User:Kiwi Rex/sandbox
Size lists
[edit]List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters)
[edit]Animal | Length |
Mass |
---|---|---|
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM v 4047) | 14 m (Sereno et al. 2022[1]) | 7.4 t (Sereno et al. 2022) |
Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-95) | 12.7-13.7 m (Paul, 2024)
13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016[2]) |
7.8-10 t (Paul, 2024) 8.2 t (Hartman, 2013[3]) 8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1156) | 13 m (Paul)? | 6.2 t (Persons et al. 2020[4])
9 t (Paul)? |
Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1157) | 12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 12.2 m (Holtz, 2012[5]) 13 m (Paul)? |
5.7 t (Persons et al.) 7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 9 t (Paul)? |
Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (SGM-Din 1) | 12 m (Paul; Holtz)
12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016) |
7 t (Paul)
7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Tyrannosaurus rex (RSM P2523.8 - "Scotty") | 12-13 m | 8.8 t (Persons et al.) |
Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue") | 12 m (Paul) | 7.5 t (Paul) 8.4 t (Hartman; Persons et al.) 9.75 t (Henderson, 2018) |
Siats meekerorum | 11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) | 3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH-108-145) | 11.5 m (Paul) 12.6 m (Holtz) 12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
6 t (Paul)
7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Deinocheirus mirificus | 11.5 m (Paul) 12 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
5.5 t (Paul)
6.2 t (Persons et al.) 7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Oxalaia quilombensis | 11 m (Holtz)
13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis | 11 m (Paul)
11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
3.7 t (Persons et al.)
4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 5 t (Paul) |
Acrocanthosaurus atokensis | 11 m (Paul)
11.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
3.59 t (Persons et al.)
4.9 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Bahariasaurus ingens | 11 m (Paul)
12.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
4 t (Paul)
4.6 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Torvosaurus tanneri (CPS 1010) | 11 m (Holtz)
12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
4.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Allosaurus (Saurophaganax) maximus | 10.5 m (Paul)
12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
3 t (Paul)
3.8 (Persons et al.) 4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Rajasaurus narmadensis | 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
11 m (Paul) |
3 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
5 t (Paul) |
Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis (CV00216) | 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
11 m (Paul) |
2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi; Paul) |
Allosaurus amplexus (=A. fragilis?) (AMNH 5767) | 10.4 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) | 2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Meraxes gigas | 10 m (Paul) | 4 t (Paul) |
Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis | 10 m (Paul)
11 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
4 t (Paul)
5.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Suchomimus tenerensis | 9.5 m (Paul)
9.78 m (Henderson) |
2.14 t (Henderson)
3.1 t (Paul) 3.2 t (Persons et al.) |
Tarbosaurus bataar | 9.5 m (Paul) 10 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
4 t (Paul)
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Therizinosaurus cheloniformis | 9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
9.6 m (Holtz) |
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
5-10 t (Paul) |
Ichthyovenator laosensis | 8.5 m (Paul)
10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
2 t (Paul)
2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
Sinotyrannus kazuouensis | 7.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
9 m (Paul) |
1.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
2.5 t (Paul) |
Abelisaurus comahuensis | 7.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
10 m (Paul) |
1.65 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
4 t (Paul) |
List of largest land mammals (6+ tonnes)
[edit]Rank | Animal | Mass |
Height |
Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) | 2.5 - 6 t | 2.5 m | |
19 | Gomphotherium steinheimense | 6.7 t | 3.17 m | |
18 | Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) | 2.7 - 7 t | 2.4 - 3.43 (average male: 2.7 m) | |
