Jump to content

User:Leo1pard/sandbox/List of domesticated animals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of domesticated animals

This page gives a list of domestic animals,[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and/or morphological changes from their wild ancestors; while others have been changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, however, there isn't always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, i.e., there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Archaeozoology has identified three classes of animal domesticates: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, guinea pigs); (2) prey animals sought for food (e.g., cows, sheep, pig, goats); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, camel, donkey).[2]

To sort the tables chronologically by date of domestication, refresh your browser window, as clicking the Date column heading will mix AD and BC dates.

Domestic animals

[edit]
Species and subspecies Wild ancestor Date Location of origin Purpose Image Degree and type of domestication Extent in wild vs captivity Taxon group
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Extinct Pleistocene population of Gray wolf (Canis lupus)[3] 13000 BCE[4][5] Europe[5] Pets, hunting, herding, guarding, pest control, transportation, draft, working, show, racing, sport, rescuing, guiding, servicing, fighting, meat, research, patrol, fibre Tame (with exceptions),[6] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes Domestic and feral dogs both very common,[6] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common but not rare 1c Carnivora
Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus) 10000 BCE[7][8][9] Iran milk, meat, fibre, skin, show, racing, fighting, clearing land, pets, horns, guarding Slight physical changes Common in captivity, threatened in wild, feral goats common 1b Bovidae
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus),[10] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis)[11] 9000 BCE[12][13][14][15] Near East, China meat, leather, research, show, racing, fighting, truffles, pets, tusks, guarding, manure Some physical changes Common in the wild. Much more common in captivity. Feral animals common in some areas. 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Sheep (Ovis aries) Unknown ancestor,[16] possibly Armenian mouflon (Ovis orientalis gmelini) 9000 BCE to 8500 BCE[17] Anatolia, Zagros mountains fibre, meat, milk, leather, pelt, vellum, pets, show, racing, research, guarding, fighting, ornamental, horns, lawn mowing Some physical changes Common in captivity, threatened in the wild 1b Bovidae
Cattle (Bos taurus) Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) (extinct) 8000 BCE[18][19] Near East meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, guarding, dung Some physical changes Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral cattle fairly common 1b Bovidae
Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) (extinct) 8000 BCE India meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, dung Considerable physical changes Wild relatives extinct, common in captivity 1b Bovidae
Cat (Felis catus) African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica) 8000 BC to 7500 BCE[20][21][22][23] Near East pets, pest control, show, pelt, research Tame, some physical changes Very abundant in captivity, true wildcats less abundant though not rare. Feral populations very common. 1c Carnivora
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with some contribution from the Grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) 6000 BCE[24] India and Southeast Asia meat, eggs, feathers, leather, show, racing, ornamental, fighting, pest control, pets, guarding, manure Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes Very common in captivity and the wild 2b Galliformes
Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii) 5000 BCE[25] Peru pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing Tame, slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity and the wild 1d Rodentia
Donkey (Equus africanus asinus) Nubian wild ass (Equus africanus africanus), Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis)[26] 5000 BCE[27][28] Egypt transportation, working, plowing, draft, mount, meat, milk, pets, racing, guarding, lawn mowing, patrol, manure Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity and as feral animals, wild animals critically endangered, 1e Other mammals
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 4000 BCE China meat, feathers, eggs, pets, show, racing, ornamental, guarding, pest control Considerable physical changes Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild 2a Anseriformes
Water buffalo, including "river buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) and "swamp buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis carabenesis) Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) 4000 BCE India, China, Philippines working, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, meat, show, racing, milk, pets, horns, patrol, dung Mainly unchanged from wild animal Common in captivity, endangered in the wild 1b Bovidae
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), including subspecies Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia) Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia) 4000 BCE (1880s for A.m. ligustica, modern for A.m. mellifera, uncertain for A.m. carnica, A.m. caucasia and A.m. cecropia) Europe, Asia and Africa honey, wax, pollination Some physical and behavioral changes. Domestication status is a point of contention. See Western honey bee for details. Very common in captivity, feral populations common, wild status unclear[29] 6a Hymenoptera
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) Thomas' camel (Camelus thomasi) (extinct)[30] 4000 BCE Arabia transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, show, racing, fighting, milk, meat, pets, patrol, hair Tame, few physical changes Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, true wild dromedaries may be extinct 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Horse (Equus ferus caballus) Extinct unknown population of Wild horse[31] 3500 BCE[32] Kazakhstan transportation, milk, meat, working, guiding, servicing, hunting, execution, plowing, draft, mount, patrol fighting, show, racing, pets, hair, manure Tame, some physical changes mainly in coloration Common in captivity, very rare in wild, feral populations common 1e Other mammals
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori) Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina) 3000 BCE China silk, animal feed, pets, meat Tame/held captive, some physical changes Fairly common in captivity, wild extent unclear 6b Other insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Rock dove (Columba livia) 3000 BCE Mediterranean Basin show, ornamental, messenger, meat, racing, pets Artificially selected into many varieties, including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds, and fancy plumage breeds Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral pigeons extremely abundant 2c Columbiformes
Domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus) Greylag goose (Anser anser) and Swan goose (A. cygnoides) 3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides.[33] Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides) meat, feathers, eggs, show, guarding, pest control, pets Considerable physical changes Common in captivity and the wild 2a Anseriformes
Yak (Bos grunniens) Wild yak (Bos mutus) 2500 BCE Tibet, Nepal milk, transportation, working, plowing, mount, racing, fighting, meat, fibre, guarding, pets, horns, patrol, dung Tame, slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild. 1b Bovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) 2500 BCE Central Asia (Afghanistan) milk, transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, show, racing, meat, hair, pets Tame, few physical changes Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama) Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis)[34] 2400 BCE[35] Peru, Bolivia transportation, working, draft, pack, meat, show, racing, pets, guarding Slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity and the wild 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis)[34] 2400 BCE[35] Peru, Bolivia fibre, meat, show, pets, guarding, milk, lawn mowing Considerable physical changes Fairly common in captivity and the wild 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris) Helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) 2400 BCE[36] Africa meat, eggs, pest control, show, alarming, pets, guarding, manure Mainly unaltered from wild population Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild 2b Galliformes
Fuegian dog (Lycalopex culpaeus) (extinct) Culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) Date uncertain Chile hunting, pets, warmth, guarding Extinct in captivity 1c Carnivora
Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) European polecat (Mustela putorius) 1500 BCE[37] Europe pets, hunting, pest control, show, racing Tame, slight physical changes Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild. Feral ferrets rare 1c Carnivora
Domestic muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica) Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) 700–600 BCE[35] South America meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, guarding, pest control Tame, some physical changes Common in captivity, feral populations are rare 2a Anseriformes
Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria) African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) 500 BCE North Africa show, pets, meat Slight physical changes Common in captivity and feral populations 2c Columbiformes
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus) Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) Date uncertain Southeast Asia, Bali meat, milk, show, racing, working, plowing, draft Slight physical changes Common in captivity, endangered in the wild 1b Bovidae
Gayal (Bos frontalis) Gaur (Bos gaurus) Date uncertain Southeast Asia, Northeast India meat, milk Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild 1b Bovidae
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) 180 CE[35] Mexico meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, pest control, guarding, manure Considerable physical changes Common in captivity and wild 2b Galliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) 300 CE to 400 CE China pets, show, racing, ornamental Tame/held captive, significant physical changes Very common and abundant in captivity, wild extent is unclear 5a Cyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus huxleyi)[38] 600 CE[39] Europe pelt, fibre, pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing Tame, significant physical changes Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range 1e Other mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) 11th Century CE Japan ornamental, show, pets Tame/held captive, considerable physical changes Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild 5a Cyprinidae
