User:Leo1pard/sandbox/List of domesticated animals
This is not a Wikipedia article: It is an individual user's work-in-progress page, and may be incomplete and/or unreliable. For guidance on developing this draft, see Wikipedia:So you made a userspace draft. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL |
List of domesticated animals
This page gives a list of domestic animals,[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and/or morphological changes from their wild ancestors; while others have been changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, however, there isn't always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, i.e., there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.
Archaeozoology has identified three classes of animal domesticates: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, guinea pigs); (2) prey animals sought for food (e.g., cows, sheep, pig, goats); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, camel, donkey).[2]
To sort the tables chronologically by date of domestication, refresh your browser window, as clicking the Date column heading will mix AD and BC dates.
Domestic animals
[edit]Species and subspecies | Wild ancestor | Date | Location of origin | Purpose | Image | Degree and type of domestication | Extent in wild vs captivity | Taxon group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) | Extinct Pleistocene population of Gray wolf (Canis lupus)[3] | 13000 BCE[4][5] | Europe[5] | Pets, hunting, herding, guarding, pest control, transportation, draft, working, show, racing, sport, rescuing, guiding, servicing, fighting, meat, research, patrol, fibre | Tame (with exceptions),[6] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes | Domestic and feral dogs both very common,[6] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common but not rare | 1c Carnivora | |
Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) | Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus) | 10000 BCE[7][8][9] | Iran | milk, meat, fibre, skin, show, racing, fighting, clearing land, pets, horns, guarding | Slight physical changes | Common in captivity, threatened in wild, feral goats common | 1b Bovidae | |
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) | Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus),[10] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis)[11] | 9000 BCE[12][13][14][15] | Near East, China | meat, leather, research, show, racing, fighting, truffles, pets, tusks, guarding, manure | Some physical changes | Common in the wild. Much more common in captivity. Feral animals common in some areas. | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | |
Sheep (Ovis aries) | Unknown ancestor,[16] possibly Armenian mouflon (Ovis orientalis gmelini) | 9000 BCE to 8500 BCE[17] | Anatolia, Zagros mountains | fibre, meat, milk, leather, pelt, vellum, pets, show, racing, research, guarding, fighting, ornamental, horns, lawn mowing | Some physical changes | Common in captivity, threatened in the wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Cattle (Bos taurus) | Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) (extinct) | 8000 BCE[18][19] | Near East | meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, guarding, dung | Some physical changes | Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral cattle fairly common | 1b Bovidae | |
Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) | Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) (extinct) | 8000 BCE | India | meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, dung | Considerable physical changes | Wild relatives extinct, common in captivity | 1b Bovidae | |
Cat (Felis catus) | African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica) | 8000 BC to 7500 BCE[20][21][22][23] | Near East | pets, pest control, show, pelt, research | Tame, some physical changes | Very abundant in captivity, true wildcats less abundant though not rare. Feral populations very common. | 1c Carnivora | |
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) | Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with some contribution from the Grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) | 6000 BCE[24] | India and Southeast Asia | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, show, racing, ornamental, fighting, pest control, pets, guarding, manure | Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes | Very common in captivity and the wild | 2b Galliformes | |
Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) | Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii) | 5000 BCE[25] | Peru | pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing | Tame, slight physical changes | Somewhat common in captivity and the wild | 1d Rodentia | |
Donkey (Equus africanus asinus) | Nubian wild ass (Equus africanus africanus), Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis)[26] | 5000 BCE[27][28] | Egypt | transportation, working, plowing, draft, mount, meat, milk, pets, racing, guarding, lawn mowing, patrol, manure | Slight physical changes | Somewhat common in captivity and as feral animals, wild animals critically endangered, | 1e Other mammals | |
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) | Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) | 4000 BCE | China | meat, feathers, eggs, pets, show, racing, ornamental, guarding, pest control | Considerable physical changes | Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild | 2a Anseriformes | |
Water buffalo, including "river buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) and "swamp buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis carabenesis) | Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) | 4000 BCE | India, China, Philippines | working, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, meat, show, racing, milk, pets, horns, patrol, dung | Mainly unchanged from wild animal | Common in captivity, endangered in the wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), including subspecies Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia) | Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia) | 4000 BCE (1880s for A.m. ligustica, modern for A.m. mellifera, uncertain for A.m. carnica, A.m. caucasia and A.m. cecropia) | Europe, Asia and Africa | honey, wax, pollination | Some physical and behavioral changes. Domestication status is a point of contention. See Western honey bee for details. | Very common in captivity, feral populations common, wild status unclear[29] | 6a Hymenoptera | |
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) | Thomas' camel (Camelus thomasi) (extinct)[30] | 4000 BCE | Arabia | transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, show, racing, fighting, milk, meat, pets, patrol, hair | Tame, few physical changes | Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, true wild dromedaries may be extinct | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | |
Horse (Equus ferus caballus) | Extinct unknown population of Wild horse[31] | 3500 BCE[32] | Kazakhstan | transportation, milk, meat, working, guiding, servicing, hunting, execution, plowing, draft, mount, patrol fighting, show, racing, pets, hair, manure | Tame, some physical changes mainly in coloration | Common in captivity, very rare in wild, feral populations common | 1e Other mammals | |
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori) | Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina) | 3000 BCE | China | silk, animal feed, pets, meat | Tame/held captive, some physical changes | Fairly common in captivity, wild extent unclear | 6b Other insects | |
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) | Rock dove (Columba livia) | 3000 BCE | Mediterranean Basin | show, ornamental, messenger, meat, racing, pets | Artificially selected into many varieties, including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds, and fancy plumage breeds | Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral pigeons extremely abundant | 2c Columbiformes | |
Domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus) | Greylag goose (Anser anser) and Swan goose (A. cygnoides) | 3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides.[33] | Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides) | meat, feathers, eggs, show, guarding, pest control, pets | Considerable physical changes | Common in captivity and the wild | 2a Anseriformes | |
Yak (Bos grunniens) | Wild yak (Bos mutus) | 2500 BCE | Tibet, Nepal | milk, transportation, working, plowing, mount, racing, fighting, meat, fibre, guarding, pets, horns, patrol, dung | Tame, slight physical changes | Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild. | 1b Bovidae | |
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) | Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) | 2500 BCE | Central Asia (Afghanistan) | milk, transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, show, racing, meat, hair, pets | Tame, few physical changes | Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | |
Llama (Lama glama) | Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis)[34] | 2400 BCE[35] | Peru, Bolivia | transportation, working, draft, pack, meat, show, racing, pets, guarding | Slight physical changes | Fairly common in captivity and the wild | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | |
Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) | Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis)[34] | 2400 BCE[35] | Peru, Bolivia | fibre, meat, show, pets, guarding, milk, lawn mowing | Considerable physical changes | Fairly common in captivity and the wild | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | |
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris) | Helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris) | 2400 BCE[36] | Africa | meat, eggs, pest control, show, alarming, pets, guarding, manure | Mainly unaltered from wild population | Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild | 2b Galliformes | |
Fuegian dog (Lycalopex culpaeus) (extinct) | Culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) | Date uncertain | Chile | hunting, pets, warmth, guarding | Extinct in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) | European polecat (Mustela putorius) | 1500 BCE[37] | Europe | pets, hunting, pest control, show, racing | Tame, slight physical changes | Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild. Feral ferrets rare | 1c Carnivora | |
Domestic muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica) | Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) | 700–600 BCE[35] | South America | meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, guarding, pest control | Tame, some physical changes | Common in captivity, feral populations are rare | 2a Anseriformes | |
Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria) | African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) | 500 BCE | North Africa | show, pets, meat | Slight physical changes | Common in captivity and feral populations | 2c Columbiformes | |
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus) | Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) | Date uncertain | Southeast Asia, Bali | meat, milk, show, racing, working, plowing, draft | Slight physical changes | Common in captivity, endangered in the wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Gayal (Bos frontalis) | Gaur (Bos gaurus) | Date uncertain | Southeast Asia, Northeast India | meat, milk | Slight physical changes | Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) | South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) | 180 CE[35] | Mexico | meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, pest control, guarding, manure | Considerable physical changes | Common in captivity and wild | 2b Galliformes | |
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) | Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) | 300 CE to 400 CE | China | pets, show, racing, ornamental | Tame/held captive, significant physical changes | Very common and abundant in captivity, wild extent is unclear | 5a Cyprinidae | |
