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Kediri Kutha Kadhiri
City
Kota Kediri
Javanese transcription(s)
• Latin	Kutha Kadhiri
• Hanacaraka	ꦏꦸꦛꦏꦝꦶꦫꦶ
• Pegon	كوڟا كاڎيري‎
Chinese transcription(s)
• Traditional	諫義里
• Simplified	谏义里
• Mandarin	Jiànyìlǐ (Pinyin)
• Hokkien	Kàn-gī-lí (POJ)

Kediri Kutha Kadhiri
City
Kota Kediri
Other transcription(s)
• Indonesian	Kota Kediri (Latin) كوتا كديري‎ (Jawi)
• Javanese	Kutha Kadhiri (Latin) ꦏꦸꦛꦏꦝꦶꦫꦶ (Hanacaraka) كوڟا كاڎيري‎ (Pegon)
• Chinese	諫義里 (Traditional) 谏义里 (Simplified) Jiànyìlǐ (Pinyin) Kàn-gī-lí (Hokkien POJ)

CJKV Representation

饅頭
饅頭

Penang Hokkien Phonology

Consonants

Initials

		Bilabial		Labiodental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m] 名 (miâ)				n [n] 爛 (nuā)						ng [ŋ] 硬 (ngēe)
Stop	Unaspirated	p [p] 比 (pí)	b [b] 米 (bí)			t [t] 大 (tuā)	d [d] 煎蕊 (tsian-doi)					k [k] 教 (kàu)	g [g] 牛 (gû)	[ʔ] 影 (iánn)
	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] 脾 (phî)				th [tʰ] 拖 (thua)						kh [kʰ] 扣 (khàu)
Affricate	Unaspirated					ts [ts] 姊 (tsí)	j [dz] 字 (jī)
	Aspirated					tsh [tsʰ] 飼 (tshī)
Fricative				f [f] 沙發 (sóo-fá)		s [s] 時 (sî)		sh [ʃ] 古申 (kú-shérn)						h [h] 喜 (hí)
Lateral							l [l] 賴 (luā)
Approximant							r [ɹ] 令吉 (ríng-gi̋t)				y [j] 捎央 (sa-yang)
Labialized													w [w] 我 (wá)

• Unlike other dialects of Hokkien, alveolar affricates and fricatives remain the same and do not undergo palatalization to become alveolo-palatal before /i/, e.g. 時 [si] instead of [ɕi].
• Words that begin with a null initial, i.e. begin with a vowel without a preceding consonant may feature an initial glottal stop /ʔ/, this is not indicated in writing.
• The consonants ⟨d⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are only used in loanwords.
• The consonants ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are only used in the spelling of loanwords. They may be analysed in terms of native Hokkien phonology as beginning with a null initial and instead be spelled with ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively, e.g. 捎央 sa-yang/sa-iang and 我 wá/uá.

Vowels

Monophthongs Front Back Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Close i [i] 伊 (i) inn [ĩ] 圓 (înn) u [u] 有 (ū) unn [ũ] 羊 (iâunn)* Close-Mid e [e] 會(ē) o [o] 蠔 (ô) Open-Mid ee [ɛ] 下 (ēe) enn [ɛ̃] 嬰 (enn) oo [ɔ] 烏 (oo) onn [ɔ̃] 嗚 (onn) Open a [a] 亞 (a) ann [ã] 餡 (ānn)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs Diphthong Triphthong ai [ai] 愛 (ài) ia [ia] 椰 (iâ) io [io] 腰 (io) iu [iu] 油 (iû) ua [ua] 話 (uā) iau [iau] 枵 (iau) au [au] 後 (āu) ia [iɛ] 燕 (iàn)* ioo [iɔ] 娘 (niôo)* ui [ui] 為 (uī) ue [ue] 鍋 (ue) uai [uai] 歪 (uai)

Penang Hokkien has borrowed liberally from other languages, particularly Malay, Cantonese, Teochew and English with varying degrees of assimilation to Hokkien phonology, as a result, there are several sounds not native to Hokkien which are present in the language

(Certain sounds are not native to Hokkien and are only used in loanwords (particularly food and technical terms), onomatopoeia, set phrases and names from other languages such as Cantonese, Malay and English)

Non-native vowels (used in loanwords)

Monophthong		Diphthong
er [ə] X (er)	y [y] X (y)	ei [ei] X (ei)	eoi [ɵy] X (eoi)	oi [ɔi] X (oi)	ou [ou] X (ou)

Non-native vowels (used in loanwords)

Tâi-lô	IPA	Example	Note
er	[ə]	ber-lian	Occurs in Quanzhou accented varieties of Hokkien such as those spoken in Southern Malaysia and Singapore. Used in Malay and English loanwords
y	[y]	豬腸粉 tsý-tshiông-fân	Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as ⟨i⟩
ei	[ei]	無釐頭 môu-lêi-thāu	Used in Cantonese loanwords
eoi	[ɵy]	濕濕碎 sa̋p--sa̋p--sêoi	An alternate pronunciation of ⟨ue⟩ due to Cantonese influence. Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as ⟨ue⟩
oi	[ɔi]	煎蕊 tsian-doi	Used in Malay and Cantonese loanwords. Replaces instances of ⟨ol⟩ in Malay loanwords, e.g. botol (瓿瓵 bo̍t-toi), cendol (煎蕊 tsian-doi)
ou	[ou]	大佬 tāi-lôu	Used in Cantonese loanwords