17 | Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) | 3 - 8.2 t (average: 6 t) | 2.6 - 3.5 m | |
16 | South African mammoth (Mammuthus subplanifrons) | 9 t | 3.68 m | |
15 | Bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) | 3 - 10.4 t (average male: 6 t) | 2.6 - 3.96 m (average male: 3.2 m) | |
14 | Deinotherium proavum | 10.3 - 10.5 t | 3.6 m | |
13 | American Mastodon (Mammut americanum) | 6.5 - 11 t (average: 8 t) | 2.3 - 3.25 m | |
12 | Mammuthus meridionalis | 10.7 - 11 t | 3.97 m | |
11 | Deinotherium giganteum | 8.8 - 12 t | 3.6 - 4 m | |
10 | Stegotetrabelodon syrticus | 11 - 12 t | 4 m | |
9 | Palaeoloxodon recki | 12.3 t | 4.3 m | |
8 | Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) | 9.2 - 12.5 t (average: 9.5 t) | 3.72 - 4.2 m | |
7 | Stegodon zdansky | 12.7 t | 3.87 m | |
6 | Deinotherium "thraceiensis" | 13.2 t | 4 m | |
5 | Steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) | 9 - 14.3 t (average: 11 t) | 3.89 - 4.5 m | |
4 | Straight-tusked elephant (Palaeloxodon antiquus) | 11 - 15 t (average: 13 t) | 3.8 - 4.2 m | |
3 | Zygolophodon borsoni (=Mammut borsoni) | 14 - 16 t | 3.9 - 4.1 m | |
2 | Indricotherium transouralicum (=Baluchitherium grangeri) - comparable to Paraceratherium and Dzungariotherium | 7.7 - 20 t | 4.8 - 5.3 m | |
1 | Asian straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon namadicus) | 13 - 22 t | 4.35 - 5.2 m |
List of largest sauropods
[edit]Animal | Paul (2019)[6] | Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2020)[7] | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Maraapunisaurus fragillimus | 35-40 m
80-120 t |
35 m
70 t |
|
Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi? | 30-55 t | 37 m
95 t |
|
Argentinosaurus huinculensis | 35+ m
65-75 t |
35-36 m
75-80 t |
|
"Mamenchisaurus" sinocanadorum | 35 m
60-80 t |
25 m
24 t |
|
Barosaurus lentus (BYU 9024) | - | 45 m
60 t |
|
Puertasaurus reuili | ~45-55 t | 27-28 m
50-56 t |
|
Patagotitan mayorum (MPEF-PV 3400) | 31 m
50-55 t |
31 m
55 t |
|
Brachiosaurus | - | 26.5 m
50 t |
|
"Antarctosaurus" giganteus | ~45-55 t | 30.5 m
45 t |
|
Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi | ~45-55 t | 28 m
40 t |
|
Paralititan stromeri | ~30-55 t? | 27 m
30 t |
|
Huanghetitan ruyangensis | ~45-55 t | 24 m
30 t |
|
Giraffatitan brancai (HMN XV2) | - | 25 m
48 t |
|
Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis | - | 31 m
45 t |
|
Mamenchisaurus sinojapanorum | - | 30.5 m
44 t |
|
Dreadnoughtus schrani (MPM-PV 1156) | 28-31 t | 24 m
35 t |
|
Giraffatitan brancai (HMN MB.R.2181) | 25-32 t | - | |
Futalognkosaurus dukei | 29 t | 24 m
30-36 t |
|
Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (SMP VP-1625) | 27 t | ||
Brontosaurus louisae (CM 3018) | 18 t |
List of largest cetaceans (10+ tonnes)
[edit]*=estimate
Rank | Animal | Length | Average mass |
Record mass |
Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | Antarctic minke whale (Pterobalaena bonaerensis) | 08 - 11.9 m | 8 t | 10.4 t | |
12 | Giant beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) | 10 - 13 m | 12 t | 14 t | |
11 | Bryde's whale (Rorqualus brydei) | 11.9 - 16.5 m | 17 t | 40 t | |
10 | Sei whale (Rorqualus borealis) | 13.6 - 19.5 (22?) m | 22.5 t | 45 t | |
9 | Grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) | 13 - 15 m | 24 t | 45 t | |
8 | Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) | 12 - 19 | 27.5 t | 48 t | |
7 | Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) | 11 - 20.5 (24?) m | 30.7 t
female: 15.5 tmale: 46 t |
57 t | |
6 | Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) | 13 - 17 m | 60 t | 90 (110?) t | |
5 | North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) | 13 - 18.5 | 60 t | 106 (110?) t | |
4 | Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticeti) | 14 - 20 (24.5?) m | 60 t | 100 (120?) t | |
3 | Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) | 18.5 - 25.9 (27.3?) m | 60 t | 74 t 114 t* |
|
2 | Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) | 13 - 19.8 (21.3?) | 70 t | 100 (135?) t? | |
1 | Blue whale (Rorqualus musculus) | 20 - 29.9 (33? 33.6?) m | 100 t | 173 t 211.5 t* |
List of biological kingdoms
[edit]Eukaryotes are now understood a subgroup of Archaea instead of a truly distinct "domain."[8] The bacterial and eukaryote kingdoms are respectively listed as proposed by Luketa (2012)[9] and Tedersoo (2017).[10]
- Kingdom Terrabacteria
- Kingdom Hydrobacteria
- Kingdom Aquificae
- Kingdom Fusobacteria
- Kingdom Thermotogae
- "DPANN" [included in Euryarchaeota?]
- Kingdom Euryarchaeota
- "Kingdom Proteoarchaeota" [paraphyletic[11]]
- Kingdom Crenarchaeota s.l.