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) | Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus huxleyi)[38] | 600 CE[39] | Europe | pelt, fibre, pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing | Tame, significant physical changes | Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range | 1e Other mammals | |
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) | Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) | 11th Century CE | Japan | ornamental, show, pets | Tame/held captive, considerable physical changes | Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild | 5a Cyprinidae | |
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) | Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria) | 15th century CE | Canary Islands, Europe | pets, research, show, mining, fighting | Slight physical changes | Common in captivity and wild | 2d Passeriformes | |
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) | Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) | date uncertain | Southeast Asia | pets, research | Slight physical changes | Fairly common in captivity and the wild | 2d Passeriformes | |
Society finch (Lonchura striata domestica) | White-rumped munia (Lonchura striata) | unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE[40] | Japan | pets, research | Slight physical changes | Fairly common in captivity and the wild | 2d Passeriformes | |
Fancy mouse and laboratory mouse | House mouse (Mus musculus) | 1100 BCE (China), then 17th century CE (Europe)[41] | China | pets, research, racing, animal feed | Tame, significant physical changes | Common in captivity and in the wild | 1d Rodentia | |
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) | Uncertain species of the genus Betta | 19th century CE | Thailand | fighting, pets | Tame/held captive, very significant physical and slight behavioral changes | 5b Other fish | ||
Fancy rat and laboratory rat | Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) | 19th century CE[42] | United Kingdom | pets, research, show | Tame, some physical and psychological changes | Common in captivity and in the wild | 1d Rodentia | |
Domestic mink (Neovison vison) [43] | American mink (Neovison vison) | 19th century CE | North America | fur, hunting, pest control, pets | Some physical and psychological changes | Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild | 1c Carnivora | |
Domesticated red fox (Vulpes vulpes) | Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) | 1950s CE | Soviet Union, Russia | pelt, research, pets | Tame, some physical changes | Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common | 1c Carnivora | |
Domestic hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) | Four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) | 1980s CE | Central and Eastern Africa | pets | Slight physical changes | Common in the wild. Somewhat rare in captivity | 1e Other mammals | |
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata some strains)[44] | Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) | Date uncertain | Barbados, Brazil, Guyana | pets | Tame/held in captivity, significant physical changes | Common in captivity | 5b Other fish |
Semidomesticated, routinely captive-bred, or domestication status unclear
[edit]Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what, precisely, constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also species that are extensively used or kept as pets by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Most animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild animals by their extensive interactions with humans. Many could not be released into the wild, or are in some way dependent on humans.
Species and subspecies | Wild ancestor | Date | Location of origin | Purpose | Image | Degree and type of domestication | Extent in wild vs captivity | Taxon group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) | Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) | 3000 BC | Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia)[45] | meat, milk, transportation, working, draft, mount, hides, racing, leather, antlers, pets | Semidomesticated | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) | Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) | 2500 BC | Egypt | meat, horns, leather, skin, sacrifice | Held/tame in captivity | Small captive population, but endangered in the wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) | Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) | Date uncertain | Southern Africa | meat, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus) | Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus)[46] | Date uncertain | Mesopotamia | meat, feathers, eggs, sacrifice | Extinct in captivity and in the wild | 2f Other birds | ||
Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) | Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) | Date uncertain | Middle East, Egypt | meat, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) | Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas)[47] | Date uncertain | Egypt | meat, hides, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) | Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana)[48] | Date uncertain | Egypt | meat, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) | Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) | 2320-2150 BC | Egypt | meat, hides, horns, sacrifice | Held/tame in captivity | Small captive population, but nearly extinct in wild | 1b Bovidae | |
Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis) | Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis)[49][50] | Date uncertain | Egypt | tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) | Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)[51] | Date uncertain | Egypt, Middle East, India | meat, hunting, blood, show, tourism, hair, medicine, fat, organs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Serval (Leptailurus serval) | Serval (Leptailurus serval)[52] | Date uncertain | Egypt | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Caracal (Caracal caracal) | Caracal (Caracal caracal)[53] | Date uncertain | Egypt, India, Southern Africa | hunting, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) | Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii)[54] | Date uncertain | Egypt | hunting, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct) | Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct) | Date uncertain | Egypt | meat, hides, horns, sacrifice | Extinct in captivity and in the wild | 1b Bovidae | ||
Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct) | Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct) [55] | Date uncertain | Mesopotamia | draught | Extinct in captivity and in the wild | 1e Other mammals | ||
Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) | Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) | 2000 BC | Indus Valley Civilization | working, transportation, hunting, show, racing, fighting, worship, patrol | Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed) | 1e Other mammals | ||
Wood duck (Aix sponsa) | Wood duck (Aix sponsa) | Date uncertain | North America | meat, ornamental, pets, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2a Anseriformes | ||
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) | Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) | Pre-modern China (date uncertain) | China | ornamental, pets, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2a Anseriformes | ||
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) | Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) | Date uncertain | Egypt | meat, eggs, ornamental, guarding, pets, feathers | Held/tame in captivity | common in captivity, feral populations very common | 2a Anseriformes | |
Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) | Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) | Ancient Egypt (Date uncertain) | Egypt | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) | Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)[56] | 5000 BC | China | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Common genet (Genetta genetta), Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) | Common genet (Genetta genetta)[57], Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) | Date uncertain | Africa | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana), including subspecies Indian honey bee (Apis cerana indica) and Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) | Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana) and appropriate subspecies | Date uncertain | South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan | honey, pollination | Held/tame in captivity | 6a Hymenoptera | ||
Fallow deer (Dama dama) | Fallow deer (Dama dama) | 1000 BC | Mediterranean Basin | meat, hides, antlers, pets | Semidomesticated | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) | European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) | 800 BC | Europe, Asia | bloodletting, surgery | 7 Other animals | |||
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) | Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) | 700–500 BC[35] | Chile, Peru, Mexico | dye | Held/tame in captivity | Very common in the wild | 6b Other insects | |
Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) | Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) | 500 BC | India | show, feathers, meat, ornamental, pets, guarding, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | Fairly common in the wild | 2b Galliformes | |
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) | Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) | kept in Ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain | Greece | pets, talking bird | Held/tame in captivity | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) | Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) | Classical antiquity (Date uncertain) | Africa, Asia | pets, talking bird | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | Red deer (Cervus elaphus) | ~0 AD | China, Russia, Europe, United Kingdom | meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers | Captive bred | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Roman snail (Helix pomatia) | Roman snail (Helix pomatia) | 100 AD | Europe | meat, pets, shells | 7 Other animals | |||
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida) | Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida) | 180 AD | Mexico, Amazon basin | honey, pollination, pets | Semidomesticated | 6a Hymenoptera | ||
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) | White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) | Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) | China, Indonesia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) | Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata) | Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata) | Date uncertain | Sulawesi, Masalembu Islands, Tukangbesi Islands, Tanah Jampea, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Timor, Lesser Sundas, Sumba | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo) | Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo) | 960 AD | Japan, China | fishing | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) | Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) | Date uncertain | Eurasia | meat, ornamental, feathers | Semidomesticated | 2a Anseriformes | ||
Mute swan (Cygnus olor) | Mute swan (Cygnus olor) | 1000-1500 | Europe | meat, ornamental, feathers, guarding | Semidomesticated | 2a Anseriformes | ||
House cricket (Acheta domesticus) | House cricket (Acheta domesticus) | 12th century | Southwestern Asia, China, Japan | animal feed, meat, fighting, pets | Held in captivity | Somewhat common in captivity, very common in wild | 6b Other insects | |
Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica) | Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica) | 1100–1900 | Eurasia, Japan | meat, eggs, pets | Domesticated in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | 1200–1500 | Europe, Asia | meat | Held/tame in captivity | 5a Cyprinidae | ||
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) | Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) | Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) | China | pets | Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Javas from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable | Threatened in wild | 2d Passeriformes | |
Northern bobwhite (Colinus. virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi) | Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi) | Date uncertain | United States, Sonora, South America | meat, eggs, pets | Captive bred | Plumage changes | 2b Galliformes | |
Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) | Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) | Date uncertain | South America | meat, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) | European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) | Date uncertain | Europe | pets, singing | Captive bred | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Pekin robin (Leiothrix lutea) | Red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) | Date uncertain | China, Japan | pets, singing | Captive bred | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) | Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) | Date uncertain | India | fighting, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) | Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) | Date uncertain | Brazil | meat, pelt, pets, lawn mowing | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) | Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) | At least 1997 [58] but possibly early 1990s | Sub-Saharan Africa | meat, pets, landmine detection, TB detection, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) | Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) | Date uncertain | India | pets | Easy to tame | 1d Rodentia | ||
Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus) | Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus) | Date uncertain | India, Pakistan | meat, pets, fighting | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) | Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) | Date uncertain | China | ornamental, pets, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor) | Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor) | Date uncertain | Asia, Japan | meat, eggs, pets, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) | Sika deer (Cervus nippon) | Date uncertain | Japan, China | meat, antlers, tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) | Common eland (Taurotragus oryx) | Date uncertain | Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya | meat, milk, leather, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis) | American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis) | Date uncertain | United States, China | pets, meat, hides, teeth | once uncommon in the wild, captive breeding has led to the species recovering across much of its range | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Moose (Alces alces) | Moose (Alces alces)[59] | Date uncertain | Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska | research, milk, antlers, mount, draft, transportation, working, meat | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) | Quagga (Equus quagga quagga)[60][61] | 1830s | South Africa | guarding, draft | Extinct in captivity and in the wild | 1e Other mammals | ||
North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus) | North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus) | Date uncertain | North Africa, West Africa; East Africa | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets | Semidomesticated | 2f Other birds | ||
South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) | South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) | 19th century | South Africa | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets | Semidomesticated | 2f Other birds | ||
Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes) | Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes) | Date uncertain | Kenya | meat, eggs, feathers, mount, racing, guarding, pets | Semidomesticated | 2f Other birds | ||
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) | Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) | 1850s | Australia | pets, show, talking bird | Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger | Fairly common in the wild and in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | |
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) | Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) | 1870s | Australia | pets, show, talking bird | Held/tame in captivity | Common in the wild and in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | |
Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) | Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Elk (Cervus canadensis) including subspecies Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis) | Elk (Cervus canadensis), Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis) | late 1800s | North America | meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers | Captive bred | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Stoat (Mustela erminea) | Stoat (Mustela erminea) | 1800s | Eurasia | fur, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
European mink (Mustela lutreola) | European mink (Mustela lutreola) | 1800s | Europe | fur | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) | Coypu (Myocastor coypus) | late 19th to early 20th century | Argentina | fur, meat, aquatic weed control, pets | Captive bred | 1d Rodentia | ||
Domestic skunk (Mephitis mephitis) | Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) | 19th century | North America | pets, pest control | Tame when captive-bred | 1c Carnivora | ||
Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) | Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis)[62] | Date uncertain | North America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | 1910s | Australia, South Africa | research, animal feed | 6b Other insects | |||
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) | Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) | 1920s | China | research, biotechnology, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Rosy-faced, yellow-collared, and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri) | Rosy-faced, yellow-collared and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri) | 1920s | Africa | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) | Various rainbowfish spp. (Melanotaeniidae spp.) | 1920s | northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia | pets, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 5b Other fish | ||
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) | Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) | 1930s | Syria, Turkey | pets, research | Domesticated | 1d Rodentia | ||
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) | Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) | 20th century | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey | pets, research | Domesticated | 1d Rodentia | ||
European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) | European water vole (Arvicola amphibius) | 20th century | Europe, Russia, West Asia and Kazakhstan | pets | Domesticated | 1d Rodentia | ||
Common vole (Microtus arvalis) | Common vole (Microtus arvalis) | 20th century | Eurasia | pets | Domesticated | 1d Rodentia | ||
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) | Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) | 1930s | Andes | pets, fur, research | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) | Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) | 1930s | Andes | fur | Raised in captivity | Critically endangered in the wild | 1d Rodentia | |
Water flea (Daphnia magna) | Water flea (Daphnia magna) | 1930s | North America, Eurasia, Africa | research, animal feed | Held/tame in captivity | 6c Other arthropods | ||
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) | African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) | 1950s | South Africa | pets, research | 4a Anura | |||
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos) | Brine shrimp (Artemia spp., esp. A. salina) | 1950s | United States | pets | Domesticated | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Ball python (Python regius) | Ball python (Python regius) | 1960s | Africa | pets | Captive bred | 3a Serpentes | ||
Dwarf hamsters (Phodopus spp.) | Campbell's dwarf, Djungarian and Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus campbelli, P. sungorus and P. roborovskii) | 1960s | Europe | pets, research | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) | Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) | 20th century | Australia | pets, show | Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) | Axolotl | 20th century | Mexico | research, pets | Slight physical changes | Critically endangered in the wild | 4b Other amphibians | |
Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) | Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) | Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) | 20th century | Pakistan | pets | Slight physical modification | Somewhat common in captivity | 3b Lacertilia | |
American bison (Bison bison) | American bison (Bison bison) | 20th century | North America | meat, leather, hides, horns, guarding | Semidomesticated | 1b Bovidae | ||
Companion parrot (Order Psittaciformes) | Many species (Order Psittaciformes) | 1980s and 1990s | Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, New Zealand | pets, companion, talking bird, ornamental, guarding | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) | Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) | 20th century | Australia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) | Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) | Mid-to-late 20th century | Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana | pets | Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity | 4a Anura | ||
Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) | Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) | Mid-to-late 20th century | Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia | pets | Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity | 4a Anura | ||
Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) | Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2c Columbiformes | ||
Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) | Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula) | Date uncertain | Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 3a Serpentes | ||
Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum ) | Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum ) | Date uncertain | Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 3a Serpentes | ||
Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna) | Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna) | Date uncertain | Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 3a Serpentes | ||
Corn snake (Pantherophis gutttatus) | Corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) | 1960s | United States | pets | Slight physical changes | Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild | 3a Serpentes | |
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) | Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) | 1960s | United States | wool, meat, milk | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) | Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) | 1960s | Madagascar | pets | 6b Other insects | |||
Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) | Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets | Slight physical changes | 3b Lacertilia | ||