Rimes

Vowels			Coda-ending
Types	Simple	Nasal	Glottal Stop	Bilabial		Alveolar		Velar
				Nasal	Stop	Nasal	Stop	Nasal	Stop
Monophthongs	a [a] 家 (ka)	ann [ã] 柑 (kann)	ah [aʔ] 甲 (kah)	am [am] 甘 (kam)	ap [ap̚] 鴿 (kap)	an [an] 干 (kan)	at [at̚] 結 (kat)	ang [aŋ] 江 (kang)	ak [ak̚] 覺 (kak)
	ee [ɛ] 加 (kee)	enn [ɛ̃] 更 (kenn)	eeh [ɛʔ] 格 (keh)	em [ɛm] 甘 (kam)	ep [ɛp̚] 鴿 (kap)	en [ɛn] 結 (kat)	et [ɛt̚] 結 (kat)	eeng [ɛŋ] 經 (keng)	eek [ɛk̚] 革 (kek)
	e [e] 雞 (ke)		eh [eʔ] 格 (keh)					eng [eŋ] 經 (keng)	ek [ek̚] 革 (kek)
	i [i] 機 (ki)	inn [ĩ] 天 (thinn)	ih [iʔ] 砌 (kih)	im [im] 金 (kim)	ip [ip̚] 急 (kip)	in [in] 斤 (kin)	it [it̚] 吉 (kit)	ing [iŋ] 吉 (kik)	ik [ik̚] 吉 (kik)
	y [y] 枝 (ki)					yn [yn] 斤 (kin)	yt* [yt̚] 七月 (tshyt-gue̍h)
	er [ə] 家 (ke)		erh [əʔ] 格 (keh)	erm [əm] 甘 (kam)		ern [ən] 甘 (kam)	ert [ət̚] 結 (kat)
	ir [ɨ] 膠 (ka)
	oo [ɔ] 姑 (koo)	onn [ɔ̃] 望 (mōnn)	ooh [ɔʔ] 閣 (koh)	om [ɔm] 急 (kip)	op [ɔp̚] 急 (kip)	on [ɔn] 急 (kip)	ot [ɔt̚] 結 (kat)	ong [ɔŋ] 公 (kong)	ok [ɔk̚] 國 (kok)
	o [o] 哥 (ko)		oh [oʔ] 閣 (koh)	oum [om] 急 (kip)	oup* [op̚] 㨓位 (joup uī)			oung [oŋ] 公 (kong)	ouk [ok̚] 國 (kok)
	u [u] 龜 (ku)		uh [uʔ] 嗝 (kuh)	um [um] 急 (kip)		un [un] 君 (kun)	ut [ut̚] 骨 (kut)	ung [uŋ] 公 (kong)
Diphthongs	ai [ai] 皆 (kai)	ainn [ãĩ] 愛 (àinn)	aih [aiʔ] 𫠡 (ga̍ih)
	au [au] 交 (kau)		auh [auʔ] 樂 (ga̍uh)
	ei [ei] 交 (kau)
	ia [ia] 佳 (kia)	iann [ĩã] 京 (kiann)	iah [iaʔ] 揭 (kiah)	iam [iam] 兼 (kiam)	iap [iap̚] 劫 (kiap)			iang [iaŋ] 姜 (kiang)	iak [iak̚] 龠 (iak)
						ian [iɛn] 堅 (kian)	iat [iɛt̚] 結 (kiat)
	ier [iə] 蕉 (chie)
	ioo [iɔ] 娘 (niôo)	ionn* [ĩɔ̃] 薑 (kionn)						iong [iɔŋ] 恭 (kiong)	iok [iɔk̚] 鞠 (kiok)
	io [io] 蕉 (chio)		ioh [ioʔ] 借 (chioh)
	iu [iu] 鳩 (khiu)	iunn [ĩũ] 幼 (iùnn)
	eoi [ɵy] 驕 (kiou)
	oi [ɔi] 雞 (koi)	oinn [ɔ̃ĩ] 間 (koinn)
	ou [ou] 孤 (kou)
	ua [ua] 瓜 (kua)	uann [ũã] 官 (kuann)	uah [uaʔ] 割 (kuah)			uan [uan] 關 (kuan)	uat [uat̚] 決 (kuat)	uang [uaŋ] 芒茪 (bâng-kuang)
	ue [ue] 果 (kué)		ueh [ueʔ] 郭 (kueh)
	ui [ui] 規 (kui)	uinn [ũĩ] 光 (kuinn)	uih* [uiʔ] 血 (huih)
Triphthongs	iau [iau] 驕 (kiau)	iaunn* [ĩãũ] 薑 (kiaunn)
	uai [uai] 乖 (kuai)	uainn [ũãĩ] 檨 (suāinn)
	uei [uei] 乖 (kuai)
Syllabic consonants				m [m̩] 毋 (m̄)				ng [ŋ̍] 黃 (n̂g)
				mh [m̩ʔ] 摁 (hmh)				ngh [ŋ̍ʔ] 哼 (hngh)
Finals only used in loanwords, rare & variant pronunciations, onomatopoeia and interjections

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah [ai] ai ainn aih*? [au] au auh*? [e] e eng ek eh [ɛ] ee enn em* en* eeng* ep* et* eek* eeh [ə] er* erm* ern* ert* erh* [ei] ei* [i] i inn im in ing?* ip it ik*? ih [ɨ] ir* [ia] ia iann iam iang iap iak iah [iɛ] ian iat [iə] ier* [iau] iau iaunn [io] io ioh [iɔ] ioo* ionn iong iok [iu] iu iunn

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [o] o oum* oung* ouk* oh [ou] ou* [ɔ] oo onn om on* ong op* ot* ok ooh [ɔi] oi* oinn* [u] u um* un ung* ut uh [ua] ua uann uan uang* uat uah [uai] uai uainn [ue] ue ueh [uei] uei* [ui] ui uinn [y] y* yn* [ɵy] eoi* [m̩] m － [ŋ̍] ng －

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah [ai] ai ainn aih [au] au auh [e] e eng ek eh [ɛ] ee enn em* en*^ eeng* et*^ eek* eeh [ə]* er^ ern* ert* erh^ [i] i inn im in ing* ip it ik* ih [ia] ia iann iam iang iap iak iah [iɛ] ian iat [iau] iau iaunn [io] io ioh [iɔ] ioo^ ionn iong iok [iu] iu

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [o] o (um) (ung) (uk) oh [ɔ] oo onn om on* ong ot* ok ooh [u] u un ut uh [ua] ua uann uan uang* uat uah [uai] uai uainn [ue] ue ueh [ui] ui uinn [y]* y* yn* [m̩] m － [ŋ̍] ng －

• 1. Used in loanwords
• 2. Variant forms

Tones

	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer	Spacer
combining dot	E͘	E͘-	(E͘)	E͘H	E͘NG	E͘K	E͘ E͘	e͘	e͘-	(e͘)	e͘h	e͘ng	e͘k	e͘ e͘
combining dot w/ space	E͘	E͘ -	(E͘ )	E͘ H	E͘ NG	E͘ K	E͘ E͘	e͘	e͘ -	(e͘ )	e͘ h	e͘ ng	e͘ k	e͘ e͘
dot above (˙)	E˙	E˙-	(E˙)	E˙H	E˙NG	E˙K	E˙ E˙	e˙	e˙-	(e˙)	e˙h	e˙ng	e˙k	e˙ e˙
dot above (˙) w/ combining dot	E͘˙	E͘˙-	(E͘˙)	E͘˙H	E͘˙NG	E͘˙K	E͘˙ E͘˙	e͘˙	e͘˙-	(e͘˙)	e͘˙h	e͘˙ng	e͘˙k	e͘˙ e͘˙
interpunct (·)	E·	E·-	(E·)	E·H	E·NG	E·K	E· E·	e·	e·-	(e·)	e·h	e·ng	e·k	e· e·

Penang Hokkien tones

	Upper/Dark (陰)					Lower/Light (陽)
	No.	Name	TL	Pitch Contour		No.	Name	TL	Pitch Contour
				Original	Sandhied				Original	Sandhied
Level (平)	1	陰平 im-piânn	a	[˦˦] (44)	[˨˩] (21)	5	陽平 iông-piânn	â	[˨˧] (23)	[˨˩] (21)
Rising (上)	2	上聲 sióng-siann	á	[˥˧] (53)	[˦˦] (44)	－
				[˦˦˥] (445)
Departing (去)	3	陰去 im-khì	à	[˨˩] (21)	[˥˧] (53)	7	陽去 iông-khì	ā	[˨˩] (21)	[˨˩] (21)
					[˦˦] (44)
Entering (入)	4	陰入 im-ji̍p	a◌	[ʔ˧] (3)	[ʔ˦] (4)	8	陽入 iông-ji̍p	a̍◌	[ʔ˦] (4)	[ʔ˧] (3)
Note	Entering tones (4 & 8) only occur in closed syllables where ◌ represents either -p, -t, -k, or -h.