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) 15th century CE Canary Islands, Europe pets, research, show, mining, fighting Slight physical changes Common in captivity and wild 2d Passeriformes
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) date uncertain Southeast Asia pets, research Slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity and the wild 2d Passeriformes
Society finch (Lonchura striata domestica) White-rumped munia (Lonchura striata) unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE[40] Japan pets, research Slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity and the wild 2d Passeriformes
Fancy mouse and laboratory mouse House mouse (Mus musculus) 1100 BCE (China), then 17th century CE (Europe)[41] China pets, research, racing, animal feed Tame, significant physical changes Common in captivity and in the wild 1d Rodentia
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) Uncertain species of the genus Betta 19th century CE Thailand fighting, pets Tame/held captive, very significant physical and slight behavioral changes 5b Other fish
Fancy rat and laboratory rat Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) 19th century CE[42] United Kingdom pets, research, show Tame, some physical and psychological changes Common in captivity and in the wild 1d Rodentia
Domestic mink (Neovison vison) [43] American mink (Neovison vison) 19th century CE North America fur, hunting, pest control, pets
Some physical and psychological changes Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild 1c Carnivora
Domesticated red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 1950s CE Soviet Union, Russia pelt, research, pets Tame, some physical changes Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common 1c Carnivora
Domestic hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) Four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) 1980s CE Central and Eastern Africa pets Slight physical changes Common in the wild. Somewhat rare in captivity 1e Other mammals
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata some strains)[44] Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Date uncertain Barbados, Brazil, Guyana pets Tame/held in captivity, significant physical changes Common in captivity 5b Other fish

Semidomesticated, routinely captive-bred, or domestication status unclear

[edit]

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what, precisely, constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also species that are extensively used or kept as pets by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Most animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild animals by their extensive interactions with humans. Many could not be released into the wild, or are in some way dependent on humans.

Species and subspecies Wild ancestor Date Location of origin Purpose Image Degree and type of domestication Extent in wild vs captivity Taxon group
Semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) 3000 BC Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia)[45] meat, milk, transportation, working, draft, mount, hides, racing, leather, antlers, pets Semidomesticated 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) 2500 BC Egypt meat, horns, leather, skin, sacrifice Held/tame in captivity Small captive population, but endangered in the wild 1b Bovidae
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) Date uncertain Southern Africa meat, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus) Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus)[46] Date uncertain Mesopotamia meat, feathers, eggs, sacrifice Extinct in captivity and in the wild 2f Other birds
Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) Date uncertain Middle East, Egypt meat, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas)[47] Date uncertain Egypt meat, hides, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana)[48] Date uncertain Egypt meat, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) 2320-2150 BC Egypt meat, hides, horns, sacrifice Held/tame in captivity Small captive population, but nearly extinct in wild 1b Bovidae
Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis) Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis)[49][50] Date uncertain Egypt tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)[51] Date uncertain Egypt, Middle East, India meat, hunting, blood, show, tourism, hair, medicine, fat, organs, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Serval (Leptailurus serval) Serval (Leptailurus serval)[52] Date uncertain Egypt pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Caracal (Caracal caracal) Caracal (Caracal caracal)[53] Date uncertain Egypt, India, Southern Africa hunting, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii)[54] Date uncertain Egypt hunting, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct) Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct) Date uncertain Egypt meat, hides, horns, sacrifice Extinct in captivity and in the wild 1b Bovidae
Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct) Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct) [55] Date uncertain Mesopotamia draught Extinct in captivity and in the wild 1e Other mammals
Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) 2000 BC Indus Valley Civilization working, transportation, hunting, show, racing, fighting, worship, patrol Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed) 1e Other mammals
Wood duck (Aix sponsa) Wood duck (Aix sponsa) Date uncertain North America meat, ornamental, pets, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2a Anseriformes
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) Pre-modern China (date uncertain) China ornamental, pets, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2a Anseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) Date uncertain Egypt meat, eggs, ornamental, guarding, pets, feathers Held/tame in captivity common in captivity, feral populations very common 2a Anseriformes
Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) Ancient Egypt (Date uncertain) Egypt pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)[56] 5000 BC China pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Common genet (Genetta genetta), Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Common genet (Genetta genetta)[57], Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Date uncertain Africa pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana), including subspecies Indian honey bee (Apis cerana indica) and Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana) and appropriate subspecies Date uncertain South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan honey, pollination Held/tame in captivity 6a Hymenoptera
Fallow deer (Dama dama) Fallow deer (Dama dama) 1000 BC Mediterranean Basin meat, hides, antlers, pets Semidomesticated 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) 800 BC Europe, Asia bloodletting, surgery 7 Other animals
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) 700–500 BC[35] Chile, Peru, Mexico dye Held/tame in captivity Very common in the wild 6b Other insects
Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) 500 BC India show, feathers, meat, ornamental, pets, guarding, pest control Held/tame in captivity Fairly common in the wild 2b Galliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) kept in Ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain Greece pets, talking bird Held/tame in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) Classical antiquity (Date uncertain) Africa, Asia pets, talking bird Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) Red deer (Cervus elaphus) ~0 AD China, Russia, Europe, United Kingdom meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers Captive bred 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman snail (Helix pomatia) Roman snail (Helix pomatia) 100 AD Europe meat, pets, shells 7 Other animals
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida) Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida) 180 AD Mexico, Amazon basin honey, pollination, pets Semidomesticated 6a Hymenoptera
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) China, Indonesia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) Date uncertain Australia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata) Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata) Date uncertain Sulawesi, Masalembu Islands, Tukangbesi Islands, Tanah Jampea, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Timor, Lesser Sundas, Sumba pets Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo) Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo) 960 AD Japan, China fishing Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) Date uncertain Eurasia meat, ornamental, feathers Semidomesticated 2a Anseriformes
Mute swan (Cygnus olor) Mute swan (Cygnus olor) 1000-1500 Europe meat, ornamental, feathers, guarding Semidomesticated 2a Anseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus) House cricket (Acheta domesticus) 12th century Southwestern Asia, China, Japan animal feed, meat, fighting, pets Held in captivity Somewhat common in captivity, very common in wild 6b Other insects
Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica) Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica) 1100–1900 Eurasia, Japan meat, eggs, pets Domesticated in captivity 2b Galliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1200–1500 Europe, Asia meat Held/tame in captivity 5a Cyprinidae
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) China pets Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Javas from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable Threatened in wild 2d Passeriformes
Northern bobwhite (Colinus. virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi) Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi) Date uncertain United States, Sonora, South America meat, eggs, pets Captive bred Plumage changes 2b Galliformes
Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) Date uncertain South America meat, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) Date uncertain Europe pets, singing Captive bred 2d Passeriformes
Pekin robin (Leiothrix lutea) Red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) Date uncertain China, Japan pets, singing Captive bred 2d Passeriformes
Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) Date uncertain India fighting, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) Date uncertain Brazil meat, pelt, pets, lawn mowing Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) At least 1997 [58] but possibly early 1990s Sub-Saharan Africa meat, pets, landmine detection, TB detection, pest control Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) Date uncertain India pets Easy to tame 1d Rodentia
Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus) Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus) Date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, pets, fighting Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) Date uncertain China ornamental, pets, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor) Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor) Date uncertain Asia, Japan meat, eggs, pets, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) Sika deer (Cervus nippon) Date uncertain Japan, China meat, antlers, tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) Date uncertain Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya meat, milk, leather, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis) Date uncertain United States, China pets, meat, hides, teeth once uncommon in the wild, captive breeding has led to the species recovering across much of its range 3c Other reptiles
Moose (Alces alces) Moose (Alces alces)[59] Date uncertain Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska research, milk, antlers, mount, draft, transportation, working, meat Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) Quagga (Equus quagga quagga)[60][61] 1830s South Africa guarding, draft Extinct in captivity and in the wild 1e Other mammals
North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus) North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus) Date uncertain North Africa, West Africa; East Africa meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets Semidomesticated 2f Other birds
South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) 19th century South Africa meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets Semidomesticated 2f Other birds
Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes) Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes) Date uncertain Kenya meat, eggs, feathers, mount, racing, guarding, pets Semidomesticated 2f Other birds
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) 1850s Australia pets, show, talking bird Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger Fairly common in the wild and in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) 1870s Australia pets, show, talking bird Held/tame in captivity Common in the wild and in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) Date uncertain Australia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Elk (Cervus canadensis) including subspecies Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis) Elk (Cervus canadensis), Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis) late 1800s North America meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers Captive bred 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Stoat (Mustela erminea) Stoat (Mustela erminea) 1800s Eurasia fur, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
European mink (Mustela lutreola) European mink (Mustela lutreola) 1800s Europe fur Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) Coypu (Myocastor coypus) late 19th to early 20th century Argentina fur, meat, aquatic weed control, pets Captive bred 1d Rodentia
Domestic skunk (Mephitis mephitis) Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) 19th century North America pets, pest control Tame when captive-bred 1c Carnivora
Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis)[62] Date uncertain North America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 1910s Australia, South Africa research, animal feed 6b Other insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) 1920s China research, biotechnology, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Rosy-faced, yellow-collared, and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri) Rosy-faced, yellow-collared and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri) 1920s Africa pets Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) Various rainbowfish spp. (Melanotaeniidae spp.) 1920s northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia pets, pest control Held/tame in captivity 5b Other fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 1930s Syria, Turkey pets, research Domesticated 1d Rodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) 20th century Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey pets, research Domesticated 1d Rodentia
European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) 20th century Europe, Russia, West Asia and Kazakhstan pets Domesticated 1d Rodentia
Common vole (Microtus arvalis) Common vole (Microtus arvalis) 20th century Eurasia pets Domesticated 1d Rodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) 1930s Andes pets, fur, research Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) 1930s Andes fur Raised in captivity Critically endangered in the wild 1d Rodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna) Water flea (Daphnia magna) 1930s North America, Eurasia, Africa research, animal feed Held/tame in captivity 6c Other arthropods
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) 1950s South Africa pets, research 4a Anura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos) Brine shrimp (Artemia spp., esp. A. salina) 1950s United States pets Domesticated 6c Other arthropods
Ball python (Python regius) Ball python (Python regius) 1960s Africa pets Captive bred 3a Serpentes
Dwarf hamsters (Phodopus spp.) Campbell's dwarf, Djungarian and Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus campbelli, P. sungorus and P. roborovskii) 1960s Europe pets, research Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) 20th century Australia pets, show Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger 2d Passeriformes
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Axolotl 20th century Mexico research, pets Slight physical changes Critically endangered in the wild 4b Other amphibians
Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) Date uncertain Australia pets Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) 20th century Pakistan pets Slight physical modification Somewhat common in captivity 3b Lacertilia
American bison (Bison bison) American bison (Bison bison) 20th century North America meat, leather, hides, horns, guarding Semidomesticated 1b Bovidae
Companion parrot (Order Psittaciformes) Many species (Order Psittaciformes) 1980s and 1990s Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, New Zealand pets, companion, talking bird, ornamental, guarding Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) 20th century Australia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) Mid-to-late 20th century Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana pets Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity 4a Anura
Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) Mid-to-late 20th century Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia pets Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity 4a Anura
Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) Date uncertain Australia pets Held/tame in captivity 2c Columbiformes
Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) Date uncertain Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua pets Held/tame in captivity 3a Serpentes
Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum ) Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum ) Date uncertain Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua pets Held/tame in captivity 3a Serpentes
Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna) Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna) Date uncertain Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua pets Held/tame in captivity 3a Serpentes
Corn snake (Pantherophis gutttatus) Corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) 1960s United States pets Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild 3a Serpentes
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) 1960s United States wool, meat, milk Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) 1960s Madagascar pets 6b Other insects
Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) Date uncertain Australia pets Slight physical changes 3b Lacertilia
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) 1970s Australia pets Slight physical changes 3b Lacertilia
Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) 1980s Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands pets Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) 1980s Maluku Islands pets, show, talking bird Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) Date uncertain Australia pets 1e Other mammals
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) 1980s Australia pets 1e Other mammals
Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni) Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni) 1980s Australia pets Held/tame in captivity 3b Lacertilia
Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) 1980s Europe wax, pollination Held/tame in captivity 6a Hymenoptera
Greater rhea (Rhea americana) Greater rhea (Rhea americana) 1990s South America meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets Semidomesticated 2f Other birds
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 1990s Australia meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets Semidomesticated 2f Other birds
Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus) Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus) Date uncertain West Africa meat, leather, hides, horns, milk Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa) Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis)[63] and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa) Date uncertain Kenya meat, leather, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus) Common degu (Octodon degus) 1990s Chilean Andes pets, research 1d Rodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) et al. Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and others of the genus 1990s Mongolia pets, research Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Green iguana (Iguana iguana) Green iguana (Iguana iguana) 1990s South America pets, meat, leather Captive bred 3b Lacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) Carpet python (Morelia spilota) Date uncertain New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia pets Captive bred 3a Serpentes
Green tree python (Morelia viridis) Green tree python (Morelia viridis) mid-1990s New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia pets Captive bred 3a Serpentes
Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) late 1990s Australia pets Held/tame in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina) Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina) date uncertain Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Burma, and Thailand pets Held/tame in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) late 1990s Australia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) Australian green tree frog late 20th century Australia pets 4a Anura
Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli) Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli) late 20th century Argentina pets 4a Anura
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) 2000s England, Russia meat, pets Domesticated 5a Cyprinidae
