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Blaptica dubia

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Blaptica dubia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Blattodea
Family: Blaberidae
Genus: Blaptica
Species:
B. dubia
Binomial name
Blaptica dubia
Serville, 1838
Synonyms
  • Blabera claraziana Saussure 1864[1]
  • Blabera ligata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
  • Blabera dubia Serville, 1838
Dubia cockroaches: Adult Male, Adult Female, and Juvenile.

Blaptica dubia, the dubia roach, orange-spotted roach,[2] Guyana spotted roach,[3] or Argentinian wood roach,[4][5] is a medium-sized species of cockroach which grows to around 40–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in).[6][7]

Description

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They are sexually dimorphic; adult males have full wings covering their body, while females have only tiny wing stubs - their tegmina (forewings) being around a fourth of their body length.[6][8] Adults are dark brown to black with somewhat lighter orange spot/stripe patterning sometimes visible only in bright light. Coloration differs slightly with environment and diet from one colony to another.

Blaptica dubia are partially ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young after eggs hatch inside the female,[9] and can give birth to 20 to 40 nymphs per month under favorable conditions.

Distribution

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The dubia cockroach is found in southern parts of South America. Documented specimens have been found in Brazil,[10] Argentina,[6] and Uruguay.[6]

Habitat

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Ideal temperature range is the higher end of a 24°C - 35°C range. They will not breed below 20°C. They will not molt successfully if the humidity is too low. Dubia roaches can tolerate lower humidity than many other roach species. This species of roach will also sequester more water in its body when well fed upon fruits and water will be released at times of stress.

In captivity, enclosure humidity is less important than a supply of high moisture foods, negating the need to mist the enclosure at all when compared to some other tropical pet insect species. Captive habitats should be kept clean and dry in order to have fecal droppings dry and not provide a medium for bacterial or fungal growth. Vertically stacked egg crates greatly help in this, as does good airflow.

Flight

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While rarely known to fly, adult males have fully developed wings and pigmented musculature typical of cockroaches able to meet the rapid energy requirements of sustained flight.[8][9] In laboratory test launches from a ramp 2.5 m high, adult male B. dubia were able to right their dorso-ventral position and rapidly deploy their wings to control and direct their descent; however, active powered flight did not maintain or increase their altitude.[8] Adult females have only rudimentary forewings and lack the muscles required for flight, and showed no flight control in test launches.[8]

Climbing

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Neither adults nor juveniles can climb smooth, vertical surfaces, since they do not have a developed arolium.[9]

Diet

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The dubia cockroach is a frugivore that prefers fruits and grains, shunning (but still eating) high protein sources, such as meat or waste droppings from other animals.[citation needed] They particularly like semisweet vegetable matter.[citation needed] Appropriate feed for raising dubia roaches includes: carrots, all manner of tropical fruits (mangos and papayas), apples, avocados, banana, cherries, pears, oranges, strawberries, fresh corn, tomatoes (some individuals show no interest in tomatoes while others eat readily), and lettuce (not iceberg or romaine)—many other leafy greens will be accepted, including herbs.[citation needed]

Reproduction

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Blaptica dubia is an ovoviviparous species, generally giving birth to live young, and pregnancy in one study lasted 48–64 days, in a 26°C (78.8°F) environment with alternating 12-hour light and dark photoperiods.[11] It carries the ootheca (egg capsule), which holds about 20-35 eggs, until they are ready to hatch, or may drop it earlier under stress conditions.[12] Adults live for up to 2 years, females slightly longer than males.[12] Growth and reproduction rates are sensitive to environmental conditions, optimally 25–30°C and above 60% relative humidity.[12]

Use as feeder insect

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Blaptica dubia has become a popular feeder insect, particularly among tarantula, amphibian, and reptile enthusiasts and owners.[7][12] Keeping or breeding the insect is made easier by their inability to jump or climb smooth surfaces, relatively slow movement, and rarity of flying.[9][12][13][14] They are also quiet, unlike crickets, and tropical environmental requirements reduce the likelihood of establishment of escapees in colder, dryer climates.[12] B. dubia can cause allergic reactions in humans,[12] although they produce relatively little odor compared to many cockroaches.[9]

