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Meteorite Classification

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Terminology

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There is no single, standardized terminology used in meteorite classification; however, commonly used terms for categories include types, classes, clans, groups, and subgroups. Some researchers hierarchize these terms, but there is no consensus as to which hierarchy is most appropriate. Meteorites that do not fit any known group (though they may fit somewhere within a higher level of classification) are ungrouped.

Classification schemes

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Meteorites are often divided into three overall categories based on whether they are dominantly composed of rocky material (stony meteorites), metallic material (iron meteorites), or mixtures (stony–iron meteorites).

These categories have been in use since at least the early 19th century but do not have much genetic significance; they are simply a traditional and convenient way of grouping specimens.

In fact, the term "stony iron" is a misnomer as currently used. One group of chondrites (CB) has over 50% metal by volume and contains meteorites that were called stony irons until their affinities with chondrites were recognized. Some iron meteorites also contain many silicate inclusions but are rarely described as stony irons.

Nevertheless, these three categories sit at the top of the most widely used meteorite classification system.

Stony meteorites are then traditionally divided into two other categories: chondrites (groups of meteorites that have undergone little change since their parent bodies originally formed and are characterized by the presence of chondrules), and achondrites (groups of meteorites that have a complex origin involving asteroidal or planetary differentiation).

The iron meteorites were traditionally divided into objects with similar internal structures (octahedrites, hexahedrites, and ataxites), but these terms are now used for purely descriptive purposes and have given way to modern chemical groups.

Stony–iron meteorites have always been divided into pallasites (which are now known to comprise several distinct groups) and mesosiderites (a textural term that is also synonymous with the name of a modern group).

Below is a representation of how the meteorite groups fit into the more traditional classification hierarchy:{[1] }

Stony meteorites
  • Chondrites
    • Carbonaceous chondrite class
      • CI chondrites (Ivuna-like) group
      • CM-CO chondrite (mini-chondrule) clan
        • CM chondrite (Mighei-like) group
        • CO chondrite (Ornans-like) group
      • CV-CK chondrite clan
        • CV chondrite (Vigarano-like) group
          • CV-oxA chondrite (oxidized, Allende-like) subgroup
          • CV-oxB chondrite (oxidized, Bali-like) subgroup
          • CV-red chondrite (reduced) subgroup
        • CK chondrite (Karoonda-like) group
      • CR chondrite clan
        • CR chondrite (Renazzo-like) group
        • CH chondrite (Allan Hills 85085-like) group
        • CB chondrite (Bencubbin-like) group
          • CBa chondrite subgroup
          • CBb chondrite subgroup
    • Ordinary chondrite class
    • Enstatite chondrite class
      • EH chondrite group
      • EL chondrite group
    • Other chondrite groups, not in one of the major classes
      • R chondrite (Rumuruti-like) group
      • K chondrite (Kakangari-like) grouplet (a grouplet is a provisional group with <5 members)
  • Achondrites
Stony-iron meteorites
  • Pallasites
    • Main group pallasites
    • Eagle station pallasite grouplet
    • Pyroxene pallasite grouplet
  • Mesosiderite group
Iron meteorites
  • Magmatic iron meteorite groups
    • IC iron meteorite group
    • IIAB iron meteorite group
    • IIC iron meteorite group
    • IID iron meteorite group
    • IIF iron meteorite group
    • IIG iron meteorite group
    • IIIAB iron meteorite group
    • IIIE iron meteorite group
    • IIIF iron meteorite group
    • IVA iron meteorite group
    • IVB iron meteorite group
  • "Non-magmatic" or primitive iron meteorite groups
    • IAB iron meteorite "complex" or clan (formerly groups IAB and IIICD)[2]
      • IAB main group
      • Udei Station grouplet
      • Pitts grouplet
      • sLL (low Au, Low Ni) subgroup
      • sLM (low Au, Medium Ni) subgroup
      • sLH (low Au, high Ni) subgroup
      • sHL (high Au, Low Ni) subgroup
      • sHH (high Au, high Ni) subgroup
    • IIE iron meteorite group

Rubin classification

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A. E. Rubin (2000) classification scheme:

Other schemes

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Two alternative general classification schemes were recently published, illustrating the lack of consensus on how to classify meteorites beyond the level of groups.

