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1959. pp. 37–64.
  14. ^ Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2006, p. 89.
  15. ^ Prime Minister's Department 2010, p. 251.
  16. ^ Ministry of Housing and Local Government 2010, p. 3-28–3-29.
  17. ^ "Konteks Perancangan" [Context of Planning]. Rancangan Fizikal Negara Ke-2 [Second National Physical Plan] (in Malay). Putrajaya: Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 2010. pp. 3-1–3-29.
  18. ^ Ministry of Local Housing and Development 2021, p. 7-11.
  19. ^ Ministry of Local Housing and Development 2021, p. 7-23.
  20. ^ "Pelan pengurusan spatial negeri" [Operating plan for state areas] (PDF). Rancangan FIzikal Negara Keempat [Fourth National Physical Plan] (in Malay). Putrajaya: Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 2021. pp. 7-5–7-28.
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  22. ^ DOSM 2024, p. 173–175.
  23. ^ a b Abdul Rahman 2001, pp. 197–199.
  24. ^ a b Abdul Rahman 2001, pp. 275.
  25. ^ a b Abdul Rahman 2001, pp. 291–292.
  26. ^ a b c d DOSM 2023, p. 99.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g DOSM 2023, p. 149.
  28. ^ a b c d DOSM 2023, p. 159.
  29. ^ a b c d DOSM 2024, p. 185–191.
  30. ^ a b DOSM 2010, pp. 245–248.
  31. ^ a b DOSM 2010, pp. 335–337.
  32. ^ a b DOSM 2010, pp. 355–357.
  33. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference yumpu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ "Geografi Daerah" [District Geography]. Selama District and Land Office (in Malay). Retrieved 9 Nov 2024.
  35. ^ "Kawasan Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Kerian 2020" [Kerian District Local Plan 2020]. data.gov.my (in Malay).
  36. ^ "Tokyo Population 2019". World Population Review. Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2019-08-13.
  37. ^ "Population Census". e-Stat Japan.
  38. ^ Ong 2023.
  39. ^ Choo 2021.
  40. ^ Mok 2015. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMok2015 (help)
  41. ^ Mok, Opalyn (31 March 2015). "Council president now Penang's first mayor". Malay Mail.
  42. ^ Baker & Lee 2015, p. 66.
  43. ^ Malay Mail 2019.
  44. ^ Liew 2021.
  45. ^ Ministerie van Economische Zaken 2022, pp. 14–15.
  46. ^ Narimah et al. 2019, pp. 41–42.
  47. ^ DOSM 2024a, p. 40.
  48. ^ Narimah et al. 2019, p. 42.
  49. ^ DOSM 2024b, p. 42.
  50. ^ DOSM 2024b, p. 51.
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  82. ^ "Final External Trade Statistics 2023". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 100. Jul 2024. ISSN 2180-1827.
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  84. ^ "Table 3.5: Total Container Throughput By Ports, Malaysia, 2023" (PDF). Ministry of Transport. 15 March 2024.
  85. ^ "Swettenham Pier Surpasses Port Klang as Top Port of Call for Cruise Ships". The Sun. 20 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  86. ^ Opalyn Mok (8 December 2023). "Penang Port CEO Says Extra Ferry Open for Private Charter". Malay Mail. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  87. ^ Opalyn Mok (2 Oct 2024). "Final voyage: Iconic ferry 'Pulau Pinang' to make its journey across Penang Strait tomorrow, set for transformation into museum". Malay Mail. Retrieved 29 Oct 2024.

References

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Citations

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Bibliography

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