- Jordarchaeia
- Odinarchaeia + Baldrarchaeia
- (Lokiarchaeles + Helarchaeales) + (Thorarchaeia + Hermodarchaeia)
- Sifarchaeia
- Wukongarchaeia
- Njordarchaeales + (Gerdarchaeles + Heimdallarchaeales)
- Hodarchaeales
- Kingdom Parabasalia
- Kingdom Fornicata
- Kingdom Oxymonada (=Anaeromonada/Preaxostyla)
- Discoba [=Eozoa sensu stricto]
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Heterolobosa (=Percolozoa)
- Kingdom Jakobida
- Kingdom Tsukubamonada (=Tsukubamonas globosa)
- Kingdom Malawimonada
Subdomain Archaeplastida
[edit]- Kingdom Glaucocystoplantae (=Glaucophyta)
- Kingdom Picozoa [incertae sedis in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
- Kingdom Rhodoplantae
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Stramenopila
- Kingdom Alveolata
- Kingdom Rhizaria
CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
[edit]- Kingdom Collodictyonida [incertae sedis in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
- Kingdom Mantazoa (=Mantamonas plastica)
- Kingdom Rigifilae
Subdomain Unikontamoebae
[edit]- Kingdom Amoebozoa
- Kingdom Planozoa?
- Kingdom Breviatae
- Kingdom Apusozoa (=Apusomonadida)
- Holomycota
- Kingdom Nucleariae (=Cristidiscoidea)
- Kingdom Fungi
- Holozoa
- Kingdom Ichthyosporia (=Mesomycetozoea)
- Kingdom Corallochytria (=Pluriformea)
- [Tunicaraptor unikontum]
- Kingdom Filasteriae (=Ministeriida)
- Kingdom Choanoflagellozoa
- Kingdom Metazoa
Others/incertae sedis
[edit]- Haptista s.l.
- Kingdom Centroheliozoa
- Kingdom "Haptista" (=Haptophyta)
- Cryptista s.l.
- Kingdom Telonemae
- Hemimastigophora
- Provora
- Parakaryon myojinensis
List of animal classes
[edit]The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 74+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list. The internal classification of many small phyla usually lacks the class rank. The taxonomy of Annelida and Platyhelminthes is still evolving from older gradistic classifications to a system with monophyletic classes.
Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala may also be classified as a single phylum[12]; Chaetognatha might be included in clade Gnathifera[13]:
- Phylum Gnathifera
- Class Gnathostomulida
- Class Micrognathozoa
- [?Class Chaetognatha]
- Subphylum Syndermata
- Subclass Seisonida
- Subclass Eurotatoria
- Class Acanthocephala
N/A
Traditional classes:
- Clitellata (earthworms and leeches)
- Echiura (spoon worms)
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
- "Polychaeta"
- Palaeoannelida
- Chaetopteriformia
- Lobatocerebrida
- Amphinomida
- Errantia (including Myzostomida)
- Orbiniida
- Pogonophora (incl. Vestimentifera)
- Cirratuliformia
- Spioniformia
- Opheliida
- Capitellida
- Maldanomorpha + Terebellida
- Questida
- Parergodriliida
- Aelosomata
- Hrabeiellida
Arthropoda (arthropods: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes)
[edit]Subphylum Chelicerata
[edit]- Euchelicerata
- Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Subphylum Pancrustacea
[edit]Superclass Allotriocarida
[edit]- Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
- Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp)
- Hexapoda
- Collembola (springtails)
- Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
- Insecta (insects)
- Protura (coneheads)
- Remipedia
Superclass Multicrustacea
[edit]- Hexanauplia
- Copepoda
- Thecostraca
- Tantulocarida [included in Thecostraca?]
- Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)
Superclass Oligostraca
[edit]- Ichthyostraca
- Branchiura (fish lice)
- Pentastomida (tongue worms)
- Mystacocarida [included in Ichthyostraca?]
- Ostracoda (seed shrimp)
Brachiopoda ("lamp shells")
[edit]- Gymnolaemtata s.l.
- Gymnolaemata s.s. [=Eurystomata]
- Stenolaemata
- Phylactolaemata
Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
[edit]- Sagittoidea
See below a list of chordate orders.