Loan tones
No.	Name	TL	Contour
6	陽上	ǎ	[˥˥] (55)
9	高入	a̋◌	[˥ʔ] (5)

Singaporean Hokkien Tones

Singaporean Hokkien tones

	Upper/Dark (陰)						Lower/Light (陽)
	No.	Name	TL	e.g.	Pitch Contour		No.	Name	TL	e.g.	Pitch Contour
					Original	Sandhied					Original	Sandhied
Level (平)	1	陰平 im-piânn	a	詩 si	[˦˦] (44)	[˨˨] (22)	5	陽平 iông-piânn	â	時 sî	[˨˦] (24)	[˨˩] (21)
Rising (上)	2	上聲 sióng-siann	á	死 sí	[˦˨] (42)	[˨˦] (24)	－
Departing (去)	3	陰去 im-khì	à	四 sì	[˨˩] (21)	[˦˨] (42)	7	陽去 iông-khì	ā	是 sī	[˨˨] (22)	[˨˩] (21)
Entering (入)	4	陰入 im-ji̍p	a◌	薛 sih	[ʔ˧˨] (32)	[ʔ˦] (4)	8	陽入 iông-ji̍p	a̍◌	蝕 si̍h	[ʔ˦˧] (43)	[ʔ˨˩] (21)
						[ʔ˦˨] (42)					[ʔ˦] (4)
Note	Entering tones (4 & 8) only occur in closed syllables where ◌ represents either -p, -t, -k, or -h.

Differences from other varieties of Hokkien

• The use of unique variants such as 何物 (啥物/甚麼/甚物) há(nn)-mi̍h (Longhai: á(nn)-mi̍h; Zhangzhou: sá(nn)-mi̍h or siá(nn)-mi̍h).

Differences from other Minnan dialects

Although Penang Hokkien is based on the Zhangzhou dialect, which in many cases result from the influence of other Minnan dialects.

• The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 muâi (Amoy: bê), 先生 sin-senn (Amoy: sian-sinn), etc.;
• The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹 thâu-kiong (Amoy: 湯匙 thng-sî)
• The adoption of pronunciations from Teochew: e.g. 我 wá (Zhangzhou: guá), 我儂 wang, 汝儂 luang, 伊儂 iang (Zhangzhou and Amoy: 阮 gún/guán, 恁 lín, 𪜶 (亻因) īn);
• The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢 pháinn-sè (Zhangzhou: bái/pháinn-sì), 百 pah (Zhangzhou: peeh), etc.

General pronunciation differences can be shown as below:

Penang	Amoy	Zhangzhou	Example
8th tone [˦] (4)	8th tone [˦] (4)	8th tone [˩˨] (12)
-e	-ue	-e	細 sè
-ee	-e	-ee	蝦 hêe
-enn	-inn	-enn	生 senn
-iaunn	-iunn	-ionn	想 siāunn
-iang	-iong	-iang	相 siang
-u	-i	-i	魚 hû
-ue	-e	-ue	火 hué
-ua	-ue	-ua	話 uā
-uinn	-ng	-uinn	酸 suinn
j-	l-	j-	入 ji̍p

Differences from standard Minnan

Most of the differences between Penang Hokkien and Amoy Hokkien exist also in Zhangzhou, e.g.:

Penang	Amoy	Example
-e	-ue	細 sè
-ee	-e	蝦 hêe
-enn	-inn	生 senn
-iaunn/-ionn	-iunn	想 siāunn
-iang/-iong	-iong	相 siang
-u	-i	魚 hû
-ue	-e	火 hué
-ua	-ue	話 uā
-uinn/-oo	-ng	酸 suinn
j-	l-	入 ji̍p
-in	-un	銀 gîn
-eng	-ing	成 sêng
-ek	-ik	色 sek

• The use of ⟨-uinn⟩ where Amoy has ⟨-ng⟩, e.g.

Penang: 門 muînn, 飯 puīnn, 酸 suinn, 黃 ûinn, 卵 nūi, etc.;
Amoy: 門 mng, 飯 png, 酸 sng 黃 ng 卵 nng And the use of ⟨-oo⟩ elsewhere, e.g. 毛 môo, 兩 nōo.

• The use of ⟨-ee⟩ and ⟨-enn⟩ where Amoy has ⟨-e⟩ and ⟨-inn⟩, e.g. 家 kee, 蝦 hêe, 生 senn;
• The use of ⟨-ue⟩ where Amoy has ⟨-e⟩ and vice versa, e.g. 火 hué, 未 buē, 地 tē, 細 sè;
• The use of ⟨-ua⟩ where Amoy has ⟨-ue⟩, e.g. 話 uā, 花 hua, 瓜 kua;
• The use of ⟨-ionn⟩ (also pronounced ⟨-iaunn⟩) where Amoy has ⟨-iunn⟩, e.g. 羊 iônn, 丈 tiōnn, 想 siōnn;
• The mix of ⟨-iang⟩ and ⟨-iong⟩ in some words where Amoy has ⟨-iong⟩, e.g. 上 siāng, 香 hiang;
• The use of ⟨j- ⟩ in some words where Amoy has ⟨l-⟩, e.g. 入 ji̍p, 熱 jua̍h, 日 ji̍t;
• The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 muâi (Amoy: bê), 先生 sin-senn (Amoy: sian-sinn), etc.;
• The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹 thâu-kiong (Amoy: 湯匙 thng-sî)
• The use of -eng -ek where others have iIng and iIk

Differences from the from other Hokkien varieties

Although Penang Hokkien is based on the Zhangzhou dialect, there are some obvious differences, which in many cases result from the influence of other Minnan dialects, e.g.:

Penang	Zhangzhou	Example
8th tone [˦] (4)	8th tone [˩˨] (12)
-iaunn	-ionn	想 siāunn
-u	-i	魚 hû

• The lower "Entering" (8th) tone in Penang, which is pronounced high [˦] (4) as in Amoy and many other parts of Fujian, whereas in most Zhangzhou dialects it is low with a slight lilt [˩˨] (12);
• The use of ⟨-u⟩ in some words such as 汝 lú, 豬 tu, 魚 hû, etc., where Zhangzhou has lí, ti and hî. This is a characteristic of dialects in other parts of Zhangzhou and Xiamen prefectures.
• The use of ⟨-iaunn⟩ instead of the Zhangzhou ⟨-ionn⟩, e.g. 羊 iâunn, 丈 tiāunn, 想 siāunn;
• The adoption of pronunciations from Teochew: e.g. 我 wá (Zhangzhou: guá), 我儂 wang, 汝儂 luang, 伊儂 iang (Zhangzhou and Amoy: 阮 gún/guán, 恁 lín, 𪜶 (亻因) īn);
• The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢 pháinn-sè (Zhangzhou: bái/pháinn-sì), 百 pah (Zhangzhou: peeh), etc.