In the Krot et al. scheme (2003)[4] the following hierarchy is used:

Meteorite classification after Weisberg, McCoy and Krot 2006.[1]

In 2006, Michael K. Weisberg, Timothy J. McCoy, and Alexander N. Krot arranged meteorites as chondrites, achondrites, and primitive achondrites. In this scheme, groups of irons and stony–irons are re-categorized as either achondrites or primitive achondrites.[5]

History

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Modern meteorite classification was worked out in the 1860s,[1] based on Gustav Rose's and Nevil Story Maskelyne's classifications. Gustav Rose worked on the meteorite collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin and Maskelyne on the collection of the British Museum, London.[6][7] Rose was the first to make different categories for meteorites with chondrules (chondrites) and without (nonchondrites). Story-Maskelyne differentiated between siderites, siderolites and aerolites (now called iron meteorites, stony-iron meteorites and stony meteorite, respectively).[1]

In 1872 Gustav Tschermak published his first meteorite classification based on Gustav Rose's catalog from 1864:

In 1883 Tschermak modified Rose's classification again.[10]

Further modifications were made by Aristides Brezina.[1]

The first chemical classification was published by Oliver C. Farrington, 1907.[11]

George Thurland Prior further improved the classification based on mineralogical and chemical data,[12][13] introducing the terms mesosiderite, lodranite and enstatite chondrite.[14] In 1923 he published a catalogue of the meteorites in the Natural History Museum (London). He describes his classification as based on Gustav Tschermak and Aristides Brezina with modifications by himself. His main subdivisions were:

  1. Meteoric Irons or Siderites
  2. Meteoric Stony-irons or Siderolites
  3. Meteoric Stones or Aerolites.

He subdivides the "Meteoric Stones" into those that have chondrules (Chondritic Meteoric Stones or Chondrites) and those that don't (Non-chondritic Meteoric Stones or Achondrites). The iron meteorites are subdivided according to their structures as ataxites, hexahedrites and octahedrites.[15] A complete overview of his classification is given in the box below:

Brian Harold Mason published a further revision in the 1960s.[16]

Los Alamos

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History

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Evidence of human activity in the area that is now known as Los Alamos dates to as early as the 10th century CE.

Los Alamos is built on the Pajarito Plateau between White Rock Canyon and the Valles Caldera. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought. Both the Keres and Tewa towns can be seen today in the ruins of Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi.

EARLIEST KNOWN SETTLERS/THEORIES 1200 to 1500 AD Los Alamos is built on the Pajarito Plateau between White Rock Canyon and the Valles Caldera. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought. Both the Keres and Tewa towns can be seen today in the ruins of Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi. 

1500 to 1900 AD

SPANISH EXPLORATION/ PUEBLO REVOLT LAND GRANTS RAILROAD EARLY INDUSTRY HOMESTEADING

The land of the plateau was then divided up for homesteading. Most residents of the plateau built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock, with the homesteaders moving down to the warmer Rio Grande Valley.

1918-1943 AD

Homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Detroit businessman Ashley Pond II in 1917 which began the Los Alamos Ranch School, named after the aspen trees that blossomed in the spring.

WWII MANHATTAN PROJECT

The Main Gate to Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project.

In 1942, during World War II, the Department of War began looking for a remote location for the Manhattan Project. The school was closed when the government used its power of eminent domain to take over the Ranch School and all the remaining homestead that same year. The Ranch School was paid $225 per acre; the homesteaders were paid between $7 and $15 per acre. All information about the town was highly classified until the bombing of Hiroshima.

All incoming truckloads were labeled as common items to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials. At the time, it was referred to as "The Hill" by many in Santa Fe, and as "Site Y" by military personnel. The mailing address for all of Los Alamos was PO Box 1663, Santa Fe, NM. After the Manhattan Project was completed, White Rock was abandoned until 1963 when people began to re-inhabit and rebuild new homes and buildings.

Los Alamos National Laboratory was established as a research government facility under the Department of Energy.

COUNTYIFICATION/ PERMANENCE

CITY OPENS 1957

On November 10, 2015, the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Energy announced the establishment of Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Los Alamos, along with units in Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Roads Work

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NM 501

NM 502

NM 4

US 84 / US 285

I-25

Media

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List of highest cities in the United States

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This list of the highest cities in the United States includes only cities with a population greater than 2,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 6,700 feet (2,042 m). For other settlements, see List of highest cities in the world or List of highest towns by country.