Subphylum (or Phylum) Cephalochordata
[edit]- Leptocardii (lancelet)
Subphylum (or Phylum) Urochordata
[edit]- Appendicularia (larvaceans)
- Ascidiacea
- Stolidobranchiata (pleurogones)
- Thaliacea (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
- Aplousobranchiata
- Phlebobranchiata
Subphylum (or Phylum) Vertebrata
[edit]- Cyclostomi
- Myxini (hagfish)
- Petromyzontida (lampreys)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
- Holocephali (chimaeras)
- Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)
- Osteichthyes
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
- Cladistei (reedfish and bichirs)
- Actinopteri
- Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish)
- Holostei (gars and bowfins)
- Teleostei
- Sarcopterygii
- Actinistia (coelacanths)
- Dipnotetrapodomorpha
- Dipnoi (lungfish)
- Amphibia (amphibians)
- Mammalia (mammals)
- Sauropsida (sauropsids/sauroids)
- Squamata (lizards, including snakes)
- Rhychocephalia (tuatara)
- Testudines (turtles)
- Archosauria
- Crocodylia (crocodiles, gharials, alligators and caimans)
- Aves (birds)
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
- Anthozoa (anemones and corals)
- Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
- Hydrozoa (hydroids)
- Myxozoa (microscopic parasites)
- Polypodiozoa (Polypodium hydriforme)
- Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
- Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish)
N/A
Cycliophora (tiny marine animals)
[edit]- Eucycliophora
Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others)
[edit]- Asteroidea (star fish)
- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
- Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
- Echinoidea (sea urchins)
- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Entoprocta [=Kamptozoa]
[edit]- Solitaria
- Coloniales
Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
[edit]N/A
Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
[edit]N/A
- Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
- Graptolithoidea/Pterobranchia
Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
[edit]N/A
- Micrognathea
- Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, and kin)
- Cephalopoda (octopuses, squids and cuttlefish)
- Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
- Monoplacophora
- Polyplacophora (chitons, or sea cradles)
- Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
- Chromadorea
- Enoplea
- Dorylaimida
- (incertae sedis)
Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
[edit]Onychophora (velvet worms)
[edit]- Udeonychophora
N/A
N/A
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
[edit]- Catenulida
- Rhabditophora
- Macrostomorpha
- Amplimatricata
- Gnosonesimora
- Euneoophora
- Rhabdocoela
- Proseriata
- Acentrosomata
- Adiaphanida
- Bothrioplanata
- Trematoda
- Monogenea
- Cestoda
- Calcarea (calcareous sponges)
- Demospongiae (coralline sponges)
- Hexactinellida (glass sponges)
- Homoscleromorpha
Priapulida (priapulid worms)
[edit]N/A
N/A
- Eurotifera
- Hemirotatoria/Hemirotifera
- Bdelloidea
- Seisonidea/Pararotatoria
- Acanthocephala (thorny headed worms)
- Archiacanthocephala
- Eoacanthocephala
- Palaeacanthocephala (ancient thornheads)
- Polyacanthocephala
Tardigrada (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets)
[edit]List of extant chordate orders
[edit]This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.
The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" as traditionally defined is paraphyletic. This may be solved by including the Thaliacea in Ascidiacea.[14] The 'orders' Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.[15]
Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.[10][16][17][18][19][20]
Cephalochordatea/Leptocardii: Lancelets
[edit]- Order Amphioxiformes
Larvacea: larvaceans
[edit]- Order Copelata
Ascidiacea (=Acopa)
[edit]- Enterogona
- Order Phlebobranchia
- Order Aplousobranchia
- Thaliacea: pelagnic tunicates
- Order Doliolida
- Order Pyrosomida
- Order Salpida
- Pleurogona
- Order Stolidobranchia
Class Cyclostomata: Jawless vertebrates
[edit]- Order Myxiniformes: hagfish
- Order Petromyzontiformes: lampreys
Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish
[edit]- Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Superorder Batoidea
- Order Rajiformes: rays and skates
- Order Pristiformes: sawfishes
- Order Torpediniformes: electric rays
- Order Myliobatiformes: (sting)rays
- Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks)
- Order Heterodontiformes: bullhead sharks
- Order Orectolobiformes: carpet sharks
- Order Carcharhiniformes: ground sharks
- Order Lamniformes: mackerel sharks
- Order Hexanchiformes: frilled and cow sharks
- Order Squaliformes: dogfish sharks
- Order Squatiniformes: angel sharks
- Order Pristiophoriformes: saw sharks
- Superorder Batoidea
- Subclass Holocephali
- Order Chimaeriformes: chimaeras
Class Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish
[edit]- Subclass Cladistei
- Order Polypteriformes: bichirs
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes
- Subclass Neopterygii
- Infraclass Holostei
- Order Amiiformes: bowfins
- Order Lepisosteiformes: gars
- Infraclass Teleostei
- Cohort Elopomorpha
- Order Elopiformes: ladyfishes and tarpon
- Order Albuliformes: bonefishes
- Order Notacanthiformes: halosaurs and spiny eels
- Order Anguilliformes: true eels and gulpers
- Osteoglossomorpha
- Order Osteoglossiformes: bony-tongued fishes
- Order Hiodontiformes: mooneye and goldeye
- Clupeocephala
- Cohort Otomorpha
- Order Clupeiformes: herrings and anchovies
- Order Alepocephaliformes: slickheads
- Superorder Ostariophysi
- Order Gonorynchiformes: milkfishes
- Otophysi/Otophysa
- Order Cypriniformes: barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
- Order Gymnotiformes: electric eels and knifefishes
- Order Cithariniformes
- Order Siluriformes: catfishes
- Order Characiformes: characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
- Cohort Euteleostomorpha
- Order Lepidogalaxiiformes: salamanderfish
- Superorder Protacanthopterygii
- Order Argentiniformes: barreleyes
- Order Salmoniformes s.l.