Penang Hokkien Vocabulary

Loanwords

PGHK	Meaning	Other Hokkien	Note
鐳 lui	Money	錢 tsînn, 銀 gîn	From Malay duit or Hokkien 銅鐳 tâng-lui
	1/100 of a unit of currency	仙 sian, 占/針/尖 tsiam
箍 khoo	Units of Currency (Ringgit/Dollar)	Also used in other Hokkien variants
鏺/鈸 pua̍t	1/10 of a unit of currency	角 kak	Etymology unknown, but thought to be from Thai baht

Planning Areas of Singapore

Condensed

Name (English)	Malay (Jawi)	Chinese (Pinyin)	Hokkien (Pe̍h-ōe-jī)	Tamil (Transliteration)	Region	Area (km²)	Population	Density (/km²)
Ang Mo Kio	Ang Mo Kio	宏茂桥 Hóngmàoqiáo	宏茂橋 Âng-mô͘-kiô	ஆங் மோ கியோ Āṅ Mō Kiyō	North-East	13.94	163,950	13,400
Bedok	Bedok* بيدوق‎	勿洛 Wùluò	勿洛 Bût-lo̍k	பிடோக் Piṭōk	East	21.69	279,380	13,000
Bishan	Bishan	碧山 Bìshān	碧山 Phek-san	பீஷான் Pīṣāṉ	Central	7.62	88,010	12,000
Boon Lay	Boon Lay	文礼 Wénlǐ	文禮 Bûn-lé	பூன் லே Pūṉ Lē	West	8.23	30	3.6
Bukit Batok	Bukit Batok* بوکيت باتوق‎	武吉巴督 Wǔjí Bādū	武吉巴督 Bú-kit Pa-tok	புக்கிட் பாத்தோக் Pukkiṭ Pāttōk	West	11.13	153,740	14,000
Bukit Merah	Bukit Merah* بوکيت ميره‎	红山 Hóngshān	紅山 Âng-soaⁿ	புக்கிட் மேரா Pukkiṭ Mērā	Central	14.34	151,980	11,000
Bukit Panjang	Bukit Panjang* بوکيت ڤنجڠ‎	武吉班让 Wǔjí Bānràng	武吉班讓 Bú-kit Pan-jiāng	புக்கிட் பாஞ்சாங் Pukkiṭ Pāñcāṅ	West	8.99	139,280	15,000
Bukit Timah	Bukit Timah* بوکيت تيمه‎	武吉知马 Wǔjí Zhīmǎ	武吉知馬 Bú-kit Ti-má	புக்கிட் திமா Pukkiṭ Timā	Central	17.53	77,430	4,400
Central Water Catchment	Kawasan Tadahan Air Tengah کواسن تادهن اءير تڠه‎	中央集水区 Zhōngyāng Jíshuǐqū	中央集水區 Tiong-iong Chi̍p-chúi-khu	மத்திய நீர் நீர்ப்பிடிப்பு ?Mattiya Nīr Nīrppiṭippu	North	37.15	*	*
Changi	Changi* چڠي‎	樟宜 Zhāngyí	樟宜 Chiang-gî	சாங்கி Cāṅki	East	40.61	1,830	80.62
Changi Bay	Teluk Changi تلوق چڠي‎	樟宜湾 Zhāngyí Wān	樟宜灣 Chiang-gî Oan	சாங்கி பே Cāṅki Pē	East	1.7	*	*
Choa Chu Kang	Choa Chu Kang	蔡厝港 Cài Cuògǎng	蔡厝港 Chhòa Chhù-káng	சுவா சூ காங் Cuvā Cū Kāṅ	West	6.11	190,890	30,000
Clementi	Clementi	金文泰 Jīnwéntài	金文泰 Kim-bûn-thài	கிளிமெண்டி Kiḷimeṇṭi	West	9.49	92,420	9,800
Downtown Core	Pusat Bandar ڤوست باندر‎	市中心 Shìzhōngxīn	市中心 Chhī-tiong-sim	சிங்கப்பூர் நகர மையத்தில் ?	Central	4.34	2,720	680
Geylang	Geylang* ݢيلڠ‎	芽笼 Yálóng	芽籠 Gê-láng	கேலாங் Kēlāṅ	Central	9.64	110,200	11,400
Hougang	Hougang	后港 Hòugǎng	後港 Aū-káng	ஹவ்காங் Havkāṅ	North-East	13.93	226,240	16,000
Jurong East	Jurong Timur جوروڠ تيمور‎	裕廊东 Yùláng Dōng	裕廊東 Jū-lông Tang	ஜூரோங் கிழக்கு Jūrōṅ Kiḻakku	West	17.83	79,240	4,400
Jurong West	Jurong Barat جوروڠ بارت‎	裕廊西 Yùláng Xī	裕廊西 Jū-lông Sai	ஜூரோங் மேற்கு ?Jūrōṅ Mēṟku	West	14.69	264,860	18,000
Kallang	Kallang* کالڠ‎	加冷 Jiālěng	加冷 Ka-léng	காலாங் Kālāṅ	Central	9.17	101,520	11,000
Lim Chu Kang	Lim Chu Kang	林厝港 Lín Cuògǎng	林厝港 Lîm Chhù-káng	லிம் சூ காங் Lim Cū Kāṅ	North	17.3	110	5.2
Mandai	Mandai* منداي‎	万礼 Wànlǐ	萬禮 Bān-lé	மண்டாய் Maṇṭāy	North	11.77	2,090	180.2
Marina East	Marina Timur مارينا تيمور‎	滨海东 Bīnhǎi Dōng	濱海東 Pin-hái Tang	மெரினா கிழக்கு ?	Central	1.82	*	*
Marina South	Marina Selatan مارينا سلاتن‎	滨海南 Bīnhǎi Nán	濱海南 Pin-hái Lâm	மெரினா தென் ?	Central	1.62	*	*
Marine Parade	Marine Parade	马林百列 Mǎlín Bǎiliè	馬林百列 Má-lîm Pah-lia̍t	மரின் பரேட் ?	Central	6.12	46,390	8,000
