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Example of an individual with plane-form enamel hypoplasia. From a British Roman site.

Plane-form enamel hypoplasia is often seen as the most severe type of enamel hypoplasia, and results from enamel matrix formation stopping, resulting in areas of crown with little or no dental enamel deposition. A relatively short period of severe stress can potentially lead to a very large defect. Plane-form enamel hypoplasia can be caused by a variety of factors, including severe illness/malnutrition, as well as specific conditions such as amelogenesis imperfecta and congenital syphilis. In severe cases enamel can be completely missing from areas of the crown, exposing the underlying dentine.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs of plane-form enamel hypoplasia can be seen through pitting, depressions, and grooves seen on the surface of the teeth, and this disease can only affect your teeth. This condition causes the enamel on your teeth to erode, causing a common sign of white spotting and yellow/orange spots on the surface of the teeth. A common symptom patients with this condition have is weakened and sensitive teeth. Due to the enamel eroding the teeth can begin to feel more sensitive causing discomfort when drinking and eating.

Cause

Plane-form enamel hypoplasia can occur due to variety of genetic and environmental factors. It is common for the disease to occur during the developmental stages of the teeth, if a person has an illness within their childhood the formation of the enamel can be interrupted. Respiratory infections seen within childhood are commonly linked to this disease.

Without intake of your key nutrients your enamel development can be delayed leading to weaker underdeveloped enamel causing their to be a case of plane-form enamel hypoplasia. intake of vitamins such as A,C, and D while also intaking your minerals such as calcium are important to ensuring the strength of your enamel. In order to prevent this it is important to have a proper diet and if there is a lack of vitamins and minerals within your diet take supplements in place of that.

If the mother of a child has any health conditions such as maternal malnutrition, infections, and any exposure to harmful substances these prenatal factors can affect the enamel development of the fetus. To prevent any prenatal factors the mother should ensure their is a nutrient rich diet, limit any exposure to harmful chemicals, and attend regular checkups during pregnancy.

Different conditions such as Amelgoenesis imperfecta, Usher syndrome, 22q11 syndrome, and Heimler syndrome can affect the enamel development causing hypoplasia to occur on the enamel.

Mechanism

Plane-form enamel hypoplasia occurs due to their being a disruption in the regular process of the enamel growth. Enamel growth begins during the early stages of tooth development and is commonly affected during childhood. Enamel are produced by calls called ameloblasts, which secrete enamel matrix that eventually hardens (mineralizes) over the teeth. If there is any disruptions in the production of ameloblast it can cause there to be deficiency's within the enamel. Factors such as nutrients intake, prenatal factors, and genetic conditions can disrupt the formation of enamel in any of the growth stages leading to things such as plane-form enamel hypoplasia. The duration of these factors determine how severe the diseases will be and how affected your enamel will be.

Diagnosis

If you believe that you have Plane-form enamel hypoplasia it is important to go see a dental professional. The dentist would start with a visual examination to examine the common signs such as the pitting, depressions, and grooves seen on the surface of the teeth. The dental professional would also take into a account any previous medical and developmental history to understand the potential causes. It would be imperative to also take a x-ray to assess the extent of the underdevelopment/deficiency of the enamel also allowing the dental professional to check for another dental issues. Early detection is imperative in order to plane preventative options and/or treatments.

Treatment

The treatment for this disease would be based on the severity of each case. For mild cases the dentist may apply fluoride on the teeth or suggest using fluoride toothpaste to strengthen the enamel and reduce any sensitivity. Another treatment for mild cases would be the placement of dental sealants, dental sealants fill the grooves and/or pits on the teeth reducing the risk for further bacteria buildup and decay. in more severe cases where the tooth isn't treatable or too weak a dental crown would need to be capped over the tooth or implanted in extreme cases of needing to pull the tooth. Holistically the affected person can look into holistic options such as a more plant based diet ensuring their attaining all the necessary vitamins and minerals.