King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis) King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis) Date uncertain Asia, Australia pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) Date uncertain South America meat, eggs Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)[64] Date uncertain South America meat, eggs Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae)[65] Date uncertain Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales pest control, show, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus) Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus)[66][67][68][69][70][71] Date uncertain Europe, Africa, Australia, North America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus) Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus) Date uncertain South Africa, Ethiopia show, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria) Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria) Date uncertain South America guarding Held/tame in captivity 2a Anseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)[72] Date uncertain South America guarding Held/tame in captivity 2a Anseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) Date uncertain South America guarding Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) Date uncertain South America guarding Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)[73] Date uncertain South Africa pest control Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)[74] Date uncertain Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia falconry, show, intercepting, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)[75] Date uncertain North America falconry, show, intercepting, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)[76] Date uncertain United States falconry, show, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)[77] Date uncertain Europe, Asia, North America falconry, show, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)[78] Date uncertain Europe show, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco) Tawny owl (Strix aluco)[79][80] Date uncertain Europe, United Kingdom pest control, show, pets Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) Date uncertain Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Caribbean regions of the Americas meat, eggs, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) Date uncertain Peru meat, eggs, pest control Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) Wild boar (Sus scrofa)[81][82] date uncertain Europe, United Kingdom meat, tusks, hides, leather, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)[83] 2000s Tasmania lawn mowing, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), White-eared opossum (D. albiventris) Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)[84], White-eared opossum (D. albiventris) Date uncertain North America, Brazil pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus) Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus)[85][86][87][88] Date uncertain Australia pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)[89] Date uncertain Bangladesh fishing, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Beech marten (Martes foina), Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (Martes foina)[90][91], Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Date uncertain Europe, Russia, India fur, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Fisher (Pekania pennanti) Fisher (Pekania pennanti) Date uncertain North America fur, research, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)[92] Date uncertain Russia pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja) Date uncertain South America pest control, hunting, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) Date uncertain Argentina, Chile pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Tayra (Eira barbara) Tayra (Eira barbara) Date uncertain South America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Raccoon (Procyon lotor)[93][94] Date uncertain North America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
South American coati (Nasua nasua), White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (Nasua nasua)[95], White-nosed coati (N. narica) Date uncertain South America, Costa Rica pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)[96] Date uncertain North America, Central America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Date uncertain South America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana) Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana)[97][98] Date uncertain South America, Central America pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii) Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii) Date uncertain Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador meat, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)[99] Date uncertain Ghana, Nigeria meat, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)[100] Date uncertain Vietnam, China meat, quills, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis) Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis)[101] Date uncertain China meat, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius) Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius)[102] Date uncertain China, Laos meat, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides) Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides) Date uncertain Cuba meat, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1d Rodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) Date uncertain Eurasian Steppe pets 1d Rodentia
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus) Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus) 20th century Northern Fennoscandia pets 1d Rodentia
Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus) Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus) Date uncertain Egypt pets 1d Rodentia
Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata) Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata) Date uncertain Mexico, Central America pets Captive bred 3b Lacertilia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra) Chinese cobra (Naja atra)[103] Date uncertain China venom, skins, pets Captive bred 3a Serpentes
Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus) Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus) Date uncertain Australia pets Semidomesticated 2e Psittaciformes
Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii) Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii) Date uncertain United States, especially the southeastern United States pets, meat Easy to domesticate Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild 3c Other reptiles
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)[104] Date uncertain China pets, meat Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii) Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii)[105] Date uncertain China pets, meat Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)[106] Date uncertain Florida pets, meat Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata) Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata) Date uncertain China pets, meat Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri) Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri) Date uncertain China pets, meat Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris) Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris) [107][108][109][110][111][112] Date uncertain Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Florida, India, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Papua New Guinea meat, hides, teeth, pets, guarding, tourism, show Captive bred 3c Other reptiles
Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton) Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton) Date uncertain New Guinea and northern Australia pets, show 2d Passeriformes
Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda) Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda) Date uncertain Australia pets, show Held/tame in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) Date uncertain Hungary, United Kingdom meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara) Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara) Date uncertain France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) Date uncertain China, India meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) Date uncertain Nepal meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi) Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi) Date uncertain Nepal, Taiwan, Vietnam meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica) Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica) Date uncertain Mexico, Utah, California meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) Date uncertain California meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) Date uncertain Mexico meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) Date uncertain Ethiopia meat, pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis) Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis) Date uncertain Africa, India, Australia meat, feathers, eggs, pets Held/tame in captivity 2b Galliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)[113] Date uncertain Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore nests Held/tame in captivity 2f Other birds
Tarantula (Brachypelma spp. et al.) Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma smithi) and others Date uncertain Mexico pets, research Common in captivity, getting rare in the wild. 6c Other arthropods
Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus) Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus) Date uncertain New Caledonia pets Captive bred Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in wild 3b Lacertilia
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)[114] Date uncertain Florida meat Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii), Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi) Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii)[115], Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi)[116] Date uncertain South Africa, Kenya show, guarding, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger)[117], Roan antelope (H. equinus)[118] Date uncertain South Africa meat, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Nyala (T. angasii), Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)[119], Nyala (T. angasii)[120], Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) Date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)[121], Black wildebeest (C. gnou)[122] Date uncertain South Africa, Kenya meat, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)[123] Date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) Date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, hides, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) Date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, hides, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) Date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)[124] Date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns, pets Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)[125] Date uncertain North Africa meat, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon)[126] Date uncertain Europe meat, wool, hides, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)[127] Date uncertain South Africa meat, leather, horns Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)[128] Date uncertain North America meat Held/tame in captivity 1b Bovidae
Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)[129] Date uncertain Brazil meat, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa) South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa)[130] Date uncertain South Africa tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris) Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)[131] Date uncertain China meat, antlers Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Mule deer (O. hemionus) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)[132], Mule deer (O. hemionus) Date uncertain Virginia, West Virginia, Colombia, Florida, Montana meat, antlers, hides, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Chital (Axis axis) Chital (Axis axis) Date uncertain India meat, hides, antlers, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) Date uncertain China meat, tusks Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)[133][134][135] Date uncertain China, India meat, tusks, musk, hides Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)[136] Date uncertain Peru fibre, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)[137] Date uncertain Peru fibre, pets Held/tame in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), African forest elephant (L. cyclotis) African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana),[138][139] African forest elephant (L. cyclotis)[140] Date uncertain South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Congo Basin, Kenya mount, tourism, mine detection, patrol, work Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed) 1e Other mammals
Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)[141] Date uncertain South Africa horns Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)[142] Date uncertain South Africa horns Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus) South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus)[143][144][145][146] Date uncertain South America, Malaysia tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1e Other mammals
Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)[147][148] Date uncertain India pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) including subspecies Siberian lynx (L. l. wrangeli) and Carpathian lynx (L. l. carpathicus) Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and appropriate subspecies[149][150] Date uncertain Europe, Russia pest control, show, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)[151] Date uncertain Central Asia, China show, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)[152][153][154][155] Date uncertain South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria hunting, guarding, waste management, show, tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus) Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus)[156] Date uncertain East Asia, Japan pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnvora
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda), Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis) Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda)[157], Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis) Date uncertain Europe, North America, North Africa, Central Asia, Sudan pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)[158], Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Date uncertain Channel Islands, Eastern United States pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) Date uncertain Africa pest control, show, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)[159] Date uncertain South America pest control, pets Easy to domesticate 1c Carnivora
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs) Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)[160], New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)[161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168] Date uncertain Australia, Papua New Guinea, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Middle East guarding, pest control, warmth, hunting, tourism, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) Meerkat (Suricata suricatta)[169][170] Date uncertain South Africa pest control, show, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus) Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus) Date uncertain West Africa pets, pest control Captive bred 1c Carnivora
Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii), Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus) Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii)[171], Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)[172] Date uncertain India, Southeast Asia pest control, pets Held/tame in captivity 1c Carnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) Date uncertain Thailand, Indonesia meat, pets Domesticated 5b Other fish
Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri and P. piraya) Red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) and San Francisco piranha (P. piraya) Date uncertain South America meat, pets, research, teeth Semidomesticated Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild 5b Other fish
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares)[173][174] Date uncertain North America, Europe, East Asia, Australia meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides)[175] Date uncertain Asia, Australia meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) Date uncertain Europe, North America, Asia meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta) Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta) Date uncertain Europe, United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania, Alaska meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)[176] Date uncertain United Kingdom, Poland, United States, India, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Australia meat, pets Captive bred 5b Other fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Date uncertain United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Date uncertain Europe meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)[177] Date uncertain California, Colorado meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis)[178] Date uncertain India meat, pets Captive bred 5b Other fish
Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) Date uncertain Caribbean Sea meat, tourism Captive bred 5b Other fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)[179] Date uncertain Gulf of Mexico meat, research Captive bred 5b Other fish
Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana) Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana)[180][181] Date uncertain Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Chile, Hawaii meat Captive bred 5b Other fish
European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica) European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica)[182][183][184][185] Date uncertain Europe, North America, Asia, New Zealand, Australia meat, pets Captive bred 5b Other fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) Date uncertain Australia honey, pollination Held/tame in captivity 6a Hymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia) Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia) Date uncertain Central and South America animal feed, pets 6b Other insects
Mealworm and Superworm (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio) Larvae of darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio) Date uncertain Europe animal feed, meat Captive bred 6b Other insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Date uncertain United States research Captive bred 6b Other insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)[186] Date uncertain United States meat, animal feed, pollination, decompositing Captive bred 6b Other insects
Waxworm (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella) Larvae of lesser and greater wax moths (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella) Date uncertain Europe ? animal feed, bait, research, meat Captive bred 6b Other insects
Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina) Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina)[187] Date uncertain Southern Africa meat, silk Captive bred 6b Other insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)[188] Date uncertain North America meat, pets Captive bred 6b Other insects
Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)[189] Date uncertain Europe, Asia, North America meat, ink, pets Captive bred 7 Other animals
Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)[190][191] Date uncertain Southeast Asia, Japan meat, research, ink Captive bred 7 Other animals
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) Date uncertain Europe meat, shells Captive bred 7 Other animals
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum) Garden snail (Cornu aspersum) Date uncertain Europe meat, shells, pets Captive bred 7 Other animals
African giant snail (Achatina achatina) African giant snail (Achatina achatina)[192] Date uncertain Ghana meat, shells, pets Captive bred 7 Other animals
Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica) Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica)[193] Date uncertain East Africa meat, shells, pets Captive bred 7 Other animals
Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri) Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri)[194][195] Date uncertain United States, South Korea, Japan meat, slime, skins Captive bred 5b Other fish
Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)[196] Date uncertain Asia meat, blood, pets Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Date uncertain North America meat, blood, research, pets Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) Date uncertain Japan meat Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Date uncertain Asia meat, pets Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus) Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus)[197][198] Date uncertain Japan, Russia, Alaska meat Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus) European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus)[199][200][201] Date uncertain Europe, United States meat Captive bred 6c Other arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) Date uncertain North America meat, pets Captive bred 4a Anura
Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus) Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus)[202] Date uncertain Europe meat Captive bred 4a Anura
Pig frog (Lithobates grylio) Pig frog (Lithobates grylio) Date uncertain China meat Captive bred 4a Anura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) Date uncertain Java meat Captive bred 4a Anura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus) Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) Date uncertain China, Thailand meat Captive bred 4a Anura
Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) Date uncertain China meat Captive bred 4a Anura

Taxonomical groupings

[edit]

The categories used in Taxon group column are:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Animal Domestication - Table of Dates and Places of Animal Domestication
  2. ^ Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.