Museum	Muzium موزيوم‎	博物馆 Bówùguǎn	博物館 Phok-bu̍t-koán	அருங்காட்சியகம் Aruṅkāṭciyakam	Central	0.83	420	480
Newton	Newton	纽顿 Niǔdùn	紐頓 Niú-tǹg	நியூட்டன் Niyūṭṭaṉ	Central	2.07	8,030	3,800
North-Eastern Islands	Kepulauan Timur Laut کڤولاوان تيمور لاءوت‎	东北群岛 Dōngběi Qúndǎo	東北群島 Tang-pak Kûn-tó	வடகிழக்கு தீவுகள் ?Vaṭakiḻakku Tīvukaḷ	North-East	42.88	50	1.2
Novena	Novena	诺维娜 Nuòwéinà	諾維娜 Lo̍k-ûi-ná	நொவீனா Novīṉā	Central	8.98	49,210	5,600
Orchard	Orchard	乌节 Wūjié	烏節 O͘-chiat	ஆர்ச்சர்ட் Ārccarṭ	Central	0.96	990	960.3
Outram	Outram	欧南 Ōunán	歐南 Au-lâm	ஊட்ரம் Ūṭram	Central	1.37	18,960	13,500
Pasir Ris	Pasir Ris* ڤاسير ريس‎	巴西立 Bāxīlì	巴西立 Pa-se-li̍p	பாசிர் ரிஸ் Pācir Ris	East	15.02	148,020	9,600
Paya Lebar	Paya Lebar* ڤايا ليبر‎	巴耶利峇 Bāyé Lìbā	巴耶利峇 Pa-iâ Lī-bā	பாய லேபார் Pāya Lēpār	East	11.69	40	3.4
Pioneer	Pioneer	先驱 Xiānqū	先驅 Sian-khu	பயனியர் Payaṉiyar	West	12.1	90	8.3
Punggol	Punggol* ڤوڠݢول‎	榜鹅 Bǎng'é	榜鵝 Póng-gô	பொங்கோல் Poṅkōl	North-East	9.34	170,560	17,800
Queenstown	Queenstown	女皇镇 Nǚhuángzhèn	女皇鎮 Lú-hông-tìn	குவீன்ஸ்டவுன் Kuvīṉsṭavuṉ	Central	20.43	96,340	4,400
River Valley	River Valley	里峇峇利 Lǐbā Bālì	里峇峇利 Lí-bā Bā-lī	நதி பள்ளத்தாக்கு ?	Central	1.48	10,250	6,800
Rochor	Rochor	梧槽 Wúcáo	梧槽 Gô͘-chô	ரோச்சோர் Rōccōr	Central	1.62	13,340	8,300
Seletar	Seletar* سلتار‎	实里达 Shílǐdá	實里達 Si̍t-lí-ta̍t	சிலேத்தார் Cilēttār	North-East	10.25	250	26.3
Sembawang	Sembawang* سمباوڠ‎	三巴旺 Sānbāwàng	三巴旺 Sam-pa-ōng	செம்பவாங் ?Cempavāṅ	North	12.34	95,920	8,400
Sengkang	Sengkang	盛港 Shènggǎng	盛港 Sêng-káng	செங்காங் Ceṅkāṅ	North-East	10.59	244,600	23,000
Serangoon	Serangoon* سرڠݢون‎	实龙岗 Shílónggǎng	實龍崗 Si̍t-lêng-kong	சிராங்கூன் Cirāṅkūṉ	North-East	10.1	116,310	11,500
Simpang	Simpang* سيمڤڠ‎	新邦 Xīnbāng	新邦 Sin-pang	சிம்பாங் Cimpāṅ	North	5.13	*	*
Singapore River	Sungai Singapura سوڠاي سيڠاڤورا‎	新加坡河 Xīnjiāpō Hé	新加坡河 Sin-ka-pho Hô	சிங்கப்பூர் நதி ?Ciṅkappūr Nati	Central	0.96	3,070	3,000
Southern Islands	Kepulauan Selatan کڤولاوان سلاتن‎	南部群岛 Nánbù Qúndǎo	南部群島 Lâm-pō͘ Kûn-tó	தெற்கு தீவுகள் ?Teṟku Tīvukaḷ	Central	6.07	1,800	244
Straits View	Pemandangan Selat ڤمندڠن سلت‎	海峡景 Hǎixiájǐng	海峡景 Hái-kiap-kéng	ஸ்ட்ரெய்ட்ஸ் காண்க ?	Central	0.77	*	*
Sungei Kadut	Sungai Kadut* سوڠاي کادوت‎	双溪加株 Shuāngxī Jiāzhū	雙溪加株 Siang-khe Ka-tu	சுங்கை காடுட் ?Cuṅkai Kāṭuṭ	North	15.99	780	53.2
Tampines	Tampines* تمڤينيس‎	淡滨尼 Dànbīnní	淡濱尼 Tām-pin-nî	தெம்பினிஸ் Tempiṉis	East	20.89	256,730	12,400
Tanglin	Tanglin	东陵 Dōnglíng	東陵 Tang-lêng	டங்லின் ?	Central	7.63	21,630	2,800
Tengah	Tengah* تڠه‎	登加 Dēngjiā	登加 Teng-ka	தெங்கா Teṅkā	West	7.4	10	1.4
Toa Payoh	Toa Payoh	大巴窑 Dàbāyáo	大巴窯 Tōa Pa-iô	தோ பாயோ Tō Pāyō	Central	8.17	120,650	14,300
Tuas	Tuas* تواس‎	大士 Dàshì	大士 Tōa-sū	துவாஸ் Tuvās	West	30.04	70	2.3
Western Islands	Kepulauan Barat کڤولاوان بارت‎	西部群岛 Xībù Qúndǎo	西部群島 Se-pō͘ Kûn-tó	மேற்கத்திய தீவுகள் ?Mēṟkattiya Tīvukaḷ	West	39.47	10	0.25
Western Water Catchment	Kawasan Tadahan Air Barat کاوسن تادهن اءير بارت‎	西部集水区 Xībù Jíshuǐqū	西部集水區 Se-pō͘ Chi̍p-chúi-khu	மேற்கத்திய நீர் நீர்ப்பிடிப்பு ?Mēṟkattiya Nīr Nīrppiṭippu	West	69.46	720	13
Woodlands	Woodlands	兀兰 Wùlán	兀蘭 Gu̍t-lân	ஊட்லண்ட்ஸ் Ūṭlaṇṭs	North	13.59	254,730	18,700
Yishun	Yishun	义顺 Yìshùn	義順 Gī-sūn	யீஷூன் Yīṣūṉ	North	21.24	220,320	10,100

