User:KatBU21/sandbox
| KatBU21/sandbox | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cenometra bella in Maldives | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Subphylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | C. bella
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cenometra bella (Hartlaub, 1890) [1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Beautiful crinoid Unstalked crinoid Beautiful Featherstar | |
Cenometra bella is a species of crinoids belonging to the genus Cenometra. They can have up to 30 arms [2] and can be of variable colours but are often characterised by a marked contrast between the extending free-arms and the feathery pinnules (for example, dark brown and white). [2] This species clings to its support and moves around by its feet-like cirri.
Morphology
[edit]
Like many other Crinoids, C. bella is visually comparable to both a flowering plant and a sea star [3]. This criter’s evolutionary morphology has remained fairly constant with minimal changes in their appearance[3].
These small featherstars are predominantly dark brown on their underside. This includes its finger-like brachials and cirri they use to walk and attach themselves to objects [4][5]. The centrodorsal plate is the round ‘body’ that holds its brachials and arms together, and averages at 4.181mm in diameter [5]. The mouth is located at the center of this disc [4][5]. C. bella typically has five short, stiff and stout bifurcating arm bases that radiate from the centrodorsal plate of the comatulid ray, but this number can vary per individual [4][5]. These arm bases quickly branch out into two ossicles, giving them a total of ten or more free-arms [4][3][5]. The longer non-branching portion of the arms makes up the majority of the arm length, much like many other members of the comatulida order [6][5]. On average these non-branching feathery arms are 8.5cm long for an adult C. bella. Each arm has a long white central ridge with dark brown spotted pinnules that project outwards, and slightly taper inwards at the distal end, much like that of a fern plant [4][5]. Some, not all, of these arms are regenerating, but every individual will have at least a few that are [7].
Skeletally, the brachitaxes are composed of two ossicles, with ambulacral appendices [6]. The second pinnule is massive, hard and curved. The basal segment of the proximal pinnules is curved or rounded[5].
Reproduction & Development
[edit]There are male and female sexes of C. bella. These gonochoric crinoids shed their ova and sperm from ruptured pinnules into the water. During fertilisation, their embryos grow into larvae that later sink to a substrate surface, like a gorgonian coral. The growing larvae, once attached to a surface undergoes metamorphosis into a small crinoid and remains mostly sessile during growth. [3][8]
Feeding
[edit]This beautiful crinoid is a suspension feeder [8]. Thus, they filter feed on marine microorganisms like algae, diatoms and larvae. They also consume marine snow (detritus). This filtration occurs on their cirri which is liked to the gut near the mouth and anus on the centrodorsal plate [3].
Behaviour
[edit]
These featherstars are mostly sessile, anchoring themselves to hard substrate surfaces or the sea floor using their cirri ‘legs’. However, they are also free-moving creatures capable of travelling short distances to escape their predators or other threats [3]. As nocturnal critters, they partially hide sessile within rocks and corals during the day with their mouths oriented upwards[3]. Though their centrodorsal plate remains sheltered during the day as they wait till night to come out and feed [3], their free-arms can remain fully exposed in a circular fan-like arrangement outside of their habitat, throughout the day [6][9].
Distribution & Habitat
[edit]
C. bella typically occupies shallow tropical waters [6][3], living in open-surfaces [9] below 5m depths [5]. Though more commonly associated with large coral species in coral reefs, and sometimes found in the intertidal zone, they can very rarely establish habitat in the deeper ocean [5][3] (up to 55m[8]). These featherstars are often exposed on top of a gorgonian coral [9], under a reef flat, or clinging to sea whips [8].
This shallow water species is present in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean [8], thriving around South and South East Asia: India, the Philippines, China, South Japan, the Maldives, South Pacific Islands [5]. C. bella has also been found in the Great Barrier reef [6].
Threat & Survival Adaptations
[edit]Being mainly sessile creatures, the C. bella is highly susceptible to predators like large fish and other marine organisms [3]. They may also lose limbs due to abiotic stressors like great salinity and temperature fluctuations. On average, this feather-star is reported to lose an arm every 8 to12 days [6]. As a survival mechanism, this crinoid has evolved to be able to lose and regenerate lost limbs, much like a sea-star. Their pinules are also spiked to protect them from predators [3].
In addition, C. bella are able to produce aversive tasting and toxic chemicals to deter predators from consuming their arms [3][9] that remain exposed out of their habitat throughout the day. The deterrent taste not only provides immediate protection from their predators but also forms long-term negative conditioning to prevent large fish from attacking again [9]. These antifeedant chemicals also provide the beautiful crinoid’s colour [3].
References
[edit]- ^ WoRMS
- ^ a b Lisa Kirkendale and Charles Messing An annotated checklist and key to the Crinoidea of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands Micronesica, vol. 35, n. 36, 2003, pg. 523-546
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Feng, Yunjiang, et al. “Crinoids: Ancient Organisms, Modern Chemistry.” Natural Product Reports, vol. 34, no. 6, 2017, pp. 571–584., doi:10.1039/c6np00093b
- ^ a b c d e Arguelles, Carmen C, et al. “Identification of Feather Stars (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida) at Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines.” Philippine Journal of Science, vol. 139, no. 1, June 2010, pp. 51–60.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sadhukhan, Koushik, and C. Raghunathan. “New Record of Five Feather Stars (Class: Crinoidea) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands.” Zoological Survey of India, vol. 2, no. 1, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Baumiller, Tomasz K., and Forest J. Gahn. “Reconstructing Predation Pressure on Crinoids: Estimating Arm-Loss Rates from Regenerating Arms.” Paleobiology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2013, pp. 40–51., doi:10.1666/0094-8373-39.1.40.
- ^ Baumiller, Tomasz K., and Angela Stevenson. “Reconstructing Predation Intensity on Crinoids Using Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Approaches.” Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, vol. 137, no. 2, 2018, pp. 189–196., doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0169-6.
- ^ a b c d e Jeng, M.-S. 1998 Shallow-water echinoderms of Taiping Island in the South China Sea. Zoological Studies 37(2):137-153.
- ^ a b c d e Tinkova, T. V., et al. “Deterrence of Feather Stars (Crinoidea, Comatulida) from Southern Vietnam for the Indo-Pacific Sergeant-Fish Abudefduf Vaigiensis.” Doklady Biological Sciences, vol. 456, no. 1, 2014, pp. 195–198., doi:10.1134/s0012496614030107.