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) | Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) | 1970s | Australia | pets | Slight physical changes | 3b Lacertilia | ||
Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) | Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) | 1980s | Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) | Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) | 1980s | Maluku Islands | pets, show, talking bird | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) | Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets | 1e Other mammals | |||
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) | Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) | 1980s | Australia | pets | 1e Other mammals | |||
Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni) | Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni) | 1980s | Australia | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 3b Lacertilia | ||
Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) | Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) | 1980s | Europe | wax, pollination | Held/tame in captivity | 6a Hymenoptera | ||
Greater rhea (Rhea americana) | Greater rhea (Rhea americana) | 1990s | South America | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets | Semidomesticated | 2f Other birds | ||
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) | Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) | 1990s | Australia | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets | Semidomesticated | 2f Other birds | ||
Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus) | Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus) | Date uncertain | West Africa | meat, leather, hides, horns, milk | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa) | Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis)[63] and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa) | Date uncertain | Kenya | meat, leather, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Common degu (Octodon degus) | Common degu (Octodon degus) | 1990s | Chilean Andes | pets, research | 1d Rodentia | |||
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) et al. | Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and others of the genus | 1990s | Mongolia | pets, research | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Green iguana (Iguana iguana) | Green iguana (Iguana iguana) | 1990s | South America | pets, meat, leather | Captive bred | 3b Lacertilia | ||
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) | Carpet python (Morelia spilota) | Date uncertain | New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia | pets | Captive bred | 3a Serpentes | ||
Green tree python (Morelia viridis) | Green tree python (Morelia viridis) | mid-1990s | New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia | pets | Captive bred | 3a Serpentes | ||
Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) | Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) | late 1990s | Australia | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina) | Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina) | date uncertain | Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Burma, and Thailand | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) | Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) | late 1990s | Australia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) | Australian green tree frog | late 20th century | Australia | pets | 4a Anura | |||
Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli) | Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli) | late 20th century | Argentina | pets | 4a Anura | |||
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) | Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) | 2000s | England, Russia | meat, pets | Domesticated | 5a Cyprinidae | ||
King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis) | King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis) | Date uncertain | Asia, Australia | pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) | Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris) | Date uncertain | South America | meat, eggs | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) | Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)[64] | Date uncertain | South America | meat, eggs | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) | Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae)[65] | Date uncertain | Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales | pest control, show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus) | Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus)[66][67][68][69][70][71] | Date uncertain | Europe, Africa, Australia, North America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus) | Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus) | Date uncertain | South Africa, Ethiopia | show, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria) | Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria) | Date uncertain | South America | guarding | Held/tame in captivity | 2a Anseriformes | ||
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) | Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)[72] | Date uncertain | South America | guarding | Held/tame in captivity | 2a Anseriformes | ||
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) | Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) | Date uncertain | South America | guarding | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) | Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri) | Date uncertain | South America | guarding | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) | Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)[73] | Date uncertain | South Africa | pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) | Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)[74] | Date uncertain | Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia | falconry, show, intercepting, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) | Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)[75] | Date uncertain | North America | falconry, show, intercepting, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) | Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)[76] | Date uncertain | United States | falconry, show, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) | Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)[77] | Date uncertain | Europe, Asia, North America | falconry, show, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) | Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)[78] | Date uncertain | Europe | show, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Tawny owl (Strix aluco) | Tawny owl (Strix aluco)[79][80] | Date uncertain | Europe, United Kingdom | pest control, show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) | Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) | Date uncertain | Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Caribbean regions of the Americas | meat, eggs, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) | Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) | Date uncertain | Peru | meat, eggs, pest control | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) | Wild boar (Sus scrofa)[81][82] | date uncertain | Europe, United Kingdom | meat, tusks, hides, leather, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) | Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)[83] | 2000s | Tasmania | lawn mowing, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), White-eared opossum (D. albiventris) | Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana)[84], White-eared opossum (D. albiventris) | Date uncertain | North America, Brazil | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus) | Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus)[85][86][87][88] | Date uncertain | Australia | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) | Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)[89] | Date uncertain | Bangladesh | fishing, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Beech marten (Martes foina), Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) | Beech marten (Martes foina)[90][91], Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) | Date uncertain | Europe, Russia, India | fur, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Fisher (Pekania pennanti) | Fisher (Pekania pennanti) | Date uncertain | North America | fur, research, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) | Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)[92] | Date uncertain | Russia | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja) | Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja) | Date uncertain | South America | pest control, hunting, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) | Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) | Date uncertain | Argentina, Chile | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Tayra (Eira barbara) | Tayra (Eira barbara) | Date uncertain | South America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) | Raccoon (Procyon lotor)[93][94] | Date uncertain | North America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
South American coati (Nasua nasua), White-nosed coati (N. narica) | South American coati (Nasua nasua)[95], White-nosed coati (N. narica) | Date uncertain | South America, Costa Rica | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) | Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)[96] | Date uncertain | North America, Central America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Kinkajou (Potos flavus) | Kinkajou (Potos flavus) | Date uncertain | South America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana) | Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana)[97][98] | Date uncertain | South America, Central America | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii) | Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii) | Date uncertain | Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador | meat, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) | Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)[99] | Date uncertain | Ghana, Nigeria | meat, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) | Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)[100] | Date uncertain | Vietnam, China | meat, quills, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis) | Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis)[101] | Date uncertain | China | meat, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius) | Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius)[102] | Date uncertain | China, Laos | meat, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides) | Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides) | Date uncertain | Cuba | meat, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1d Rodentia | ||
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) | Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) | Date uncertain | Eurasian Steppe | pets | 1d Rodentia | |||
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus) | Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus) | 20th century | Northern Fennoscandia | pets | 1d Rodentia | |||
Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus) | Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus) | Date uncertain | Egypt | pets | 1d Rodentia | |||
Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata) | Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata) | Date uncertain | Mexico, Central America | pets | Captive bred | 3b Lacertilia | ||
Chinese cobra (Naja atra) | Chinese cobra (Naja atra)[103] | Date uncertain | China | venom, skins, pets | Captive bred | 3a Serpentes | ||
Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus) | Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets | Semidomesticated | 2e Psittaciformes | ||
Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii) | Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii) | Date uncertain | United States, especially the southeastern United States | pets, meat | Easy to domesticate | Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild | 3c Other reptiles | |
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) | Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)[104] | Date uncertain | China | pets, meat | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii) | Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii)[105] | Date uncertain | China | pets, meat | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) | Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)[106] | Date uncertain | Florida | pets, meat | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata) | Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata) | Date uncertain | China | pets, meat | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri) | Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri) | Date uncertain | China | pets, meat | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris) | Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris) [107][108][109][110][111][112] | Date uncertain | Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Florida, India, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Papua New Guinea | meat, hides, teeth, pets, guarding, tourism, show | Captive bred | 3c Other reptiles | ||
Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton) | Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton) | Date uncertain | New Guinea and northern Australia | pets, show | 2d Passeriformes | |||
Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda) | Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda) | Date uncertain | Australia | pets, show | Held/tame in captivity | 2d Passeriformes | ||
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) | Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) | Date uncertain | Hungary, United Kingdom | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara) | Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara) | Date uncertain | France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) | Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) | Date uncertain | China, India | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) | Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) | Date uncertain | Nepal | meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi) | Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi) | Date uncertain | Nepal, Taiwan, Vietnam | meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica) | Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica) | Date uncertain | Mexico, Utah, California | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) | Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) | Date uncertain | California | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) | Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) | Date uncertain | Mexico | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) | Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) | Date uncertain | Ethiopia | meat, pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis) | Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis) | Date uncertain | Africa, India, Australia | meat, feathers, eggs, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 2b Galliformes | ||
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) | Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)[113] | Date uncertain | Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore | nests | Held/tame in captivity | 2f Other birds | ||
Tarantula (Brachypelma spp. et al.) | Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma smithi) and others | Date uncertain | Mexico | pets, research | Common in captivity, getting rare in the wild. | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus) | Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus) | Date uncertain | New Caledonia | pets | Captive bred | Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in wild | 3b Lacertilia | |
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) | Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)[114] | Date uncertain | Florida | meat | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii), Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi) | Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii)[115], Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi)[116] | Date uncertain | South Africa, Kenya | show, guarding, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), roan antelope (H. equinus) | Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger)[117], Roan antelope (H. equinus)[118] | Date uncertain | South Africa | meat, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Nyala (T. angasii), Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) | Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)[119], Nyala (T. angasii)[120], Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) | Date uncertain | South Africa | meat, hides, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Black wildebeest (C. gnou) | Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)[121], Black wildebeest (C. gnou)[122] | Date uncertain | South Africa, Kenya | meat, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) | Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)[123] | Date uncertain | South Africa | meat, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) | Date uncertain | India, Pakistan | meat, hides, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) | Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) | Date uncertain | India, Pakistan | meat, hides, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) | Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) | Date uncertain | India, Pakistan | meat, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) | Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)[124] | Date uncertain | South Africa | meat, hides, horns, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) | Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)[125] | Date uncertain | North Africa | meat, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) | European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon)[126] | Date uncertain | Europe | meat, wool, hides, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) | African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)[127] | Date uncertain | South Africa | meat, leather, horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) | Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)[128] | Date uncertain | North America | meat | Held/tame in captivity | 1b Bovidae | ||
Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) | Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)[129] | Date uncertain | Brazil | meat, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa) | South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa)[130] | Date uncertain | South Africa | tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris) | Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)[131] | Date uncertain | China | meat, antlers | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Mule deer (O. hemionus) | White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)[132], Mule deer (O. hemionus) | Date uncertain | Virginia, West Virginia, Colombia, Florida, Montana | meat, antlers, hides, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Chital (Axis axis) | Chital (Axis axis) | Date uncertain | India | meat, hides, antlers, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) | Water deer (Hydropotes inermis) | Date uncertain | China | meat, tusks | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) | Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)[133][134][135] | Date uncertain | China, India | meat, tusks, musk, hides | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) | Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)[136] | Date uncertain | Peru | fibre, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) | Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)[137] | Date uncertain | Peru | fibre, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae | ||
African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), African forest elephant (L. cyclotis) | African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana),[138][139] African forest elephant (L. cyclotis)[140] | Date uncertain | South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Congo Basin, Kenya | mount, tourism, mine detection, patrol, work | Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed) | 1e Other mammals | ||
Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) | Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)[141] | Date uncertain | South Africa | horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) | Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)[142] | Date uncertain | South Africa | horns | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus) | South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus)[143][144][145][146] | Date uncertain | South America, Malaysia | tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1e Other mammals | ||
Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) | Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)[147][148] | Date uncertain | India | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) including subspecies Siberian lynx (L. l. wrangeli) and Carpathian lynx (L. l. carpathicus) | Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and appropriate subspecies[149][150] | Date uncertain | Europe, Russia | pest control, show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) | Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)[151] | Date uncertain | Central Asia, China | show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) | Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)[152][153][154][155] | Date uncertain | South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria | hunting, guarding, waste management, show, tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus) | Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus)[156] | Date uncertain | East Asia, Japan | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnvora | ||
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda), Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis) | Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda)[157], Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis) | Date uncertain | Europe, North America, North Africa, Central Asia, Sudan | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) | Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)[158], Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) | Date uncertain | Channel Islands, Eastern United States | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) | Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) | Date uncertain | Africa | pest control, show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) | Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)[159] | Date uncertain | South America | pest control, pets | Easy to domesticate | 1c Carnivora | ||
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs) | Dingo (Canis lupus dingo)[160], New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)[161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168] | Date uncertain | Australia, Papua New Guinea, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Middle East | guarding, pest control, warmth, hunting, tourism, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) | Meerkat (Suricata suricatta)[169][170] | Date uncertain | South Africa | pest control, show, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus) | Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus) | Date uncertain | West Africa | pets, pest control | Captive bred | 1c Carnivora | ||
Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii), Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus) | Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii)[171], Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)[172] | Date uncertain | India, Southeast Asia | pest control, pets | Held/tame in captivity | 1c Carnivora | ||
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) | Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) | Date uncertain | Thailand, Indonesia | meat, pets | Domesticated | 5b Other fish | ||
Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri and P. piraya) | Red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) and San Francisco piranha (P. piraya) | Date uncertain | South America | meat, pets, research, teeth | Semidomesticated | Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild | 5b Other fish | |
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) | Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares)[173][174] | Date uncertain | North America, Europe, East Asia, Australia | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) | Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides)[175] | Date uncertain | Asia, Australia | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) | Date uncertain | Europe, North America, Asia | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta) | Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta) | Date uncertain | Europe, United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania, Alaska | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) | Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)[176] | Date uncertain | United Kingdom, Poland, United States, India, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Australia | meat, pets | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) | Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) | Date uncertain | United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) | Date uncertain | Europe | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) | Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)[177] | Date uncertain | California, Colorado | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) | Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis)[178] | Date uncertain | India | meat, pets | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) | Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) | Date uncertain | Caribbean Sea | meat, tourism | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) | Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)[179] | Date uncertain | Gulf of Mexico | meat, research | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana) | Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana)[180][181] | Date uncertain | Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Chile, Hawaii | meat | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica) | European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica)[182][183][184][185] | Date uncertain | Europe, North America, Asia, New Zealand, Australia | meat, pets | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) | Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) | Date uncertain | Australia | honey, pollination | Held/tame in captivity | 6a Hymenoptera | ||
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia) | Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia) | Date uncertain | Central and South America | animal feed, pets | 6b Other insects | |||
Mealworm and Superworm (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio) | Larvae of darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio) | Date uncertain | Europe | animal feed, meat | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) | Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) | Date uncertain | United States | research | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) | Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)[186] | Date uncertain | United States | meat, animal feed, pollination, decompositing | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
Waxworm (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella) | Larvae of lesser and greater wax moths (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella) | Date uncertain | Europe ? | animal feed, bait, research, meat | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina) | Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina)[187] | Date uncertain | Southern Africa | meat, silk | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) | American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)[188] | Date uncertain | North America | meat, pets | Captive bred | 6b Other insects | ||
Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) | Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)[189] | Date uncertain | Europe, Asia, North America | meat, ink, pets | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) | Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)[190][191] | Date uncertain | Southeast Asia, Japan | meat, research, ink | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) | Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) | Date uncertain | Europe | meat, shells | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum) | Garden snail (Cornu aspersum) | Date uncertain | Europe | meat, shells, pets | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
African giant snail (Achatina achatina) | African giant snail (Achatina achatina)[192] | Date uncertain | Ghana | meat, shells, pets | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica) | Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica)[193] | Date uncertain | East Africa | meat, shells, pets | Captive bred | 7 Other animals | ||
Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri) | Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri)[194][195] | Date uncertain | United States, South Korea, Japan | meat, slime, skins | Captive bred | 5b Other fish | ||
Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) | Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)[196] | Date uncertain | Asia | meat, blood, pets | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) | Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) | Date uncertain | North America | meat, blood, research, pets | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) | Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) | Date uncertain | Japan | meat | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) | Mud crab (Scylla serrata) | Date uncertain | Asia | meat, pets | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus) | Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus)[197][198] | Date uncertain | Japan, Russia, Alaska | meat | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus) | European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus)[199][200][201] | Date uncertain | Europe, United States | meat | Captive bred | 6c Other arthropods | ||
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) | American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) | Date uncertain | North America | meat, pets | Captive bred | 4a Anura | ||
Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus) | Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus)[202] | Date uncertain | Europe | meat | Captive bred | 4a Anura | ||
Pig frog (Lithobates grylio) | Pig frog (Lithobates grylio) | Date uncertain | China | meat | Captive bred | 4a Anura | ||
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) | Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) | Date uncertain | Java | meat | Captive bred | 4a Anura | ||
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus) | Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) | Date uncertain | China, Thailand | meat | Captive bred | 4a Anura | ||
Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) | Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) | Date uncertain | China | meat | Captive bred | 4a Anura |
Taxonomical groupings
[edit]The categories used in Taxon group column are:
- 1a: Artiodactyla except Bovidae, 1b: Bovidae, 1c: Carnivora, 1d: Rodentia, 1e: Other mammals
- 2a: Anseriformes, 2b: Galliformes, 2c: Columbiformes, 2d: Passeriformes, 2e: Psittaciformes, 2f: Other birds
- 3a: Serpentes, 3b: Lacertilia, 3c: Other reptiles
- 4a: Anura, 4b: Other amphibians
- 5a: Cyprinidae, 5b: Other fish
- 6a: Hymenoptera, 6b: Other insects, 6c: Other arthropods
- 7: Other animals
References
[edit]- ^ Animal Domestication - Table of Dates and Places of Animal Domestication
- ^ Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.
- ^ Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.
- ^ Sablin, M. (2002). "The earliest Ice Age dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi I". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
- ^ a b Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H-P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-.P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; Green, R. E.; Wayne, R. K. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–74. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
- ^ a b Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-85530-5.
- ^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The origins of agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 54: S221–35. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.
- ^ Vigne, J.D. (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: a major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". C. R. Biol. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.
- ^ http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat
- ^ "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.
- ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L. Andersson, A. Cooper; Dobney; Albarella; Fang; Matisoo-Smith; Robins; Lowden; Finlayson; Brand; Willerslev; Rowley-Conwy; Andersson; Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication" (PDF). Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Frantz, L (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–8. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.
- ^ "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". Radio Pet Lady Network. October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ "What species is the ancestor of the domestic sheep?". Retrieverman. February 24, 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ Zeder, M. A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–604. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.
- ^ Wendorf F., Schild R.; Schild (1998). "Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African prehistory". J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.
- ^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French). - ^ Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007), "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication", Science, 317 (5837): 519–523, doi:10.1126/science.1139518, PMC 5612713, PMID 17600185.
- ^ "Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus". National Geographic News. 2004-04-08. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
- ^ Muir, Hazel (2004-04-08). "Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ Walton, Marsha (April 9, 2004). "Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat". CNN. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ West B.; Zhou B-X. (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication" (PDF). World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–18. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-29.
- ^ History of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge
- ^ "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.
- ^ Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)
- ^ [1]
- ^ Peters, J (November 25, 1997). "The dromedary: ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times". Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 25 (6): 559–65. PMID 9451759.
- ^ "The Genetic History of Horses". Genes to Genomes. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ^ Outram, A (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse
- ^ Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.