* = Place names attested to be of Malay origin and referred to similarly in the Malay language.

Original

Name (English)	Malay	Chinese	Pinyin	Tamil	Region	Area (km²)	Population	Density (/km²)
Ang Mo Kio		宏茂桥	Hóngmàoqiáo	ஆங் மோ கியோ	North-East	13.94	163,950	13,400
Bedok	*	勿洛	Wùluò	பிடோக்	East	21.69	279,380	13,000
Bishan		碧山	Bìshān	பீஷான்	Central	7.62	88,010	12,000
Boon Lay		文礼	Wénlǐ	பூன் லே	West	8.23	30	3.6
Bukit Batok	*	武吉巴督	Wǔjí Bādū	புக்கிட் பாத்தோக்	West	11.13	153,740	14,000
Bukit Merah	*	红山	Hóngshān	புக்கிட் மேரா	Central	14.34	151,980	11,000
Bukit Panjang	*	武吉班让	Wǔjí Bānràng	பக்கிட் பஞ்சாங்	West	8.99	139,280	15,000
Bukit Timah	*	武吉知马	Wǔjí Zhīmǎ	புக்கித் திமா	Central	17.53	77,430	4,400
Central Water Catchment	Kawasan Tadahan Air Tengah	中央集水区	Zhōngyāng Jíshuǐqū	மத்திய நீர் நீர்ப்பிடிப்பு	North	37.15	*	*
Changi	*	樟宜	Zhāngyí	சாங்கி	East	40.61	1,830	80.62
Changi Bay	Teluk Changi	樟宜湾	Zhāngyí Wān	சாங்கி பே	East	1.7	*	*
Choa Chu Kang		蔡厝港	Cài Cuògǎng	சுவா சூ காங்	West	6.11	190,890	30,000
Clementi		金文泰	Jīnwéntài	கிளிமெண்டி	West	9.49	92,420	9,800
Downtown Core	Pusat Bandar	市中心	Shìzhōngxīn	சிங்கப்பூர் நகர மையத்தில்	Central	4.34	2,720	680
Geylang	*	芽笼	Yálóng	கேலாங்	Central	9.64	110,200	11,400
Hougang		后港	Hòugǎng	ஹவ்காங்	North-East	13.93	226,240	16,000
Jurong East	Jurong Timur	裕廊东	Yùláng Dōng	ஜூரோங் கிழக்கு	West	17.83	79,240	4,400
Jurong West	Jurong Barat	裕廊西	Yùláng Xī	ஜூரோங் மேற்கு	West	14.69	264,860	18,000
Kallang	*	加冷	Jiālěng	காலாங்	Central	9.17	101,520	11,000
Lim Chu Kang		林厝港	Lín Cuògǎng	லிம் சூ காங்	North	17.3	110	5.2
Mandai	*	万礼	Wànlǐ	மண்டாய்	North	11.77	2,090	180.2
Marina East	Marina Timur	滨海东	Bīnhǎi Dōng	மெரினா கிழக்கு	Central	1.82	*	*
Marina South	Marina Selatan	滨海南	Bīnhǎi Nán	மெரினா தென்	Central	1.62	*	*
Marine Parade		马林百列	Mǎlín Bǎiliè	மரின் பரேட்	Central	6.12	46,390	8,000
Museum	Muzium	博物馆	Bówùguǎn	அருங்காட்சியகம் திட்டமிடல் பகுதி	Central	0.83	420	480
Newton		纽顿	Niǔdùn	நியூட்டன்	Central	2.07	8,030	3,800
North-Eastern Islands	Kepulauan Timur Laut	东北群岛	Dōngběi Qúndǎo	வடகிழக்கு தீவுகள்	North-East	42.88	50	1.2
Novena		诺维娜	Nuòwéinà	நொவீணா	Central	8.98	49,210	5,600
Orchard		乌节	Wūjié	ஓர்ச்சர்ட்	Central	0.96	990	960.3
Outram		欧南	Ōunán	ஊட்ரம்	Central	1.37	18,960	13,500
Pasir Ris	*	巴西立	Bāxīlì	பாசிர் ரிஸ்	East	15.02	148,020	9,600
Paya Lebar	*	巴耶利峇	Bāyé Lìbā	பாய ளேபர்	East	11.69	40	3.4
Pioneer		先驱	Xiānqū	பயனியர்	West	12.1	90	8.3
Punggol	*	榜鹅	Bǎng'é	பொங்கோல்	North-East	9.34	170,560	17,800
Queenstown		女皇镇	Nǚhuángzhèn	குவீன்ஸ்டவுன்	Central	20.43	96,340	4,400
River Valley		里峇峇利	Lǐbā Bālì	நதி பள்ளத்தாக்கு	Central	1.48	10,250	6,800
Rochor		梧槽	Wúcáo	ரோச்சர்	Central	1.62	13,340	8,300
Seletar	*	实里达	Shílǐdá	சிலேத்தார்	North-East	10.25	250	26.3
Sembawang	*	三巴旺	Sānbāwàng	செம்பவாங்	North	12.34	95,920	8,400
Sengkang		盛港	Shènggǎng	செங்காங	North-East	10.59	244,600	23,000
Serangoon	*	实龙岗	Shílónggǎng	சிராங்கூன்	North-East	10.1	116,310	11,500
Simpang	*	新邦	Xīnbāng	சிம்பாங்	North	5.13	*	*
Singapore River	Sungai Singapura	新加坡河	Xīnjiāpō Hé	சிங்கப்பூர் நதி	Central	0.96	3,070	3,000
Southern Islands	Kepulauan Selatan	南部群岛	Nánbù Qúndǎo	தெற்கு தீவுகள்	Central	6.07	1,800	244
Straits View	Pemandangan Selat	海峡景	Hǎixiájǐng	ஸ்ட்ரெய்ட்ஸ் காண்க	Central	0.77	*	*
Sungei Kadut	Sungai Kadut	双溪加株	Shuāngxī Jiāzhū	சுங்கை காடுட்	North	15.99	780	53.2
Tampines	*	淡滨尼	Dànbīnní	தெம்பினிஸ்	East	20.89	256,730	12,400
Tanglin		东陵	Dōnglíng	டங்லின்	Central	7.63	21,630	2,800
Tengah	*	登加	Dēngjiā	தெங்கா	West	7.4	10	1.4
Toa Payoh		大巴窑	Dàbāyáo	தோ பாயோ	Central	8.17	120,650	14,300
Tuas	*	大士	Dàshì	துவாஸ்	West	30.04	70	2.3
Western Islands	Kepulauan Barat	西部群岛	Xībù Qúndǎo	மேற்கத்திய தீவுகள்	West	39.47	10	0.25
Western Water Catchment	Kawasan Tadahan Air Barat	西部集水区	Xībù Jíshuǐqū	மேற்கத்திய நீர் நீர்ப்பிடிப்பு	West	69.46	720	13
Woodlands		兀兰	Wùlán	ஊட்லண்ட்ஸ்	North	13.59	254,730	18,700
Yishun		义顺	Yìshùn	யீஷூன்	North	21.24	220,320	10,100

* = Place names attested to be of Malay origin and referred to similarly in the Malay language.

