Dräger Ray

Dive-surface valve and breathing hoses of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Dive-surface valve of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Top end of Scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Components of Scrubber of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Interior of Scrubber canister of a Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Regulator, bailout DV, CMF dosage and ADV, SPG and hoses from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather
Constant mass flow orifice and automatic diluent valve from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather
Components of a constant mass flow orifice and automatic diluent valve from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather
Internal view of a constant mass flow orifice and automatic diluent valve from a Draeger Ray semi-closed rebreather
Draeger Shark scuba demand valve used as bailout DV on a Draeger Ray semi closed circuit rebreather
Draeger first stage regulator used on a Draeger ray semi closed rebreather
Harness, buoyancy compensator and counterlung assembly of a Draeger Ray SCR back view
Draeger Ray SCR showing scrubber canister installed
Draeger Ray SCR showing DSV connected to counterlungs. The scrubber is flipped up to show the hose routing
Draeger Ray SCR showing scrubber and ADV fitted and secured in place.
Draeger Ray SCR showing scrubber and ADV fitted and with cover in place - back view
Ballast weights for the Draeger Ray scrubber cover pockets
Protective cover for Draeger cylinder valve for Nitrox
Draeger Ray SCR showing scrubber and ADV fitted and with cover in place - side view
Flow meter in box as supplied with Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Flowmeter as supplied with Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Flowmeter as supplied with Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather
Carrying case for Draeger Ray semi closed rebreather

Dräger Dolphin

Passive addition/Demand controlled

Ventilation equivalents vary between individuals but are generally considered to be within the range of 15 to 30 but have been recorded as low as 10 ^[1]

Divers as a group tend to have a lower ventilation equivalent (than average) ^[2]

Independant laboratory tests done on a RB-80 indicate that the oxygen fraction in the breathing loop calculated from the formula FiO2 = FsO2-(1-FsO2)/(K*r*PA) slightly overestimated, and the Nuckols formula slightly underestimated the measured values for a range of depths and breathing rates. The actual values could vary significantly with variations in the ventilation equivalent K.^[3]

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References

^ ^a ^b Morrison, J.B; Reimers, S.D (1982). Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving (3rd ed.). Best Publishing Company. ISBN 0941332020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Florio, J.T; Morrison, J.B; Butt, W.S. (1979). "Breathing patterns and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in divers". Journal of Applied Physiology (46): 1076–1080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Frånberg O, Ericsson M, Larsson A, Lindholm P (2011). "Investigation of a demand-controlled rebreather in connection with a diving accident". Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 38 (1): 61–72. PMID 21384764. Retrieved 2013-05-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Nuckols, ML; Finlayson, WS; Newville, B; Gavin, WA Jr (2001). "Comparison of predicted and measured oxygen levels in a semi-closed underwater breathing apparatus". OCEANS, 2001. 3. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Retrieved 2013-05-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Nuckols, M.L; Clarke, J.R; Marr, W.J. (1999). "Assessment of oxygen levels in alternative designs fof semiclosed underwater breathing apparatus". Life support and Biosphere science. 6: 239–249.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Category:Underwater diving

[Morrison-1] Morrison, J.B; Reimers, S.D (1982). Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving (3rd ed.). Best Publishing Company. ISBN 0941332020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Florio-2] Florio, J.T; Morrison, J.B; Butt, W.S. (1979). "Breathing patterns and ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in divers". Journal of Applied Physiology (46): 1076–1080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid21384764-3] Frånberg O, Ericsson M, Larsson A, Lindholm P (2011). "Investigation of a demand-controlled rebreather in connection with a diving accident". Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 38 (1): 61–72. PMID 21384764. Retrieved 2013-05-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[IEEE2001-4] Nuckols, ML; Finlayson, WS; Newville, B; Gavin, WA Jr (2001). "Comparison of predicted and measured oxygen levels in a semi-closed underwater breathing apparatus". OCEANS, 2001. 3. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Retrieved 2013-05-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Nuckols-5] Nuckols, M.L; Clarke, J.R; Marr, W.J. (1999). "Assessment of oxygen levels in alternative designs fof semiclosed underwater breathing apparatus". Life support and Biosphere science. 6: 239–249.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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v t e Underwater breathing apparatus
Breathing gas	Cascade filling system Diving air compressor Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Helium analyzer Nitrox production membrane method pressure-swing adsorption Oxygen compatibility
Diving cylinders	Burst disc Cylinder valve Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
Diving regulators	Breathing performance of regulators Porpoise regulator Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator
Helmets and masks	Anti-fog Band mask Diving helmet Diving mask Full-face mask Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Reclaim helmet Standard diving helmet
Open-circuit scuba	Alternative air source Aqua-lung Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Pony bottle Scuba set Sidemount Sling cylinder
Rebreathers	Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA CDLSE Cis-Lunar Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin FROGS Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC KISS LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Siva Viper
Surface-supplied	Bailout bottle Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Sea Trek diving system Snuba Standard diving dress
Other related	Diving bell
Category: Underwater breathing apparatus Commons: Category:Underwater breathing apparatus