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Council of Indigenous Peoples
原住民族委員會
Yuánzhù Mínzú Wěiyuánhuì
Agency overview
Formed1 December 1996 (as Council of Aboriginal Affairs)
25 March 2002 (as Council of Indigenous Peoples)
Jurisdiction Republic of China
HeadquartersTaipei City
Ministers responsible
Parent agencyExecutive Yuan
Websitewww.apc.gov.tw (in English)

The Council of Indigenous Peoples (CIP; Chinese: 原住民族委員會; pinyin: Yuánzhù Mínzú Wěiyuánhuì), formerly known as the Council of Aboriginal Affairs, is a ministry-level body under the Executive Yuan in the Republic of China. It was established to provide a central point of government supervision for indigenous affairs, as well as a central interface for the Taiwan's indigenous community to interact with the government:

Among its most visible responsibilities are the power it has to grant recognized status to indigenous tribes of Taiwan. The tribes must apply with a petition and various pieces of evidence of their legitimacy. Besides officially recognizing tribes, the Council has promoted the use and revitalization of Taiwan's aboriginal languages, supported legislation that would grant autonomous land to indigenous peoples, strengthened relations between Taiwan's indigenous groups and those in other countries, and raised awareness of aboriginal cultures.

The Council has been criticized by both indigenous and non-indigenous individuals and groups. These criticisms tend to accuse the Council of ineffectiveness, and of discriminating against plains aborigines.

History

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The council was originally established on 1 December 1996 as the Council of Aboriginal Affairs. On 1 July 1999, the Aboriginal Affairs Commission of the Taiwan Provincial Government was incorporated into the council. The council also took over the management of the Indigenous Peoples Cultural Park from the commission. On 4 January 2002, the Legislative Yuan approved the amendments to the council and on 25 March in the same year, the council was renamed to Council of Indigenous Peoples.[7]

Leadership

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As with all cabinet-level bodies under the Executive Yuan, the Council of Indigenous Peoples is headed by a minister who is recommended by the Premier of the Republic of China and appointed by the President of the Republic of China.[8]

The first chairman of the Council of Aboriginal Affairs was Hua Chia-chi of the Paiwan tribe. He was succeeded in 2000 by Yohani Isqaqavut, a member of the Bunun tribe, as well as a long-time aboriginal rights activist, chief of general affairs at the Yushan College of Theology, and Presbyterian missionary.[9] Yohani stepped down in 2002. His successor, Chen Chen-nien, a Puyuma, had been Taitung County commissioner from 1993 to 2001, a position in which he became known for his dedication to improving the lives of aborigines.[10]

On February 4, 2005, Chen was indicted for electoral fraud. He was accused of buying votes for his daughter, Chen Ying, in the most recent legislative election. Chen denied the accusations, but he nevertheless resigned from his position as chairman. He was replaced by Walis Pelin of the Seediq tribe.[11][12][13] In 2007, the Amis Icyang Parod became chairman[14], and he was succeeded by Chang Jen-hsiang, also Amis, the next year.[15] Chang was criticized by both aboriginal people and legislators of all ethnicities. Aboriginal protesters outside the Council building demanded Chang resign, saying that she had disregarded the land and hunting rights of indigenous peoples. Protesters claimed Chang allowed the Atomic Energy Council to dump nuclear waste near aboriginal villages, and that the government would not let the Puyuma tribe participate in its traditional annual hunt without permission from the Forestry Bureau. Kao Chin Su-mei, an Atayal Legislator, criticized Chang at the same time.[16] Chang was later criticized by several other lawmakers, who questioned her effectiveness in her position, as well as her commitment to securing autonomy for indigenous peoples.[17]

Sun Ta-chuan, an academic and member of the Puyuma, became the chairman in 2009.[18] He was succeeded in 2013 by Lin Chiang-yi, formerly the deputy minister of the Council, from the Amis tribe.[19]

Tribal recognition

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Before the establishment of what was then called the Council of Aboriginal Affairs, there were nine aborigine tribes recognized by the government of Taiwan. These tribes had been classified by Japanese colonial authorities, and the designations had been kept in independent Taiwan. The Thao became the first new tribe recognized in 2001.[20] The next year, the Council of Indigenous Peoples approved the Kavalan in becoming the eleventh recognized tribe, as well as the first plains aborigine tribe.[21] The next tribe to be recognized, in 2004, was the Truku, who had been classified as Atayal. This recognition was controversial, however; some Seediq, also classified as Atayal, did not consider the Truku to be distinct from them, and claimed that giving Truku independent tribal status was a political move.[22] In 2007, the Sakizaya, who had been classified as Amis, gained recognition.[23] The fourteenth recognized tribe was the Seediq, who were officially split from the Atayal in 2008.[24] The most recent additions were in 2014, when both the Hla'alua and the Kanakanavu were recognized.[25]