Median elevation City, or town State Population (people) Estimated Year
10,152 feet (3,094 m) Leadville  Colorado 2,595
9,602 feet (2,927 m) Breckenridge  Colorado 4,749
9,165 feet (2,793 m) Divide  Colorado 18,488
9,100 feet (2,774 m) Snowmass Villiage  Colorado 2,898
9,042 feet (2,756 m) Frisco  Colorado 2,914
8,792 feet (2,680 m) Telluride  Colorado 2,369
8,751 feet (2,667 m) Silverthorne, Colorado  Colorado 4,271
8,496 feet (2,590 m) Central Jefferson  Colorado 24,039
8,437 feet (2,572 m) Grand Valley  Colorado 6,111
8,437 feet (2,572 m) Woodland Park  Colorado 7,194
8,380 feet (2,554 m) Vail  Colorado 5,328
8,260 feet (2,518 m) St. Charles Mesa  Colorado 9,675
9,508 feet (2,898 m) Ipiales  Colombia 123,341 2010[17]
9,350 feet (2,850 m) Quito  Ecuador 2,239,191 2010
9,252 feet (2,820 m) Tunja  Colombia 171,082 2010[18]
9,216 feet (2,809 m) Golmud  China 205,700 2011
9,153 feet (2,790 m) Sucre  Bolivia 300,000 2007
9,068 feet (2,764 m) Riobamba  Ecuador 161,788 2010
9,009 feet (2,746 m) Ayacucho  Peru 151,019 2011
8,923 feet (2,720 m) Cajamarca  Peru 283,767 2011
8,921 feet (2,719 m) Sacaba  Bolivia 127,700 2006
8,736 feet (2,663 m) Toluca de Lerdo  Mexico 819,561 2010[19]
8,700 feet (2,652 m) Zipaquirá  Colombia 112,069 2010[20]
8,596 feet (2,620 m) Bogotá  Colombia 7,363,782 2005[21]
8,563 feet (2,610 m) Metepec  Mexico 206,005 2005
8,530 feet (2,600 m) Chía  Colombia 111,998 2010[22]
8,484 feet (2,586 m) Facatativá  Colombia 119,849 2005[23]
8,432 feet (2,570 m) Cochabamba  Bolivia 618,376 2010
8,428 feet (2,569 m) Sogamoso  Colombia 115,564 2010[24]
8,415 feet (2,565 m) Soacha  Colombia 455,992 2010[25]
8,400 feet (2,560 m) Kangding  China 100,000 2011
8,366 feet (2,550 m) Cuenca  Ecuador 331,888 2010[26]
8,300 feet (2,530 m) Duitama  Colombia 110,418 2010[27]
8,290 feet (2,527 m) San Juan de Pasto  Colombia 411,706 2010[28]
8,203 feet (2,500 m) Addis Ababa  Ethiopia 2,738,248 2005
8,203 feet (2,500 m) Ambato  Ecuador 178,538 2010[26]
8,202 feet (2,500 m) Lerma  Mexico 105,578 2010
8,189 feet (2,496 m) Zacatecas  Mexico 138,176 2010
8,186 feet (2,495 m) Totonicapán  Guatemala 134,373 2012
8,103 feet (2,470 m) Dessie  Ethiopia 169,104 2005
7,874 feet (2,400 m) Pachuca de Soto  Mexico 267,862 2010
7,874 feet (2,400 m) Chimalhuacán  Mexico 525,389 2010

Environmental effects of LanL

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Environmental remediation

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Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout the county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process.[29]

Watershed: https://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/county.cfm?fips_code=35028

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INY7eBQL8fI&feature=share

Government

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Taxes

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The net taxable value of property is one-third of the assessed value of the property minus exemptions.

Example Property Tax Calculation
1. Assess the property value
Property Value: $90,000
2. Calculate one-third of property value
Taxable Value: $30,000
3. Subtract exemptions
–Head of Family: - $2,000
–Veterans: - $4,000
Net Taxable Value: $24,000
4. Multiply by applicable tax rate
Tax rate = 0.024374
Tax Bill: $584.79

New Lead

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States]] that is recognized as the birthplace of the first atomic bomb––the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory, during World War II. The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau, and has a population of 12,019. It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places (CDPs); the other is White Rock.