- ^ a b A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [2]
- ^ a b c d e D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
- ^ Guinea Fowl
- ^ Glover, James. "The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret". PetPeoplesPlace.com. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
- ^ "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ Interesting Rabbit Domestication History
- ^ Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)
- ^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. AFRMA.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.
- ^ Royer, Nichole. "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association.
- ^ Decuypere. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF).
- ^ Guideon, Khoo; Kok Fang Lim; Damien K. Y.; Fan Chen; Woon Kiong Chan; Tit Meng Lim; Violet P. E. Fang (2002). "Genetic Diversity within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
{{cite journal}}
: Check|url=
value (help)[permanent dead link] - ^ Roed, K. H; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.
- ^ http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3882&context=ocj
- ^ http://www.epiceras-ancientegypt.com/ancient_Egyptian_pets.html
- ^ Studies in Egyptian Religion: Dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee. 1982. ISBN 9004067280.
- ^ http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781861897640&m=239&dc=856
- ^ "Sassy Mama Guide To The Best Animal Adventures In & Around Dubai". Sassy Mama. October 13, 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "On the unlikelihood of hyena domestication. Or: No, you can't have one". Thrill Seeking Behavior. January 23, 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ https://georginadp6.weebly.com/fun-facts.html
- ^ http://www.catsg.org/m/index.php?id=111
- ^ https://theglyptodon.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/hunting-with-cheetahs/
- ^ "History: Bronze Age Sumerians and Akkadians". Warlord Games. January 17, 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^ "Farmers in China domesticated Asian Leopard Cats 5,000 Years Ago". Ancient Origins. February 7, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ^ "Search for the Common Genet (Genetta genetta) in Southern France". Rewilding Foundation. August 31, 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ User, Super. "We train rats to save lives". APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
{{cite news}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". On Pasture. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
- ^ http://cargocollective.com/lackman/Slate-piece-on-quaggas
- ^ http://surgicat.rcseng.ac.uk/Details/collect/45995
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Spilogale_gracilis/
- ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-science/article/game-domestication-for-animal-production-in-kenya-field-studies-of-the-bodywater-turnover-of-game-and-livestock/960524AF74A4BB168D57D51E18E0BFE9
- ^ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2007000300004
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dacelo_novaeguineae/
- ^ http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2015/05/12/hooded-crows-as-pets-keeping-the-worlds-most-intelligent-bird/
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/10003729/Crazy-for-crows.html
- ^ http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatbirdblog/2013/05/06/crows-as-pets-the-african-pied-crow-a-most-intelligent-bird/
- ^ http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-898667
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Corvus_brachyrhynchos/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Corvus_frugilegus/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anhima_cornuta/
- ^ "SECRETARY BIRD: Might". Nature: Observations and Meanings. July 23, 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ "French police training EAGLES to attack drones over fears ISIS could use the gadgets to carry out terror attacks". MailOnline. February 20, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". GearJunkie. February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- ^ http://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/business/8863767.Couple___s_falconry_business_takes_off/
- ^ https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jul/29/overdue-recognition-owl-issued-library-card-after-solving-universitys-gull-woes
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strix_aluco/
- ^ "Meet Bertie, the owl who is afraid of going outside.. and he loves nothing more than helping his owner make a cup of tea". MailOnline. March 4, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ http://www.aldenoxford.co.uk/meat_type.asp?Meat_ID=15
- ^ "Mad about the boar". Newburytoday. July 27, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ "Meet the lawnmower on legs: Why wallabies are taking over England's gardens in leaps and bounds". Daily Mail. May 15, 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ http://www.pawmanefin.com/Opossums_Are_Beneficial_to_Have_Around
- ^ "Senator wants to kick start discussion about allowing certain native animals as pets". news.com.au. March 19, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_viverrinus/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_geoffroii/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_hallucatus/
- ^ Feeroz, M. M., Begum, S. and Hasan, M. K. (2011). "Fishing with Otters: a Traditional Conservation Practice in Bangladesh". Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (28A): 14–21.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331140-700-mother-of-aquariums-who-cracked-a-2000yearold-octopus-mystery/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Martes_foina/
- ^ "Posts Tagged 'Kolonok'". Retrieverman. May 15, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ http://homeguides.sfgate.com/raccoons-good-around-yard-52629.html
- ^ "Walkies! Adorable pet RACCOON is taken for daily walks on a lead just like a dog". MailOnline. March 3, 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Nasua_nasua/
- ^ "Why This Critter Was The Must-Have Pet For Gold Miners". io9. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamandua_tetradactyla/
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tamandua_mexicana/
- ^ "Cane Rat Farming". SamAde. February 16, 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ^ "Porcupines Expose Pitfalls of Wildlife Farming". ScienceLine. December 16, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ "Inside China's bizarre Bamboo Rat farms". Daily mail. December 19, 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ "Weekend trip to Dong Nai porcupine, bamboo rat farm". Vietnam.net Bridge. January 16, 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ^ "Chinese brothers run farm home to 50,000 SNAKES where staff have to do three months of training before they start work". MailOnline. August 14, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
- ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti, Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises in Chinese medicine, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, retrieved 5 September 2016
- ^ Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008-01-01), "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China", Oryx, vol. 42, Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–150, doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562, S2CID 86743232, retrieved 2009-12-26
- ^ http://www.gui138.cn/xinwen/gbxw/201007/765.html
- ^ http://www.smallstarter.com/get-inspired/crocodile-farming-business-in-africa-and-a-success-story-from-kenya/
- ^ https://www.speedwaysafaris.com/buwama-crocodile-farm-tourism-uganda/
- ^ https://www.newsmax.com/thewire/crocodiles-guard-thai-home/2013/04/11/id/499028/
- ^ http://www.primaryinfo.com/projects/crocodile-farming.htm
- ^ https://www.ft.com/video/64115063-58fd-4e99-97b6-a28c46f2536f
- ^ https://www.nap.edu/read/18531/chapter/3
- ^ "Bird's nest boom". Inside Indonesia. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ http://antarcticaedu.com/fishfarm.htm
- ^ "Zebra Poppy is the talk of Maybole after farmer brings her to live on his land in Ayrshire town". Daily Record. February 24, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Goat-guarding zebra turns heads near Lebanon". Albany Democrat-Herald. October 7, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Big bucks for game ranchers". Mail & Guardian. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ "The many rewards of game farming in the Karoo". Farmers Weekly. May 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Optimizing game production in a new era: The road to financial success". Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa). November 17, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ^ "Breeding high-value game species in North West". Farmers Weekly. November 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "The York family & Breeding Golden Wildebeest". Farmer's Weekly. July 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Transforming game farming". ANN7. March 13, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "Eastern Cape farmer earns big with blesbok variants". Farmers Weekly. April 1, 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ "How to start farming high-value game species". Farmer's Weekly. July 10, 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ "Barbary sheep: farming potential?". Farmer's Weekly. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Mouflon ram needs a mate". The Northern Echo. November 16, 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ "Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming". Farmers Weekly. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