- Order Salmoniformes s.s.: salmon and trout
- Order Esociformes: pike
- Superorder Stomiati
- Order Stomiatiormes: bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
- Order Osmeriformes: smelts
- Order Galaxiiformes: galaxiids [previously included in Protacanthopterygii]
- Neoteleostei
- Order Ateleopodiformes: jellynose fish
- Order Aulopiformes: Bombay duck and lancetfishes
- Ctenosquamata
- Order Myctophiformes: lanternfishes
- Acanthomorpha
- Order Lampriformes: oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
- Superorder Paracanthopterygii
- Order Percopsiformes: cavefishes and trout-perches
- Order Polymixiiformes: beardfishes [previously sister to Acanthopterygii]
- Order Zeiformes: dories
- Order Gadiformes s.l.
- Order Stylephoriformes: tube-eye
- Order Gadiformes s.s.: cods
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Order Trachichthyiformes: slimeheads, spinyfins, pinecone fishes, and lanterneye fishes
- Order Beryciformes s.l.
- Order Beryciformes s.s. (incl. Stephanoberyciformes and Cetomimiformes): fangtooths, pineconefishes, ridgeheads and whalefishes
- Order Holocentriformes: soldierfish and squirrelfish
- Percomorpha
- Order Ophidiiformes: pearlfishes
- Order Batrachoidiformes: toadfishes
- Order Gobiiformes s.l.
- Order Gobiiformes s.s.: sleepers and gobies
- Order Kurtiformes: nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
- Order Scombriformes: tunas and mackerels
- Order Syngnathiformes: seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards
- Order Synbranchiformes s.l.
- Order Synbranchiformes s.s.: swamp eels
- Order Anabantiformes: gouramies and snakeheads
- Order Carangiformes s.l.
- Order Carangiformes s.s.: Jack mackerels and pompanos
- Order Istiophoriformes: marlins, swordfishes and billfishes
- Order Pleuronectiformes: flatfishes
- Ovalentariae
- Order Atheriniformes s.l.
- Order Atheriniformes s.s.: silversides and rainbowfishes
- Order Beloniformes: flyingfishes and ricefishes
- Order Cyprinodontiformes: livebearers and killifishes
- Order Blenniiformes s.l.
- Order Cichliformes: cichlids, convict blenny, leaf fishes
- Order Mugiliformes: mullets
- Blennimorphae
- Order Gobiesociformes: clingfishes
- Order Blenniiformes s.s.
- Order Atheriniformes s.l.
- Percomorpharia/Eupercaria
- Order Perciformes (incl. Gasterosteiformes and Scorpaeniformes): sticklebacks, sand eels, scorpionfishes, sculpins, etc
- Order Centrarchiformes: sunfishes and mandarin fishes
- Order Labriformes s.l.
- Order Labriformes s.s.: wrasses and parrotfishes
- Order Uranoscopiformes: stargazers and sandperchers
- Order Acropomatiformes s.l.
- Order Acropomatiformes s.s.
- Order Pempheriformes: sweepers
- Order Acanthuriformes s.l.
- Order Gerreiiformes: mojarras
- Order Ephippiformes: sicklefishes and spacefishes
- Order Lobotiformes: tiger perches and Atlantic tripletail
- Order Lutjaniformes: snappers and grunts
- Order Chaetodontiformes: butterflyfishes and ponyfishes
- Order Acanthuriformes s.s.: louvars, Moorish idols and surgeonfishes
- Order Spariformes: sea breams and porgy
- Order Priacanthiformes: bigeyes and bandfishes
- Order Caproiformes: boarfishes
- Order Lophiiformes: anglerfishes
- Order Tetraodontiformes: filefishes and pufferfish
- Cohort Otomorpha
- Cohort Elopomorpha
Class Actinistia: Coelacanths
[edit]- Order Coelacanthiformes
- Order Ceratodontiformes
Class Sauropsida: Sauropsids/Sauroids[21]
[edit]- Lepidosauria
- Order Rhynchocephalia: tuatara
- Order Squamata: lizards [note: all suborders have also been classified as orders[19]]
- Suborder Anguimorpha: monitors, crocodile lizards, beaded lizards, knob-scaled lizards, alligator lizards, and glass lizards
- Suborder Dibamia[22]: dibamids
- Suborder Gekkota: geckos
- Suborder Iguania: iguanas, chameleons, agamids, anoles, and phrynosomatids
- Suborder Laterata: true lizards, whiptails, tegus, spectacled lizards, and amphisbaenians
- Suborder Scinciformata: skinks, girdled lizards, plated lizards, and night lizards
- Suborder Serpentes: snakes
- Testudinata
- Order Testudines: turtles
- Archosauria
- Order Crocodilia: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials
- Aves/Neornithes: birds
- Order Struthioniformes sensu lato (including Rheiformes, Tinamiformes, Dinornithiformes, Apterygiformes, Aepyornithiformes and Casuariiformes[23][24]): palaeognaths
- Superorder Galloanserae
- Order Anseriformes: waterfowl
- Order Galliformes (incl. Craciformes): fowl
- Superorder Neoaves
- Aequornithes
- Order Gaviiformes: loons
- Feraequornithes
- Order Sphenisciformes: penguins
- Order Procellariiformes: albatrosses, petrels, and allies
- Order Ciconiiformes: storks and allies
- Pelecanes
- Order Suliformes: cormorants, boobies, frigatebirds, and darters