Malay & Jawi

Hamzah

	alif	high	sup'scr'	span (5)	span (3)	3/4	full	nil
hamzah	أ‎ أ	ٴ‎ ٴ	ء‎ ء	ء‎ ء	ء‎ ء	ء‎ ء	ء‎ ء
air	أير‎ أير	اٴير‎ اٴير	اءير‎ اءير	ير‎ء‎ا‎ اءير	ير‎ء‎ا‎ اءير	اءير‎ اءير	اءير‎ اءير	اير‎ اير
laut	لأوت‎ لأوت	لاٴوت‎ لاٴوت	لاءوت‎ لاءوت	وت‎ء‎لا‎ لاءوت	وت‎ء‎لا‎ لاءوت	لاءوت‎ لاءوت	لاءوت‎ لاءوت	لاوت‎ لاوت

Malay Arabic Phonology

Table of borrowed Arabic consonants

Distinct	Assimilated	Example
/x/ (خ‎)	/k/, /h/	khabar [ˈhabar], kabar [ˈkabar] ('news') خبر‎
/ð/ (ذ‎)	/d/, /l/	redha, rela ('good will')
/ðˤ/ (ظ‎)	/l/, /z/	lohor, zohor ('noon prayer') ظهر‎
/ʕ/ (ع‎)	/ʔ/	saat, sa'at ('time') ساعت‎
/ɣ/ (غ‎)	/ɡ/, /r/	ghaib, raib ('hidden') ‌غاءيب‎

Pegon

Harakat Pepet

آ بٓ تٓ ثٓ جٓ چٓ حٓ خٓ دٓ ذٓ ڎٓ رٓ زٓ سٓ شٓ صٓ ضٓ طٓ ڟٓ ظٓ عٓ غٓ ڠٓ فٓ ڤٓ قٓ كٓ ڮٓ لٓ مٓ نٓ ۑٓ وٓ ۏٓ هٓ يٓ‎

Letters

Pegon uses the original letters of the Arabic script plus an additional seven letters to represent native Javanese sounds not present in Arabic: ca (⟨چ‎⟩ /t͡ʃ/), dha (⟨ڎ‎⟩ /ɖ/), tha (⟨ڟ‎⟩ /ʈ/), nga (⟨ڠ‎⟩ /ŋ/), pa (⟨ڤ‎⟩ /p/), ga (⟨ڮ‎⟩ /g/), and nya (⟨ۑ‎⟩ /ɲ/). One additional letter is used in foreign loanwords: va (⟨ۏ‎⟩ /v/). These new letters are formed by the addition of dots to base letter forms. Pegon is not standardised and variation can be seen in how these additional letters are represented, most commonly in the position of the dots (above or below) and the number of dots (one or three).

Pegon alphabet

Name	Forms				Sound represented	Latin equivalent	Hanacaraka Equivalent	Notes
	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
alif الف‎	ا‎	ـا‎			/a, ɔ/ and /ə/	a (å), ê (e pepet)	ꦄ / ꦲ / ꦄꦼ a / (h)a / ê
ba باء‎	ب‎	ـب‎	ـبـ‎	بـ‎	/b/	b	ꦧ ba
ta تاء‎	ت‎	ـت‎	ـتـ‎	تـ‎	/t/	t	ꦠ ta
sa ثاء‎	ث‎	ـث‎	ـثـ‎	ثـ‎	/s/	s	ꦱ꦳ tsa	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
jim جيم‎	ج‎	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎	/d͡ʒ/	j	ꦗ ja
ca چا‎	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	/t͡ʃ/	c	ꦕ ca	Additional letter not present in Arabic
ha حاء‎	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎	/h/	h	ꦲ꦳ ha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
kha خاء‎	خ‎	ـخ‎	ـخـ‎	خـ‎	/x/	kh	ꦏ꦳ kha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dal دال‎	د‎	ـد‎			/d/	d	ꦢ da
zal ذال‎	ذ‎	ـذ‎			/z/	z	ꦢ꦳ dza	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dha ڎا‎	ڎ‎	ـڎ‎			/ɖ/	dh	ꦝ dha	Additional letter not present in Arabic May also be represented by ڊ‎ or ࢮ‎
ra راء‎	ر‎	ـر‎			/r/	r	ꦫ ra
zai زاي‎	ز‎	ـز‎			/z/	z	ꦗ꦳ za	Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
sin سين‎	س‎	ـس‎	ـسـ‎	سـ‎	/s/	s	ꦱ sa
syin شين‎	ش‎	ـش‎	ـشـ‎	شـ‎	/ʃ/	sy	ꦯ꦳ / ꦱ꦳ sya	Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
sad صاد‎	ص‎	ـص‎	ـصـ‎	صـ‎	/s/	s	ꦰ꦳ sha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
dad ضاد‎	ض‎	ـض‎	ـضـ‎	ضـ‎	/d/	d	ꦝ꦳ dla	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ta طاء‎	ط‎	ـط‎	ـطـ‎	طـ‎	/t/	t	ꦛ꦳ tha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
tha ڟا‎	ڟ‎	ـڟ‎	ـڟـ‎	ڟـ‎	/ʈ/	th	ꦛ tha	Additional letter not present in Arabic May also be represented by ࢋ‎ and ࢌ‎
za ظاء‎	ظ‎	ـظ‎	ـظـ‎	ظـ‎	/z/	z	ꦘ꦳ zha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ain عين‎	ع‎	ـع‎	ـعـ‎	عـ‎	/ʔ/	a, i, u and -k	ꦔ꦳ 'a	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
ghain غين‎	غ‎	ـغ‎	ـغـ‎	غـ‎	/ɣ/	gh	ꦒ꦳ gha	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
nga ڠا‎	ڠ‎	ـڠ‎	ـڠـ‎	ڠـ‎	/ŋ/	ng	ꦔ nga	Additional letter not present in Arabic
fa فاء‎	ف‎	ـف‎	ـفـ‎	فـ‎	/f/	f	ꦥ꦳ fa	Mainly used in Arabic and other foreign loanwords
pa ڤا‎	ڤ‎	ـڤ‎	ـڤـ‎	ڤـ‎	/p/	p	ꦥ pa	Additional letter not present in Arabic
qaf قاف‎	ق‎	ـق‎	ـقـ‎	قـ‎	/q/	q	ꦐ qa	Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
kaf كاف‎	ك‎	ـك‎	ـكـ‎	كـ‎	/k/ and /ʔ/	k	ꦏ ka
ga  ڮا‎	ڮ‎	ـڮ‎	ـڮـ‎	ڮـ‎	/ɡ/	g	ꦒ ga	Additional letter not present in Arabic May also be represented by ࢴ‎
lam لام‎	ل‎	ـل‎	ـلـ‎	لـ‎	/l/	l	ꦭ la
mim ميم‎	م‎	ـم‎	ـمـ‎	مـ‎	/m/	m	ꦩ ma
nun نون‎	ن‎	ـن‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	/n/	n	ꦤ na
nya ۑا‎‎	ۑ‎	ـۑ‎	ـۑـ‎	ۑـ‎	/ɲ/	ny	ꦚ nya	Additional letter not present in Arabic
wau واو‎	و‎	ـو‎			/w/ and /u, o, ɔ/	w and u, o	ꦮ / ꦈ / ꦎ wa / u / o
va ۏا‎	ۏ‎	ـۏ‎			/v/	v	ꦮ꦳ va	Additional letter not present in Arabic Mainly used in foreign loanwords
ha هاء‎	ه‎	ـه‎	ـهـ‎	هـ‎	/h/	h	ꦲ ha
hamzah همزة‎	ء‎				/ʔ/	∅	∅
ya ياء‎	ي‎	ـي‎	ـيـ‎	يـ‎	/j/ and /i, e, ɛ/	y and i, é (e taling)	ꦪ / ꦆ / ꦌ ya / i / é

Diacritics

Diacritic marks (harakat) are used in Pegon to represent vowel sounds or in some cases a lack thereof. Their prevalence in Pegon text varies from marking every letter, to being present only to differentiate particular vowel sounds. Full marking of letters is common in Islamic religious texts as it is reminiscent of the use of tashkil for guiding pronunciation when reading the Qur'an. Pegon text with minimal marking is increasingly common as the base letters often indicate the underlying vowel which renders the diacritics unecessary, in this case only fathah and maddah are used to differentiate distinct vowel sounds. A version of the script which uses no diacritics at all, similar to Jawi, is known as Gundhul (ڮونڎول‎; ꦒꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦭ꧀) meaning "bare/bald" in Javanese.