  3. ^ Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.
  4. ^ Sablin, M. (2002). "The earliest Ice Age dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi I". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
  5. ^ a b Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-.P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; Green, R. E.; Wayne, R. K. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–74. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
  6. ^ a b Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-85530-5.
  7. ^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The origins of agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 54: S221–35. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.
  8. ^ Vigne, J.D. (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: a major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". C. R. Biol. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.
  9. ^ http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat
  10. ^ "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  11. ^ "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  12. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.
  13. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L. Andersson, A. Cooper; Dobney; Albarella; Fang; Matisoo-Smith; Robins; Lowden; Finlayson; Brand; Willerslev; Rowley-Conwy; Andersson; Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication" (PDF). Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Frantz, L (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–8. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.
  15. ^ "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". Radio Pet Lady Network. October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  16. ^ "What species is the ancestor of the domestic sheep?". Retrieverman. February 24, 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  17. ^ Zeder, M. A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–604. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.
  18. ^ Wendorf F., Schild R.; Schild (1998). "Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African prehistory". J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.
  19. ^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French).
  20. ^ Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007), "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication", Science, 317 (5837): 519–523, doi:10.1126/science.1139518, PMC 5612713, PMID 17600185.
  21. ^ "Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus". National Geographic News. 2004-04-08. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  22. ^ Muir, Hazel (2004-04-08). "Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  23. ^ Walton, Marsha (April 9, 2004). "Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat". CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  24. ^ West B.; Zhou B-X. (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication" (PDF). World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–18. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-29.
  25. ^ History of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge
  26. ^ "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  27. ^ Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.
  28. ^ Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)
  29. ^ [1]
  30. ^ Peters, J (November 25, 1997). "The dromedary: ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times". Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 25 (6): 559–65. PMID 9451759.
  31. ^ "The Genetic History of Horses". Genes to Genomes. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  32. ^ Outram, A (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse
  33. ^ Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.
  34. ^ a b A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [2]
  35. ^ a b c d e D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
  36. ^ Guinea Fowl
  37. ^ Glover, James. "The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret". PetPeoplesPlace.com. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
  38. ^ "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  39. ^ Interesting Rabbit Domestication History
  40. ^ Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)
  41. ^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. AFRMA.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.
  42. ^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association.
  43. ^ Decuypere. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF).
  44. ^ Guideon, Khoo; Kok Fang Lim; Damien K. Y.; Fan Chen; Woon Kiong Chan; Tit Meng Lim; Violet P. E. Fang (2002). "Genetic Diversity within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855. Retrieved 3 October 2012. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)[permanent dead link‍]
  45. ^ Roed, K. H; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.
  46. ^ http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3882&context=ocj
  47. ^ http://www.epiceras-ancientegypt.com/ancient_Egyptian_pets.html
  48. ^ Studies in Egyptian Religion: Dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee. 1982. ISBN 9004067280.