- Order Pelecaniformes (incl. Balaenicipitiformes): pelicans and allies
- Cavitaves
- Order Leptosomiformes: cuckoo roller
- Eucavitaves
- Order Trogoniformes: trogons
- Order Bucerotiformes (incl. Upupiformes): hornbills and hoopoes
- Order Coraciiformes: kingfishers
- Order Piciformes (incl. Galbuliformes): woodpeckers and allies
- Mirandornithes
- Order Phoenicopteriformes: flamingos
- Order Podicipediformes: grebes
- Order Accipitriformes (incl. Cathartiformes[28]): eagles, hawks and allies
- Order Caprimulgiformes (incl. Nyctibiiformes, Steatornithiformes, Podargiformes, Aegotheliformes, Apodiformes and Trochiliformes[28][29]): nightjars, hummingbirds, swifts and allies
- Order Cariamiformes: seriemas
- Order Charadriiformes (incl. Turniciiformes): plovers and allies
- Order Coliiformes: mousebirds
- Order Columbiformes: doves and pigeons
- Order Cuculiformes: cuckoos
- Order Eurypygiformes: kagus and sunbittern
- Order Falconiformes: falcons
- Order Gruiformes (incl. Ralliformes): cranes and allies
- Order Mesitornithiformes: mesites
- Order Musophagiformes: turacos
- Order Opisthocomiformes: hoatzin
- Order Otidiformes: bustards
- Order Passeriformes: passerines
- Order Phaethontiformes: tropicbirds
- Order Psittaciformes: parrots and allies
- Order Pterocliformes: sandgrouse
- Order Strigiformes: owls
- Aequornithes
- Subclass Yinotheria
- Order Monotremata: monotremes [or Order Tachyglossa + Order Platypoda]
- Subclass Theria
- Cohort [or Order] Marsupialia
- Order Didelphimorphia: opossums
- Order Paucituberculata: rat opossums
- Order Microbiotheria: monito del monte
- Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores
- Order Peramelemorphia [=Peramelia]: marsupial omnivores
- Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles
- Order Diprotodontia: marsupial herbivores; kangaroos, wallabies, possums and allies
- Cohort Placentalia
- Afrotheria
- Afroinsectiphilia
- Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles
- Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews
- Order Tubulidentata: aardvark
- Paenungulata [=Order Uranotheria]
- Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes
- Order Proboscidea: elephants
- Order Sirenia: manatees and dugongs
- Afroinsectiphilia
- [sometimes Order] Xenarthra
- Laurasiatheria
- Order Eulipotyphla: hedgehogs, shrews, moles
- Order Cetartiodactyla: cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
- Order Chiroptera: bats
- Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates; horses, rhinos, tapirs
- Order Pholidota: pangolins
- Order Carnivora: carnivores; cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, and others
- Euarchontoglires
- Order Dermoptera: colugos
- Order Primates: lemurs, tarsiers and simians
- Order Scandentia: treeshrews
- Glires
- Order Rodentia: rodents
- Order Lagomorpha: rabbits, hares and pikas
- Afrotheria
- Cohort [or Order] Marsupialia
Definitions of Aves
[edit]- "The most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Crocodylus niloticus" (adapted[30] from Patterson, 1993[31]). Alternative names: Avemetatarsalia, Panaves[30].
- "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathers homologous (synapomorphic) with those of of Vultur gryphus" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 1996[32]: "Because Sinosauropteryx has extremely short and primitive feathers, it is undoubtedly a member of the class Aves"; and Lee and Spencer, 1997[33]). Alternative names: Avifilopluma[30], Ornithodira[34].
- The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and Euparkeria capensis (adapted from Thulborn, 1975[35]: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: Theropoda[30].
- The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012[36]). Alternative name: Aviremigia[36], Pennaraptora[37]?
- The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx lithographica and Vultur gryphus (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998[38],[39]; Livezey & Zusi, 2007[40]). Alternative name: Ornithes[36]. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-Archaeopteryx”) and ornithological (“post-Archaeopteryx”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, Archaeopteryx does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018[41])
- "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of Vultur gryphus and used for powered flight" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 2001[42]). Alternative name: Avialae[30] (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition[43]).
- The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984[44] and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: Ornithothoraces, Carinatae[30].