Wildfire Table

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Wildfires have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the Cerro Grande Fire of May 2000, which caused an estimated $1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The town was evacuated for eight days. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Other effects include damage to LANL facilities (nuclear material was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion.

Wildfire (year) Burned area Cause
Water Canyon Fire (1954) 3,000 acres (10 km2)[30] trash/construction debris fire[30]
La Mesa Fire (1977) 15,400 acres (60 km2)[30] human-caused[30]
Dome Fire (1996) 16,500 acres (65 km2) abandoned campfire[31]
Oso Complex Fire (1998) 5,200 acres (20 km2) arson
Cerro Grande Fire (2000) 48,000 acres (195 km2)[32] controlled burn
Las Conchas Fire (2011) 156,000 acres (630 km2)[33] Power line[34]

Wildfires have altered plant communities in the area. Plant species are migrating to cover burn areas.

Wildlife and Vegetation

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Los Alamos' geographical location causes its wildlife and vegetation to be diverse compared to surrounding areas in the state. "The variation in elevation creates precipitation and temperature gradients that support a wide diversity of plant communities..." There are six different plant communities within the county; each is home to unique flora and fauna.[35] Ponderosa pine trees are the most common trees at the elevation of Los Alamos (7,000 and 8,000 feet (2,100 and 2,400 m)). Common shrubs in the area include sagebrush, Gambrel's oak, and wild rose.[35]

Black bears (brown-color variation), elks, bobcats, and gray foxes are examples of mammals living in the area.[36] "Over 200 species of birds have been reported" in the Pajarito Ornithological Survey conducted by LANL. [37] Among these are broad-tailed hummingbirds, hairy woodpeckers, zone-tailed hawks, common ravens, western bluebirds, and great horned owls.[37]

Demographics Work

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The current population is 12,019 with a population density of 1,078.7 inhabitants per square mile (416.5/km2). The median age is 40 years.[citation needed] 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older.[citation needed] For every 100 females there were 101.3 males.[citation needed]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
197011,310—    
198011,039−2.4%
199011,455+3.8%
200011,909+4.0%
201012,019+0.9%
201511,814−1.7%

Race

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Racial composition 2010[38]
White 85.9%
—Non-Hispanic 74.8%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 14.26%
Asian 7.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.8%
Black or African American 0.6%

Los Alamos is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties (Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, and Sandoval) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 15% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.

Income and Poverty

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The median household income in Los Alamos is $98,458, and per capita income is $54,067. Income is significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico. The poverty rate is low. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.[citation needed]

Families and Housing

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There are 5,249 households and an average household size of 2.23 people. There are 5,863 housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units is $281,500. Median gross rent is $921.

31.4% of households have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.[citation needed]

Education

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Mesa Library

LifePoint Facilities

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Alabama

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  • Andalusia Health, Andalusia Alabama

Sandbox US Cities

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U.S. Cities

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from Roanoke.
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S

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{{User:SpanishCastleMagic/userboxes/satx}}
This user lives in or hails
from San Antonio.
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{{Template:User Sacramento2}}
This user lives or hails
from Sacramento.
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{{Template:User Sacramento}}
This user lives in, Sacramento.
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{{User:Mangoman88/Userboxes/Salt Lake City}}
This user lives in or hails from
Salt Lake City
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{{User:Tenticle/Userboxes/SanAntonio}}
This user lives in San Antonio.
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This user lives in or hails from San Diego.
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{{Template:User San Francisco}}
This user hails from San Francisco.
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{{User:JB82/Userboxes/User Saratoga Springs NY}}
TOGAThis user hails from or lives in Saratoga Springs.
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{{Template:User Seattle}}
This user lives in Seattle.
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{{Template:User Seattle Metro}}
This user lives in or hails from Seattle and the Seattle Metropolitan area.
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{{User:SounderBruce/Userbox/Seattle}}
This user is a proud Seattleite.
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{{User:Patricknoddy/Userboxes/Sevierville}}
This user lives in Sevierville.
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This user lives in St. Petersburg, but not the one in Russia.
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{{Template:User SyracuseNY}}
Clinton SquareThis user is from, lives in, or has lived in the Syracuse metropolitan area.
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T