  49. ^ http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781861897640&m=239&dc=856
  50. ^ "Sassy Mama Guide To The Best Animal Adventures In & Around Dubai". Sassy Mama. October 13, 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  51. ^ "On the unlikelihood of hyena domestication. Or: No, you can't have one". Thrill Seeking Behavior. January 23, 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  52. ^ https://georginadp6.weebly.com/fun-facts.html
  53. ^ http://www.catsg.org/m/index.php?id=111
  54. ^ https://theglyptodon.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/hunting-with-cheetahs/
  55. ^ "History: Bronze Age Sumerians and Akkadians". Warlord Games. January 17, 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  56. ^ "Farmers in China domesticated Asian Leopard Cats 5,000 Years Ago". Ancient Origins. February 7, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  57. ^ "Search for the Common Genet (Genetta genetta) in Southern France". Rewilding Foundation. August 31, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  58. ^ User, Super. "We train rats to save lives". APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Retrieved 2017-07-21. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  59. ^ "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". On Pasture. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  60. ^ http://cargocollective.com/lackman/Slate-piece-on-quaggas
  61. ^ http://surgicat.rcseng.ac.uk/Details/collect/45995
  62. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilogale_gracilis/
  63. ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/game-domestication-for-animal-production-in-kenya-field-studies-of-the-bodywater-turnover-of-game-and-livestock/960524AF74A4BB168D57D51E18E0BFE9
  64. ^ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2007000300004
  65. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dacelo_novaeguineae/
  66. ^ http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2015/05/12/hooded-crows-as-pets-keeping-the-worlds-most-intelligent-bird/
  67. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/10003729/Crazy-for-crows.html
  68. ^ http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2013/05/06/crows-as-pets-the-african-pied-crow-a-most-intelligent-bird/
  69. ^ http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-898667
  70. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Corvus_brachyrhynchos/
  71. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Corvus_frugilegus/
  72. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anhima_cornuta/
  73. ^ "SECRETARY BIRD: Might". Nature: Observations and Meanings. July 23, 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  74. ^ "French police training EAGLES to attack drones over fears ISIS could use the gadgets to carry out terror attacks". MailOnline. February 20, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  75. ^ "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". GearJunkie. February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  76. ^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  77. ^ http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/business/8863767.Couple___s_falconry_business_takes_off/
  78. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jul/29/overdue-recognition-owl-issued-library-card-after-solving-universitys-gull-woes
  79. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strix_aluco/
  80. ^ "Meet Bertie, the owl who is afraid of going outside.. and he loves nothing more than helping his owner make a cup of tea". MailOnline. March 4, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  81. ^ http://www.aldenoxford.co.uk/meat_type.asp?Meat_ID=15
  82. ^ "Mad about the boar". Newburytoday. July 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  83. ^ "Meet the lawnmower on legs: Why wallabies are taking over England's gardens in leaps and bounds". Daily Mail. May 15, 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  84. ^ http://www.pawmanefin.com/Opossums_Are_Beneficial_to_Have_Around
  85. ^ "Senator wants to kick start discussion about allowing certain native animals as pets". news.com.au. March 19, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  86. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_viverrinus/
  87. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_geoffroii/
  88. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_hallucatus/
  89. ^ Feeroz, M. M., Begum, S. and Hasan, M. K. (2011). "Fishing with Otters: a Traditional Conservation Practice in Bangladesh". Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (28A): 14–21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  90. ^ https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331140-700-mother-of-aquariums-who-cracked-a-2000yearold-octopus-mystery/
  91. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Martes_foina/
  92. ^ "Posts Tagged 'Kolonok'". Retrieverman. May 15, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  93. ^ http://homeguides.sfgate.com/raccoons-good-around-yard-52629.html
  94. ^ "Walkies! Adorable pet RACCOON is taken for daily walks on a lead just like a dog". MailOnline. March 3, 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  95. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasua_nasua/
  96. ^ "Why This Critter Was The Must-Have Pet For Gold Miners". io9. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  97. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamandua_tetradactyla/
  98. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamandua_mexicana/
  99. ^ "Cane Rat Farming". SamAde. February 16, 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  100. ^ "Porcupines Expose Pitfalls of Wildlife Farming". ScienceLine. December 16, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  101. ^ "Inside China's bizarre Bamboo Rat farms". Daily mail. December 19, 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  102. ^ "Weekend trip to Dong Nai porcupine, bamboo rat farm". Vietnam.net Bridge. January 16, 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  103. ^ "Chinese brothers run farm home to 50,000 SNAKES where staff have to do three months of training before they start work". MailOnline. August 14, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  104. ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti, Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises in Chinese medicine, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, retrieved 5 September 2016
  105. ^ Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008-01-01), "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China", Oryx, vol. 42, Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–150, doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562, S2CID 86743232, retrieved 2009-12-26
  106. ^ http://www.gui138.cn/xinwen/gbxw/201007/765.html
  107. ^ http://www.smallstarter.com/get-inspired/crocodile-farming-business-in-africa-and-a-success-story-from-kenya/
  108. ^ https://www.speedwaysafaris.com/buwama-crocodile-farm-tourism-uganda/
  109. ^ https://www.newsmax.com/thewire/crocodiles-guard-thai-home/2013/04/11/id/499028/
  110. ^ http://www.primaryinfo.com/projects/crocodile-farming.htm
  111. ^ https://www.ft.com/video/64115063-58fd-4e99-97b6-a28c46f2536f
  112. ^ https://www.nap.edu/read/18531/chapter/3
  113. ^ "Bird's nest boom". Inside Indonesia. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  114. ^ http://antarcticaedu.com/fishfarm.htm
  115. ^ "Zebra Poppy is the talk of Maybole after farmer brings her to live on his land in Ayrshire town". Daily Record. February 24, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  116. ^ "Goat-guarding zebra turns heads near Lebanon". Albany Democrat-Herald. October 7, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  117. ^ "Big bucks for game ranchers". Mail & Guardian. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  118. ^ "The many rewards of game farming in the Karoo". Farmers Weekly. May 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  119. ^ "Optimizing game production in a new era: The road to financial success". Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa). November 17, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  120. ^ "Breeding high-value game species in North West". Farmers Weekly. November 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  121. ^ "The York family & Breeding Golden Wildebeest". Farmer's Weekly. July 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  122. ^ "Transforming game farming". ANN7. March 13, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  123. ^ "Eastern Cape farmer earns big with blesbok variants". Farmers Weekly. April 1, 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  124. ^ "How to start farming high-value game species". Farmer's Weekly. July 10, 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  125. ^ "Barbary sheep: farming potential?". Farmer's Weekly. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  126. ^ "Mouflon ram needs a mate". The Northern Echo. November 16, 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  127. ^ "Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming". Farmers Weekly. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  128. ^ http://www.rockfordparent.com/news/20160712/pearl-city-resident-laverne-fluechtling-enjoys-raising-bison
  129. ^ http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/subjects/genetic_and_biodiversi/commercial_farming_of_collared_peccary
  130. ^ "She was ten feet tall and acted like a puppy: Family remembers Fenne the pet giraffe who roamed the house freely, loved to wear hats and would come running when her name was called". MailOnline. March 14, 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  131. ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/4256/0
  132. ^ "Deer Farming Bill Hits a Snag". MetroNews. February 17, 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  133. ^ https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Traf-089.pdf
  134. ^ "Musk deer farming in China". Cambridge University Press. March 1, 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  135. ^ "Musk deer farm in Pithoragarh dying slow death?". Hindustan Times. October 15, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  136. ^ https://www.ftz.czu.cz/en/r-9419-departments/r-9476-faculty-units/r-10932-farming-of-guanacos
  137. ^ "If Farming Vicuna Saves Them From Extinction Then Shouldn't We Farm Elephants And Tigers Too?". Forbes. July 5, 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  138. ^ "Elephants can smell land mines, scientists find". The Independent. March 13, 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  139. ^ http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/10/prweb8890871.htm
  140. ^ "African Elephant Domestication #2". Buckles Blog. June 18, 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  141. ^ "Farming rhinos and legalising sale of their horns worth more than gold 'will save them from extinction', claims farmer". Daily Mail. August 30, 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  142. ^ "An Inside Look at the World's Biggest Rhino Farm". National Geographic. January 22, 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  143. ^ https://www.sanpedroscoop.com/2015/04/belize-zoo-contest-winners-ambergris-cayes-island-academy-celebrate-fuego-tapirs-2nd-birthday.html
  144. ^ https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/115790/joy-jalil-%E2%80%94-just-jalil
  145. ^ https://runningtheworldtravel.wordpress.com/category/travel/peru/iquitos/
  146. ^ https://peopleofonefire.com/primitive-tribe-in-ecuadors-rain-forest-keeps-tapirs-as-pets.html
  147. ^ http://www.knowyourcat.info/lib/rusty.htm
  148. ^ "Russian family keeps pet fishing cat". Retrieverman. April 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  149. ^ http://iliketowastemytime.com/2012/07/19/ownership-of-pet-lynx-7-pics
  150. ^ "Sophia, 11, is wild about her pet lynx". The Sun. July 4, 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  151. ^ "Pet cats turn out to be leopards". China Internet Information Center. November 14, 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  152. ^ "In Pics: Ethiopia's Harar city uses hyenas for waste management". Hindustan Times. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  153. ^ "Taming Ethiopia's hyenas". BBC News. April 12, 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  154. ^ "The hyena men of Nigeria: Nomads tame baboons and snakes to make them perform". The Independent. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  155. ^ Brottman, Mikita (15 February 2013). Hyena. ISBN 9781861899415.