- "The crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Struthio camelus, Tinamus major and Vultur gryphus" (Gauthier, 1986[45]; from Gauthier & De Queiroz, 2001[30]). Alternative name: Neornithes. Criticism: "adopting a crown-clade approach does not increase taxonomic stability. Indeed, because the boundaries of traditional more inclusive clades are usually defined on anatomical features or morphological gaps perceived (rightly or wrongly) to be significant, such clades would probably tend to be more highly corroborated than crown-clade" (Lee & Spencer, 1997[33])
Cladograms
[edit]Tree of life
[edit]
Bacteria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Archaea |
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Archaeplastida
[edit]
other Diaphoretickes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vertebrata
[edit]Cyclostomata |
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Eugnathostomata |
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Tetrapoda
[edit]Amniota | |
Seymouriamorpha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amniota |
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Sauropsida
[edit]
Synapsida | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sauropsida |
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Araeoscelidia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neodiapsida |
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Avifilopluma (phylogeny of feathered animals)
[edit]Pterosauria |
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Dinosauria |
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Dinosauromorpha (Paul, 1988)
[edit]†Lagosuchia |
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Staurikosauria |
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Dracohors
[edit]
Silesauridae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cau (2018)
[edit]
†Silesauridae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
"Dinosauria" |
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Baron & Williams (2018)
[edit]
Silesauridae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Saurischia |
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Dinosauria
[edit]†Sauropodomorpha |
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†Guaibasaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Eoraptor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Alwalkeria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Eodromaeus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Herrerasauridae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Daemonosaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Tawa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Avepoda |
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†Chilesaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Silesauridae? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Ornithischia |
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Tetanurae (Apesteguía et al., 2016)
[edit]
Piatnitzkysaurus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orionides |
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Homo (Ni et al., 2021)
[edit]
Homo habilis (OH7, OH24, ER 1805) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables and taxoboxes
[edit]
Dinosaurs Temporal range:
(Possible Middle Triassic record) | |
---|---|
A collection of fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise from top left: Heterodontosaurus tucki (a bipedal ornithischian); Allosaurus fragilis and Stegosaurus stenops (a large theropod and a plated stegosaur respectively); Edmontosaurus annectens (a duck-billed ornithopod); North Island giant moa, common ostrich and kiwi (palaeognath birds); Diplodocus (a giant sauropod); Titanoceratops ouranos (a horned ceratopsian); Scolosaurus thronus (an armored ankylosaur) | |
Row 1: Sauropodomorphs Plateosaurus engelhardti; ornithischians Styracosaurus albertensis and Scolosaurus cutleri Row 2: Common ostrich (Struthio camelus); sauropodomorph Barosaurus lentus with theropods Allosaurus fragilis | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dracohors |
Clade: | Dinosauria Owen, 1842 |
Major groups | |
Chicken | |
---|---|
A rooster (left) and hen (right) perching on a roost | |
Domesticated
| |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Subclass: | |
Infraclass: | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | |
Species: | G. gallus
|
Wikispecies | Taxonomicon | Nelson (1969) | Rosen (1981) | Margulis & Schwartz (1982) | McKenna & Bell (1997) | Dubois (2006) | Benton (2015) | Ruggiero (2015) | Tedersoo (2017) | Clade name |
Superregnum | Dominium | Epiregnum | Superregnum | Dominium | Eukaryota | |||||
Subdominium | Obazoa | |||||||||
Superregnum | Opisthokonta | |||||||||
Regnum | Regnum | Regnum | Subregnum | Regnum | Regnum | Animalia (=Metazoa) | ||||
Subregnum | Subregnum | Infraregnum | Eumetazoa (=Epitheliozoa) | |||||||
Subregnum | Hyporegnum | Subregnum | Subregnum | Bilateria | ||||||
Superphylum | Infraregnum | Series | Catoregnum | Infraregnum | Deuterostomia | |||||
Phylum | Phylum | Phylum | Provincia | Phylum | Phylum | Chordata | ||||