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{{Template:User Tampa}}
This user lives in or hails from
Tampa.
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{{User:Zeng8r/template:tampa}}
This user has deep roots in Tampa and is a student of its history.
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{{User:Patricknoddy/Userboxes/Taunton}}
This user lives in or hails
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{{User:UBX/User Toledo}}
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{{User:ICarly0246/Userboxes/Tucson}}
This user lives in Tucson
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U

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{{User:Buffaboy/UBX/Utica}}
border=#6b976aThis user proudly lives in or hails from Utica
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V

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{{User:Patricknoddy/Userboxes/User lives in Valdosta, Georgia}}
This user lives in or hails
from Valdosta.
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W

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{{User:SyedNaqvi90/Userboxes/User lives in Wichita, Kansas}}
This user lives in Wichita.
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{{User:Patricknoddy/Userboxes/Wenatchee}}
This user lives in or hails from Wenatchee.
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{{User:UBX/Wilkes-Barre}}
This user hails from or lives in Wilkes-Barre.
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Y

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{{User:UBX/York Pennsylvania}}
This user lives in or hails from York.
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Userboxes

[edit]
This user lives in
Los Alamos,
where discoveries are made
This user was born in
Los Alamos,
where discoveries are made
This user's hometown is
Los Alamos,
where discoveries are made
[edit]