Pingpu

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Among the Pingpu, or plains aborigine, tribes, only the Kalavan have been officially recognized by the government of Taiwan. Unlike the "mountain" or "highland" aborigines, Pingpu were largely assimilated into Han society, and they typically lost any official recognition as indigenous after the Kuomintang came to power. Efforts to gain recognition for Pingpu tribes from the Council of Indigenous Peoples have been largely ineffective. Pingpu activists have called on the Council several times, but every time the Council has a reason not to grant them recognition. In 2009, calls for recognition were denied on the ground that law only granted aboriginal status to those whose parents were registered as aboriginal.[26] The Council later said that plains aborigines should have registered in the 1950s and 1960s and said compared modern Pingpu seeking recognition to "the homeless beggar who kicked out the temple administrator," a Taiwanese analogy used to describe someone who attempts to displace something rightful owner.[27] The Council apologized for making the analogy, but activists refused to accept the apology.[28] In 2010, after more dissatisfaction with the Council, Pingpu activist Lin Sheng-yi called on the government to create a new ministry specifically for Pingpu affairs.[29]

Struggles for autonomy

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Historically, one of the main goals of the Council of Indigenous Peoples has been securing autonomy for aborigines. When Yohani Isqaqavut was chairman, he worked towards securing land rights for Taiwan's indigenous people, saying "During my term, I will endeavor to see that Aboriginal land rights are respected."[30] Despite autonomy being one of the most notable issues among aborigines, many activists feel that the government of Taiwan has not made adequate progress. In 2010, ten years after the completion of the first draft bill on aboriginal autonomy, it still had not passed. Sun Ta-chuan, Minister of the Council of Indigenous Peoples, said that a bill would be passed within two years.[31]

Other actions

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The Council of Indigenous Peoples has supported efforts to protect and revitalize the languages spoken by Taiwanese aborigines. In 2001, the Council commissioned the first proficiency tests for aboriginal languages in Taiwan.[32] In 2005, the Council created a romanization of all aboriginal languages.[33] The annual exam later began to wane in popularity; in 2009, the proficiency test for the Thao, Saaroa, and Tona Rukai languages had no participants, and the passing rate of test-takers dropped five percent from the previous year.[34] In 2013, the Council published an online dictionary of seven aboriginal languages: Bunun, Saisiyat, Tsou, Truku, Thao, Kanakanavu, and Tao. The Council consulted with tribal elders, speakers of the languages, and linguists to create the dictionary.[35] The Council has recruited speakers of indigenous languages to study the rates of comprehension and use of those languages.[36]

The Council of Indigenous Peoples has promoted international solidarity among indigenous peoples. The Council sponsored a group of Taiwanese aborigines' trip to the 18th session of the UN-sponsored Working Group on Indigenous Populations in 2000.[37] Besides political actions, the Council has supported trade, economic cooperation, and cultural exchange with Canada's aboriginal peoples and New Zealand's Maori people.[38][39][40]

After the enactment of a 2000 law which required the Taiwanese government to either allocate time slots on public television to aboriginal culture and education or to create a channel solely devoted to aboriginal issues, the Council began to push for a channel to be made. In 2005, the channel was finally created, becoming the first such channel in Asia.[41] Aboriginal producers criticized the channel, arguing that most of the programs were not produced by aborigines.[42]

The Council produced an anthology of indigenous literature, including poetry, prose, and short stories, and a history of Taiwanese indigenous literature since 1951, and promoted this anthology alongside other indigenous documents, such as historical documents and oral histories.[43]

Criticism

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The Council has come under fire for ineffectiveness. In 2002, the Executive Yuan reported that the Council created job service stations in areas with low concentrations of aborigines, and that the stations were not effective in lowering unemployment.[44] In 2008, aboriginal legislators criticized the Council for delaying legislative proposals.[45]

In 2010, Jason Pan, director of the Taiwan Association for Rights Advancements for Pingpu Plains Aborigines, wrote a letter to the United Nations on behalf of Pingpu rights groups, in which he asked the UN to investigate the refusal of the Taiwanese government, and specifically the Council of Indigenous Peoples, to recognize Pingpu as aboriginal.[46]

Young aborigines criticized the Council for a lack of transparency regarding a cross-strait service pact.[47]

Organizational structures

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  • Department of Planning
  • Department of Education and Culture
  • Department of Health and Welfare
  • Department of Economic and Public Construction
  • Department of Land Management
  • Bureau of Culture Park