  156. ^ "He has a striped face and spiky fur but this ISN'T a wild animal - meet Bandit the pet raccoon DOG". MailOnline. August 24, 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  157. ^ https://www.thespruce.com/about-fennec-foxes-as-pets-1236778
  158. ^ Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Garcelon, David K. (22 July 2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. ISBN 9781139491563.
  159. ^ "Thursday [Wednesday] Woof - Cerdocyon thous Edition". Observation Deck. October 10, 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  160. ^ "Dingoes: a farmer's new best friend?". Starfish Initiatives. July 16, 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  161. ^ https://www.lafayette.in.gov/1713/New-Guinea-Singing-Dog
  162. ^ "The wolf family of Zacherevye: How a Russian family took in and tamed a pack of wolves". MailOnline. August 18, 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  163. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/mar/12/wolves-norway-arctic-narvik-polar-park-zoo-wildlife
  164. ^ "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  165. ^ http://boredomtherapy.com/reindeer-tribe-mongolia/
  166. ^ "Have you heard the story of the wolf and the goat?". Daily Express. June 24, 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  167. ^ "Hugging with wolves: Chinese businessman spends ¥1 million a year on his passion for 150 wild animals". South China Morning Post. December 14, 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  168. ^ http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/5103/
  169. ^ "Cuddly pets? No, meerkats are savage little home wreckers: Thanks to THAT ad, meerkats have become trendy pets. But as these owners reveal, they're not as cute as they look..." MailOnline. August 22, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  170. ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suricata_suricatta/
  171. ^ http://raybrownwildlifephotography.com/portfolio/ruddy-mongoose/
  172. ^ "Pet mongoose in Hawaii". Retrieverman. July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  173. ^ "US entrepreneurs out to prove yellowfin tuna can be farmed". Undercurrent news. July 8, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  174. ^ https://thefishsite.com/articles/hawaii-approves-first-bigeye-tuna-farm
  175. ^ "Greener alternatives for giant grouper". World Wide Fund for Nature. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  176. ^ "Barramundi aquaculture". Government of Queensland. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  177. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20151105051556/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3050/en
  178. ^ "Reaping gold from Karimeen farming". The Hindu. November 1, 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  179. ^ http://gcrl.usm.edu/research/red_snapper_aquaculture.php
  180. ^ http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Seriola_dumerili/en
  181. ^ https://www.oceanicinstitute.org/pdfs/GAA_Amberjack_Culture_-_Feb_2004_a31981.pdf
  182. ^ http://www.royaldanishfish.com/the-worlds-most-responsible-eel-farm-is-located-in-denmark.aspx
  183. ^ https://thefishsite.com/articles/a-guide-to-eel-farming
  184. ^ "When an Endangered Species Endangers a Culture". The Atlantic. January 12, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  185. ^ "Eel Farms in Maine? Idea is Gaining Traction". Maine Public Broadcasting Network. January 15, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  186. ^ "Intensive Black Soldier Fly Farming". SymTon. July 30, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  187. ^ https://www.bio-innovation.org/work/mopane-worms/
  188. ^ "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  189. ^ "Tantalising tentacles: octopus could be the next big thing in aquaculture". The Conservation. August 29, 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  190. ^ "Bigfin reef squid - Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830–1831 - Σουπιοκαλάμαρο - Cyprus". Biodiversity of Cyprus. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  191. ^ https://www.tonmo.com/threads/cephalopod-farming.14824/page-2
  192. ^ "Starting your snail farm in Ghana". GhanaCulturePolitics. August 13, 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  193. ^ http://www.smallstarter.com/browse-ideas/snail-farming/
  194. ^ "Slimy hagfish farms growing". The Herald. April 14, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  195. ^ http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/hagfish-slime-biomaterial-future/
  196. ^ "Why is horseshoe crab blood so vital to pharmaceuticals?". Mother Nature Network. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  197. ^ "Kings, predators and research on the northern top of Europe". Arctic Anthropology. June 14, 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  198. ^ http://little-hannie.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/king-crab-farm-bugoynes-beach-norway.htm
  199. ^ http://www.nationallobsterhatchery.co.uk/could-lobster-farming-become-a-new-industry-for-coastal-areas/
  200. ^ http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauo88001/hawauo88001chap6.pdf
  201. ^ http://www.diversifyfish.eu/uploads/1/4/2/0/14206280/aes-vol41-2_halibut.pdf
  202. ^ "Intensive frog farming takes giant leap forward". New Scientist. September 1, 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Leo1pard/sandbox/List_of_domesticated_animals&oldid=1251267264"