A study found other cockroaches (Turkestan ("red runner") cockroaches, Madagascar hissing cockroaches,) provided a high-protein, low fat nutrition composition similar to crickets, more so than mealworms or superworm larvae provide.[15] The gut contents of the cockroach, depending on its diet, may provide essential nutrients unavailable from a cockroach with an empty gut.[15] Vitamin and mineral content in studied cockroaches was well represented except for low calcium:phosphorus ratios typical in cockroaches, and relatively low vitamin A and E in captive cockroaches.[15] Supplementation of these nutrients in feeder cockroaches may be advisable.[15]

Legality

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Canada and some US states do not allow importation by the general public of B. dubia, considered by some as an invasive species.[16] A Florida man was arrested on felony charges in 2011, related to ordering 500 B. dubia over the internet using a doctored permit, typically issued to researchers.[16]

References

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  1. ^ "Synonyms of Argentinian Wood Cockroach (Blaptica dubia)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  2. ^ Schultz, Stanley A.; Schultz, Marguerite J. (1 January 2009). The Tarantula Keeper's Guide: Comprehensive Information on Care, Housing, and Feeding. Barron's Educational Series. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7641-3885-0.
  3. ^ Veselý, Petr; Fuchs, Fuchs (2006). "Evolution of warning colouration in palatable prey – An experimental approach" (PDF). Diplomky – Center of Cognitive Ethology: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ "Common Names for Argentinian Wood Cockroach (Blaptica dubia)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  5. ^ "Taxonomy browser (Blaptica dubia)". Taxonomy browser. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 24 December 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d Hebard, Morgan (1921). South American blattidae from the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. 73. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences. pp. 288–290.
  7. ^ a b Wu, Hao; Appel, Arthur G.; Hu, Xing Ping (2013). "Instar Determination of Blaptica dubia (Blattodea: Blaberidae) Using Gaussian Mixture Models". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 106 (3): 323–8. doi:10.1603/AN12131.
  8. ^ a b c d Kesel, Antonia B; Martin, Andrew; Hoffmann, Florian (15 December 2009). "Quantifying the landing reaction of cockroaches: final report" (PDF). European Space Agency – Advanced Concepts Team. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e Wu, Hao (3 August 2013). "Biology of Blaptica dubia (Blattodea: Blaberidae) (thesis)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Almeida, Carlos Eduardo; Duarte, Rosemere; Nascimento, Raquel Guerra do; Pacheco, Raquel S; Costa, Jane (2002). "Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) II: Trophic resources and ecological observations of five populations collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 97 (8): 1127–31. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762002000800011. PMID 12563478.
  11. ^ Hintze-Podufal, Christel; Vetter, Rainer (1996). "Hormonal control of courtship behavior and reproductive cycle in the cockroach species Blaptica dubia (Blattoidea: Blaberoidea: Blaberidae)". Entomologia Generalis. 20 (3): 169–75. doi:10.1127/entom.gen/20/1996/169. INIST 2964339.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Alamer, Ahmad Hussein (2013). Endocrine control of fat body composition and effects of the insect growth regulators methoprene and pyriproxyfen on the development and reproduction of the Argentinian cockroach, Blaptica dubia Serville (Blattaria: Blaberidae) (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  13. ^ Rubio, Manny (2008). Scorpions: Everything about Purchase, Care, Feeding, and Housing. Barron's Educational Series. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7641-3981-9.
  14. ^ Friederich, Ursula; Volland, Werner (September 2004). Breeding food animals: live food for vivarium animals. Krieger Pub. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57524-045-9.
  15. ^ a b c d Oonincx, D.G.A.B; Dierenfeld, E.S (2012). "An Investigation into the Chemical Composition of Alternative Invertebrate Prey". Zoo Biology. 31 (1): 40–54. doi:10.1002/zoo.20382. PMID 21442652.
  16. ^ a b Pacheco, Walter (28 January 2011). "Man arrested on charges of purchasing 500 illegal exotic roaches online". The Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013.
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