References

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  1. ^ "原住民族委員會全球資訊網 KAO,YANG-SHENG" (in Chinese). Apc.gov.tw. 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  2. ^ a b "Executive Yuan appoints new deputies for four agencies(Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan)-Press Releases)". Ey.gov.tw. 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  3. ^ "原住民族委員會全球資訊網 Chen Cheng-Jia" (in Chinese). Apc.gov.tw. 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  4. ^ "New deputy ministers of defense, education, indigenous affairs named(行政院全球資訊網 - PDA(英文版)-Press Releases)". Ey.gov.tw. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  5. ^ "Representative to Indonesia named to MND deputy post". Taipei Times. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  6. ^ "原住民族委員會全球資訊網 Calivat‧Gadu" (in Chinese). Apc.gov.tw. 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  7. ^ http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=D6CE6A4C9BFECEEA&DID=D6CE6A4C9BFECEEA
  8. ^ "Structure and Functions". Executive Yuan. 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  9. ^ "Yahani Isagagafat 尤哈尼-尹斯卡卡夫特". Taipei Times. 2000-04-22. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  10. ^ Huang, Sandy (2002-01-24). "Newsmakers: Aboriginal crusader Chen to enter Cabinet". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  11. ^ Chang, Rich (2005-02-25). "Aboriginal leader, 27 others indicted for electoral fraud". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  12. ^ Chuang, Jimmy (2005-02-27). "Hsieh accepts official's resignation". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  13. ^ Chuang, Jimmy (2005-03-03). "Walis Pelin chosen to lead Council of Indigenous Peoples". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  14. ^ Loa, Iok-sin; Shih, Hsiu-chuan (2007-05-18). "Premier-designate issues second list in Cabinet reshuffle". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  15. ^ Wang, Flora; Ko, Shu-ling; Chang, Rich; Huang, Joyce (2008-04-22). "Liu announces 17 Cabinet nominees". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  16. ^ Hsu, Jenny W. (2009-01-07). "Aboriginal protesters call for minister's resignation". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  17. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2009-03-27). "Lawmakers grill CIP minister over lack of performance". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  18. ^ Mo, Yan-chih; Wang, Flora (2009-09-10). "Wu Den-yih announces Cabinet line-up". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  19. ^ "ROC government unveils key personnel changes". Taiwan Today. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  20. ^ "Thao becomes 10th indigenous tribe". Taipei Times. 2001-09-23. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  21. ^ "Chen pledges to help Kavalan tribe". Taipei Times. 2002-08-10. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  22. ^ Ko, Shu-ling (2004-01-15). "Truku delighted at official recognition". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  23. ^ "Sakizaya ratified as thirteenth indigenous tribe". China Post. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  24. ^ Shih, Hsiu-chuan; Loa, Iok-sin (2008-04-24). "Sediq recognized as 14th tribe". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  25. ^ "Gov't officially recognizes two more aboriginal tribes". China Post. 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  26. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2009-02-24). "Plains Aborigines seeking renewed indigenous status". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  27. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2009-06-25). "CIP rejects Pingpu status claim". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  28. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2009-07-03). "Pingpu reject CIP's 'beggar' apology". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  29. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2010-08-07). "Pingpu activist calls for new, separate ministry". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  30. ^ Liu, Shao-hua (2000-08-03). "Aborigines ask for council's help in getting back lands". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  31. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2010-04-30). "Aborigines lose patience over bill". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  32. ^ "Council holds first tests for Aboriginal languages". Taipei Times. 2001-01-31. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  33. ^ "Aboriginal Language Classes Open to Public". Gáldu. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  34. ^ "Aboriginal languages threatened as fewer test: CIP". Taipei Times. 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  35. ^ Hsieh, Wen-hua; Pan, Jason (2013-08-15). "Aboriginal language dictionary to be put online next month". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  36. ^ "Council of Indigenous Peoples recruits tribal language experts". China Post. 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
  37. ^ Liu, Shao-hua (2000-08-05). "Aborigines report on `sneaking' into UN conference". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  38. ^ Yu, Sen-lun (2000-01-27). "Aboriginal trade may cross the oceans". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  39. ^ Hong, Caroline (2004-05-09). "Indigenous groups plan exchanges". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  40. ^ "Hualien hosts Canadians at Aboriginal conference". Taipei Times. 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  41. ^ Mo, Yan-chih (2005-07-02). "New Aboriginal station on the air". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  42. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2007-09-15). "Aboriginal staff slam TITV, demand to be given priority". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  43. ^ "English anthology of Taiwan indigenous literature to be launched at Taipei book fair". Want China Times. 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
  44. ^ Lin, Miao-jung (2002-12-18). "Council blamed for high jobless rate among Aborigines". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  45. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2008-09-23). "Indigenous peoples council attacked for lack of proposals". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  46. ^ Loa, Iok-sin (2010-05-06). "Pingpu activists ask UN assistance in Aboriginal claim". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
  47. ^ Hsiao, Alison (2014-03-29). "TRADE PACT SIEGE: Young Aborigines demand apology from council". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
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