Phylum | Phylum | Craniata? | ||||||||
Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Vertebrata | ||||
Superclassis | Superclassis | Subphylum | Infraphylum | Infraphylum | Infraphylum | Gnathostomata | ||||
Classis | Classis | Hypophylum | Classis | Osteichthyes (=Euteleostomi) | ||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Hyperclassis | Subclassis | Superclassis | Sarcopterygii | |||||
Infraclassis | Dipnotetrapodomorpha | |||||||||
Infraclass | Infraclassis | Tetrapodomorpha | ||||||||
Superclassis | Series | Superclassis | Epiclassis | Superclassis | Superclassis | Tetrapoda | ||||
Divisio | Classis | Superordo | Reptiliomorpha | |||||||
Subclassis | Series | Amniota | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Classis | Synapsida | ||||||||
Ordo | Superordo | Ordo | Therapsida | |||||||
Subordo | Ordo | Subordo | Cynodontia | |||||||
Infraordo | Eucynodontia | |||||||||
Infraordo | Probainognathia | |||||||||
Infrasubordo | Mammaliamorpha | |||||||||
Classis | Mammaliaformes | |||||||||
Classis | Classis | Cohort | Classis | Classis | Ordo | Classis | Classis | Mammalia | ||
Subclassis | Divisio | Theriiformes | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Holotheria | |||||||||
Subclassis | Superlegio | Superlegio | Trechnotheria | |||||||
Legio | Legio | Cladotheria | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Sublegio | Zatheria | ||||||||
Subclassis | Infralegio | Sublegio | Tribosphenida (=Boreosphenida) | |||||||
Supercohort | Superordo | Subclassis | Supercohort | Subordo | Infralegio | Subclassis | Theria | |||
Cohort | Infraclassis | Series | Infraclassis | Infraordo | Supercohort | Infraclassis | Eutheria | |||
Cohort | Cohort | Cohort | Cohort | Placentalia | ||||||
Superordo | Magnordo | Superordo | Boreoeutheria | |||||||
Superordo | Grandordo | Grandordo | Euarchontoglires | |||||||
Superordo | Grandordo | Cacordo | Superordo | Euarchonta | ||||||
Ordo | Primatomorpha | |||||||||
Ordo | Ordo | Ordo | Subordo | Ordo | Ordo | Primates | ||||
Subordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Subordo | Haplorhini | ||||||
Infraordo | Parvordo | Parvordo | Subordo | Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea) | ||||||
Parvordo | Infraordo | Catarrhini | ||||||||
Superfamilia | Superfamilia | Superfamilia | Hominoidea | |||||||
Familia | Familia | Familia | Familia | Familia | Hominidae | |||||
Subfamilia | Subfamilia | Subfamilia | Homininae | |||||||
Tribus | Tribus | Subtribus | Hominini | |||||||
Subtribus | Subtribus | Hominina | ||||||||
Genus | Genus | Homo |
Wikispecies | Systema Naturae 2000 | Diversity of Life | Nelson (1969) | Bakker & Galton (1975) | Bakker (1986) | Paul (1988) | Olshevsky (1991) | Dubois (2006) | Martyniuk (2012) | Benton (2015) | Ruggiero (2015) | Clade name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classis | Classis | Cohort? | Infraclassis | Classis | Sauropsida | |||||||
Subclassis | Eureptilia | |||||||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Classis | Superclassis | Subclassis | Hypoclassis | Infraclassis | Diapsida | |||||
Catoclassis | Infraclassis | Neodiapsida | ||||||||||
Cohort? | Classis | Reptilia | ||||||||||
Infraclassis | Infraclassis | Classis | Classis | Epiordo | Infraclassis | Archosauromorpha | ||||||
Subclassis | Classis | Infraclassis | Divisio | Archosauriformes | ||||||||
Divisio | Divisio | Superordo | Superordo | Subdivisio | Archosauria (=Avesuchia) | |||||||
Subdivisio | Infraclassis | Infradivisio | Panaves | |||||||||
Subsectio | Infradivisio | Superordo | Ordo | Infrasubdivisio | Ornithodira (=Avifilopluma) | |||||||
Subclassis? | Subclassis or Infraclassis? | Dinosauriformes | ||||||||||
Superordo | Superordo | Superordo | Classis | Subclassis? | Subclassis or Infraclassis? | Subordo | Superordo | Dinosauria | ||||
Ordo | Ordo | Ordo | Subclassis | Infraordo | Ordo | Saurischia | ||||||
Subordo | Subordo | Subordo | Ordo | Infraclassis | Superordo | Ordo | Hypordo | Subordo | Theropoda | |||
Infraordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Tetanurae | ||||||||
Ordo | Avetheropoda | |||||||||||
Divisio | Subordo | Divisio | Coelurosauria | |||||||||
Subdivisio | Subordo | Subdivisio | Maniraptoriformes | |||||||||
Infradivisio | Cacordo | Infradivisio | Maniraptora | |||||||||
Classis | Pennaraptora | |||||||||||
Subordo | Cohort | Paraves | ||||||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Classis | Superordo | Phalanx? | Classis? | Avialae | ||||||
Classis | Infraclassis | Phalanx? | Classis? | Ornithes? | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Subclassis | Pygostylia (=Avebrevicauda) | ||||||||||
"Pygostylia" | ||||||||||||
Superordo | Superordo? | Classis? | Infraclassis | Ornithothoraces | ||||||||
Supercohort | Ornithuromorpha | |||||||||||
Parvclassis | Classis? | Cohort | Ornithurae | |||||||||
Subclassis | Classis? | Subcohort | Carinatae | |||||||||
Infraclassis | Parvclassis | Superordo | Series | Subclassis | Superdivisio | Subclassis | Neornithes |
References
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