- ^ http://www.rockfordparent.com/news/20160712/pearl-city-resident-laverne-fluechtling-enjoys-raising-bison
- ^ http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/subjects/genetic_and_biodiversi/commercial_farming_of_collared_peccary
- ^ "She was ten feet tall and acted like a puppy: Family remembers Fenne the pet giraffe who roamed the house freely, loved to wear hats and would come running when her name was called". MailOnline. March 14, 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/4256/0
- ^ "Deer Farming Bill Hits a Snag". MetroNews. February 17, 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Traf-089.pdf
- ^ "Musk deer farming in China". Cambridge University Press. March 1, 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "Musk deer farm in Pithoragarh dying slow death?". Hindustan Times. October 15, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ https://www.ftz.czu.cz/en/r-9419-departments/r-9476-faculty-units/r-10932-farming-of-guanacos
- ^ "If Farming Vicuna Saves Them From Extinction Then Shouldn't We Farm Elephants And Tigers Too?". Forbes. July 5, 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "Elephants can smell land mines, scientists find". The Independent. March 13, 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
- ^ http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/10/prweb8890871.htm
- ^ "African Elephant Domestication #2". Buckles Blog. June 18, 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ "Farming rhinos and legalising sale of their horns worth more than gold 'will save them from extinction', claims farmer". Daily Mail. August 30, 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ "An Inside Look at the World's Biggest Rhino Farm". National Geographic. January 22, 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ https://www.sanpedroscoop.com/2015/04/belize-zoo-contest-winners-ambergris-cayes-island-academy-celebrate-fuego-tapirs-2nd-birthday.html
- ^ https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/115790/joy-jalil-%E2%80%94-just-jalil
- ^ https://runningtheworldtravel.wordpress.com/category/travel/peru/iquitos/
- ^ https://peopleofonefire.com/primitive-tribe-in-ecuadors-rain-forest-keeps-tapirs-as-pets.html
- ^ http://www.knowyourcat.info/lib/rusty.htm
- ^ "Russian family keeps pet fishing cat". Retrieverman. April 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ http://iliketowastemytime.com/2012/07/19/ownership-of-pet-lynx-7-pics
- ^ "Sophia, 11, is wild about her pet lynx". The Sun. July 4, 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- ^ "Pet cats turn out to be leopards". China Internet Information Center. November 14, 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ "In Pics: Ethiopia's Harar city uses hyenas for waste management". Hindustan Times. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ "Taming Ethiopia's hyenas". BBC News. April 12, 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ "The hyena men of Nigeria: Nomads tame baboons and snakes to make them perform". The Independent. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ Brottman, Mikita (15 February 2013). Hyena. ISBN 9781861899415.
- ^ "He has a striped face and spiky fur but this ISN'T a wild animal - meet Bandit the pet raccoon DOG". MailOnline. August 24, 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ https://www.thespruce.com/about-fennec-foxes-as-pets-1236778
- ^ Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Garcelon, David K. (22 July 2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. ISBN 9781139491563.
- ^ "Thursday [Wednesday] Woof - Cerdocyon thous Edition". Observation Deck. October 10, 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "Dingoes: a farmer's new best friend?". Starfish Initiatives. July 16, 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ https://www.lafayette.in.gov/1713/New-Guinea-Singing-Dog
- ^ "The wolf family of Zacherevye: How a Russian family took in and tamed a pack of wolves". MailOnline. August 18, 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/mar/12/wolves-norway-arctic-narvik-polar-park-zoo-wildlife
- ^ "Kazakhstan: Villagers use 'guard wolves' for protection". BBC. December 17, 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ http://boredomtherapy.com/reindeer-tribe-mongolia/
- ^ "Have you heard the story of the wolf and the goat?". Daily Express. June 24, 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
- ^ "Hugging with wolves: Chinese businessman spends ¥1 million a year on his passion for 150 wild animals". South China Morning Post. December 14, 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^ http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/5103/
- ^ "Cuddly pets? No, meerkats are savage little home wreckers: Thanks to THAT ad, meerkats have become trendy pets. But as these owners reveal, they're not as cute as they look..." MailOnline. August 22, 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Suricata_suricatta/
- ^ http://raybrownwildlifephotography.com/portfolio/ruddy-mongoose/
- ^ "Pet mongoose in Hawaii". Retrieverman. July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ "US entrepreneurs out to prove yellowfin tuna can be farmed". Undercurrent news. July 8, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ https://thefishsite.com/articles/hawaii-approves-first-bigeye-tuna-farm
- ^ "Greener alternatives for giant grouper". World Wide Fund for Nature. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ "Barramundi aquaculture". Government of Queensland. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20151105051556/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3050/en
- ^ "Reaping gold from Karimeen farming". The Hindu. November 1, 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ http://gcrl.usm.edu/research/red_snapper_aquaculture.php
- ^ http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Seriola_dumerili/en
- ^ https://www.oceanicinstitute.org/pdfs/GAA_Amberjack_Culture_-_Feb_2004_a31981.pdf
- ^ http://www.royaldanishfish.com/the-worlds-most-responsible-eel-farm-is-located-in-denmark.aspx
- ^ https://thefishsite.com/articles/a-guide-to-eel-farming
- ^ "When an Endangered Species Endangers a Culture". The Atlantic. January 12, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "Eel Farms in Maine? Idea is Gaining Traction". Maine Public Broadcasting Network. January 15, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "Intensive Black Soldier Fly Farming". SymTon. July 30, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- ^ https://www.bio-innovation.org/work/mopane-worms/
- ^ "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ "Tantalising tentacles: octopus could be the next big thing in aquaculture". The Conservation. August 29, 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ "Bigfin reef squid - Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830–1831 - Σουπιοκαλάμαρο - Cyprus". Biodiversity of Cyprus. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ https://www.tonmo.com/threads/cephalopod-farming.14824/page-2
- ^ "Starting your snail farm in Ghana". GhanaCulturePolitics. August 13, 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ http://www.smallstarter.com/browse-ideas/snail-farming/
- ^ "Slimy hagfish farms growing". The Herald. April 14, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/hagfish-slime-biomaterial-future/
- ^ "Why is horseshoe crab blood so vital to pharmaceuticals?". Mother Nature Network. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ "Kings, predators and research on the northern top of Europe". Arctic Anthropology. June 14, 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ http://little-hannie.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/king-crab-farm-bugoynes-beach-norway.htm
- ^ http://www.nationallobsterhatchery.co.uk/could-lobster-farming-become-a-new-industry-for-coastal-areas/
- ^ http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawauo88001/hawauo88001chap6.pdf
- ^ http://www.diversifyfish.eu/uploads/1/4/2/0/14206280/aes-vol41-2_halibut.pdf
- ^ "Intensive frog farming takes giant leap forward". New Scientist. September 1, 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2018.