User:Kalathei95/sandbox/CGAW/Test-List-Countries/Caro-Valdic/Standard Heclivinian
Standard Heclivinian
[edit]Standard Heclivinian (or Dysochloian Heclivinian), is one of the most commonly spoken languages of the Heclivino-Syrinean branch of the Heclivic languages. Standard Heclivinian is the official language of the many city states and polities across the fertile Heclivine river basin.
Phonology
[edit]Standard Heclivinian phonology is characterised by a rich consonant inventory, consisting for eight places of articulation and a four-way distinction in phonation. Like other Heclivic languages, the nearby K'avadmaey languages have had a significant influence on Heclivic languages, such as the development of ejective consonants, and the complete reduction in vowel phonemes.
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||
| Nasal | m | mʷ | n | nʷ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ɴ | ɴʷ | ||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | pʷ | t | tʷ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | |||
| Aspirated | pʰ | pʰʷ | tʰ | tʰʷ | kʰ | kʰʷ | qʰ | qʰʷ | ||||
| Ejective | p’ | t’ | k’ | q’ | ʡʼ | |||||||
| Voiced | b | bʷ | d | dʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||||
| Affricates | Voiceless | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | |||||||||
| Aspirated | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃʰʷ | ||||||||||
| Ejective | t͡ʃ’ | |||||||||||
| Voiced | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ||||||||||
| Fricatives | Voiceless | s | sʷ | |||||||||
| Ejective | s’ | |||||||||||
| Voiced | z | zʷ | ||||||||||
| Laterals | l | lʷ | ʎ | (ʎʷ) | ʟ | |||||||
| Approximants | j | w | ||||||||||
| Trill | r | rʷ | χ | χʷ | ||||||||
Vowels
[edit]Despite Heclivinian script representing 16 unique vowels, modern Heclivinian vowels have been reduced to just 5. Nasalisation of vowels, while present, are no longer phonemic.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i y | o ~ u |
| Mid | e | |
| Low | a |
Phonotactics
[edit]The phonotactics of Heclivinian is CCWVLNC.
Numerals
[edit]Like all Caro-Valdic languages, Heclivinian uses a decimal system. Numbers consist of cardinals, ordinals, distributives and multiplicative.
Grammar
[edit]Heclivinian features a high degree of synthetic morphology in verbs, polypersonal agreement, animacy hierarchy, agglutination, noun incorporation and verbal auxiliaries. Due to extensive contact and trade with the K'avadmaey peoples, Heclivinian (alongside its sister languages within the Heclivino-Syrinean branch) has developed SOV word order as oppose to VSO in other Caric languages.
Like many Heclivino-Syrinean languages, Heclivinian pronouns are mostly anaphoric, as verbs already conjugate number and person, making it a pro-drop language. T–V distinction in first and second personal pronouns are strictly observed, especially in kinship relations.