Weather Box

[edit]
Climate data for Los Alamos, New Mexico (1942-2006)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18) 		69
(21) 		73
(23) 		80
(27) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		94
(34) 		91
(33) 		90
(32) 		84
(29) 		72
(22) 		64
(18) 		95
(35)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 40
(4) 		43
(6) 		50
(10) 		59
(15) 		68
(20) 		78
(26) 		81
(27) 		78
(26) 		73
(23) 		62
(17) 		49
(9) 		41
(5) 		60
(16)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29
(−2) 		33
(1) 		38
(3) 		46
(8) 		56
(13) 		65
(18) 		68
(20) 		66
(19) 		60
(16) 		50
(10) 		38
(3) 		30
(−1) 		48
(9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19
(−7) 		22
(−6) 		27
(−3) 		34
(1) 		43
(6) 		52
(11) 		56
(13) 		54
(12) 		48
(9) 		38
(3) 		27
(−3) 		20
(−7) 		37
(3)
Record low °F (°C) −18
(−28) 		−17
(−27) 		−3
(−19) 		8
(−13) 		24
(−4) 		32
(0) 		40
(4) 		31
(−1) 		25
(−4) 		6
(−14) 		−14
(−26) 		−13
(−25) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.9
(23) 		0.8
(20) 		1.1
(28) 		1.0
(25) 		1.2
(30) 		1.3
(33) 		3.0
(76) 		3.7
(94) 		1.8
(46) 		1.5
(38) 		0.9
(23) 		0.9
(23) 		18.1
(460)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.0
(30) 		9.3
(24) 		10
(25) 		4.5
(11) 		0.6
(1.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.0
(5.1) 		5.0
(13) 		10.6
(27) 		54.0
(137)
Average precipitation days 5 6 7 6 7 7 13 15 8 6 5 5 90
Source 1: Western Regional Climate Center - Temperature [39]
Source 2: Western Regional Climate Center - Precipitation [40]
  1. ^ a b c d e Michael K. Weisberg; Timothy J. McCoy; Alexander N. Krot (2006). "Systematics and Evaluation of Meteorite Classification" (PDF). In Lauretta, Dante S.; McSween, Jr., Harold Y. (eds.). Meteorites and the early solar system II. Foreword by Richard P. Binzel. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 19–52. ISBN 978-0816525621. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  2. ^ Wasson, J. T.; Kallemeyn, G. W. (July 2002). "The IAB iron-meteorite complex: A group, five subgroups, numerous grouplets, closely related, mainly formed by crystal segregation in rapidly cooling melts". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 66 (13): 2445–2473. Bibcode:2002GeCoA..66.2445W. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00848-7. hdl:2060/20020080608.
  3. ^ Norton, O. Richard (2002). The Cambridge encyclopedia of meteorites (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-62143-7.
  4. ^ Krot, A.N.; Keil, K.; Scott, E.R.D.; Goodrich, C.A.; Weisberg, M.K. (2003). "Classification of meteorites". In Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.). Treatise on Geochemistry. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 83–128. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/01062-8. ISBN 978-0-08-043751-4.
  5. ^ Weisberg et al. (2006) Systematics and Evaluation of Meteorite Classification. In, Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, 19-52 (D.S. Lauretta and H.Y. McSween, Eds.), Univ. Arizona press
  6. ^ Rose, Gustav (1864). Beschreibung und Eintheilung der Meteoriten auf Grund der Sammlung im mineralogischen Museum zu Berlin (in German). Berlin: Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: in Commission bei F. Dümmler's Verlags-Buchhandlung Harrwitz und Gossmann. p. 161.
  7. ^ Maskelyne, Nevil Story (c. 1863). Catalogue of the Collection of Meteorites exhibited in the Mineral Department of the British Museum. London: Woodfall & Kinder.
  8. ^ Arestides, Brezina (1885). Die Meteoritensammlung des k. k. mineralogischen Hofkabinetes in Wien am 1. Mai 1885.
  9. ^ Mason, Brian (1963-09-24). "The Hypersthene Achondrites" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2155): 1–13. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  10. ^ Tschermak, Gustav (1883). "Die Mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten erläutert durch photographische Abbildungen". Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics. 4. Stuttgart: E. Koch: 137. Bibcode:1964SCoA....4..137T.
  11. ^ Farrington, Oliver Cummings (1907). "Analysis of iron meteorites, compiled and classified". Geologic Series. 3: 59–110. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  12. ^ Prior, George Thurland (1916). "On the genetic relationship and classification of meteorites". Mineralogical Magazine. 18 (83): 26–44. Bibcode:1916MinM...18...26P. doi:10.1180/minmag.1916.018.83.04.
  13. ^ Prior, George Thurland (1920). "The classification of meteorites". Mineralogical Magazine. 19 (90): 51–63. Bibcode:1920MinM...19...51P. doi:10.1180/minmag.1920.019.90.01.
  14. ^ Mason, Brian (1966). "The enstatite chondrites" (PDF). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 30 (1): 23–39. Bibcode:1966GeCoA..30...23M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(66)90089-5. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  15. ^ a b Prior, George Thurland (1923). Catalogue of meteorites : with special reference to those represented in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum. p. 196.
  16. ^ Mason, Brian Harold (1967). "Meteorites". American Scientist. 55 (4): 429–455. JSTOR 27837038.
  17. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Ipiales, Nariño" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  18. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Tunja, Boyacá" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  19. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  20. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  21. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Bogotá, Bogotá" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Chía, Cundinamarca" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Facatativá, Cundinamarca" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  24. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Sogamoso, Boyacá" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  25. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Soacha, Cundinamarca" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  26. ^ a b "Resultados Nacionales Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  27. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Duitama, Boyacá" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  28. ^ "Censo General 2005 – Pasto, Nariño" (PDF) (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  29. ^ "Environmental Stewardship". LANL.gov. Los Alamos National Security for US Department of Energy. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d "Fuels Inventories in the Los Alamos National Laboratory". Los Alamos National Laboratory. March 1999. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  31. ^ Associated Press (April 29, 1996). "N.M. fire threatens Indian sites". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved January 10, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ "Lessons Learned From the Cerro Grande (Los Alamos) Fire" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office Testimony. US Government Accountability Office. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
  33. ^ "Las Conchas Wildfire". Incident Information System. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  34. ^ "Investigators determine cause of Las Conchas Fire". New Mexico Fire Information. July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  35. ^ a b Foxx, Teralene; Craig, Martin; Dorothy, Noonan (2016). Plants of the Jemez Mountains, Volume 1. Los Alamos, NM: All Seasons Publishing. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-963-90407-2.
  36. ^ Findley, James S.; Arthur H., Harris; Don E., Wilson; Clyde, Jones (1975). Mammals of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 289, 293, 319, 327. ISBN 0-8263-0369-2.
  37. ^ a b Travis, James R. (October 1992). Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Los alamos County, New Mexico. Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory. pp. 2–3, 14, 51, 71, 87, 101, 145, 177.
  38. ^ "Los Alamos CDP, New Mexico". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
  39. ^ "Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature". WRCC. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
  40. ^ "Period of Record General Climate Summary - Precipitation". WRCC. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
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