• Fathah (◌َ) is sometimes used to represent ⟨a⟩, particularly in religious texts. It is added to the preceeding letter to differentiate ⟨é⟩ (e taling) from ⟨i⟩, as is detailed below. It it used in a similar fashion to differentiate ⟨o⟩ from ⟨u⟩.
• Kasrah (◌ِ) is sometimes used to represent ⟨i⟩, particularly in religious texts.
• Dammah (◌ُ) is sometimes used to represent ⟨u⟩, particularly in religious texts.
• Maddah (◌ٓ) is used to represent ⟨ê⟩ (e pepet).
• Sukun (◌ْ) is sometimes used to represent a closed consonant with no vowel following, particularly in religious texts.
• Alif hamzah ( أ ) is used for vowel initial words, as is detailed below.

Vowel Formation

Vowel	Name	Isolated	Examples			Sound represented	Latin equivalent	Hanacaraka Equivalent	Notes
			Vowel initial	Dependant vowel	Consonant cluster
a	alif / fathah الف‎ / فتحة‎	ـا‎ / ◌َ‎	أ‎ a / å	كا‎ ka / kå	كرا‎ kra / krå	/a/ or /ɔ/	a / (å)	ꦄ / (ꦏ) a / (h)a	In the prestige dialect of Surakarta, ⟨a⟩ is pronounced [ɔ] in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an [ɔ]. This may be represented by ⟨å⟩. e.g. Surabaya سورابايا‎ Central Javanese: Suråbåyå /surɔbɔjɔ/ Indonesian: Surabaya /surabaja/
					كلا‎ kla / klå
i	ya / kasrah ياء‎ / كسرة‎	ـي‎ / ◌ِ‎	إ‎ i	كي‎ ki	كري‎ kri	/i/	i	ꦆ / (ꦶ) i / (wulu)
					كلي‎ kli
u	wau / dammah واو‎ / ضمة‎	ـو‎ / ◌ُ‎	أو‎ u	كو‎ ku	كرو‎ kru	/u/	u	ꦈ / (ꦸ) u / (suku)
					كلو‎ klu
é	fathah + ya فتحة‎ + ياء‎	◌َـي‎	إي‎ é	كَي‎ ké	كرَي‎ kré	/e/ or /ɛ/	é (e taling)	ꦌ / (ꦺ) é / (taling)
					كلَي‎ klé
o	fathah + wau فتحة‎ + واو‎	◌َـو‎	او‎ o	كَو‎ ko	كرَو‎ kro	/o/ or /ɔ/	o	ꦎ / (ꦺꦴ) o / (taling-tarung)
					كلَو‎ klo
ê	maddah مدة‎	◌ٓ‎	آ‎ ê	كٓ‎ kê	كرٓ‎ krê	/ə/	ê (e pepet)	ꦄꦼ / (ꦼ) ê / (pepet)
					كلٓ‎ klê

• Diphthongs

كاي	كاو	كاَي	كاَو	كآ	كاٰي	كَيِ	كَوِ
kai	kau	kaé	kao	kaê	kaè	kéi	koi

• Arab loanwords are generally written with their original spelling. eg : batin is written as باطن‎ instead of باتين‎.

Comparison of Jawi and Pegon

The main difference between Jawi and Pegon is that the latter is almost always written with vowel diacritics. Javanese written without any vowel diacritics, similar to Jawi is called Gundhul (ڮونڎول‎; ꦒꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦸꦭ꧀), meaning "bare/bald" in Javanese. The orthographic rules of Jawi and Pegon differ, with Jawi spelling being much more standardised than Pegon. Pegon tends to write all vowel sounds of native words explicitly, either with full letters or diacritics, whereas Jawi orthography sometimes omits alif in certain positions where an /a/ would be pronounced, similarly other vowel sounds may not be written explicitly.

For those additional letters representing sounds not present in Arabic, some letters have the same appearance in both Jawi and Pegon, while others differ. Pegon also features 2 additional letters for sounds native to Javanese which are not present in Malay.

Comparison of Pegon and Jawi

Name	Pegon	Jawi	Latin equivalent			Notes
cha	چ‎‎		/a/ or /ɔ/	a / (å)	ꦄ / (ꦏ) a / (h)a
	چـ ـچـ ـچ‎‎
dha	ڎ‎	∅	/i/	i	ꦆ / (ꦶ) i / (wulu)
	ـڎ‎‎
tha	ڟ‎	∅	/u/	u	ꦈ / (ꦸ) u / (suku)
	ڟـ ـڟـ ـڟ‎‎
nga	ڠ‎		/e/ or /ɛ/	é (e taling)	ꦌ / (ꦺ) é / (taling)
	ڠـ ـڠـ ـڠ‎‎
pa	ڤ‎		/o/ or /ɔ/	o	ꦎ / (ꦺꦴ) o / (taling-tarung)
	ڤـ ـڤـ ـڤ‎‎
kaf	ك‎	ک‎‎	/ə/	ê (e pepet)	ꦄꦼ / (ꦼ) ê / (pepet)
	كـ ـكـ ـك‎‎	کـ ـکـ ـک‎‎
ga	ڮ‎	ݢ‎‎	/ə/	ê (e pepet)	ꦄꦼ / (ꦼ) ê / (pepet)
	ڮـ ـڮـ ـڮ‎‎	ݢـ ـݢـ ـݢ‎‎
nya	ۑ‎‎	ڽ‎	/ə/	ê (e pepet)	ꦄꦼ / (ꦼ) ê / (pepet)
	ۑـ ـۑـ ـۑ‎‎	ڽـ ـڽـ ـڽ‎‎
va	ۏ‎		/ə/	ê (e pepet)	ꦄꦼ / (ꦼ) ê / (pepet)
	ـۏ‎‎

Examples to be translate

Contoh kalimat

Bahasa Jawa :

كانجٓڠ نبي محمد إيكو أوتوسانيڤون ڮوستي الله داتٓڠ سٓدايا مخلوق، ديني اڤا واهَي كاڠ ديڤون چٓريتاءكٓن دَينيڠ كانجٓڠ نبي محمد إكو ۑاتا ۑاتا بنٓر. ماڠكا سٓكابَيهانَي مخلوق واجب مبنٓراكٓن لن ندَيرَيك ماريڠ كانجٓڠ نبي محمد‎

Latin : "Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku utusanipun Gusti Allah datêng sêdåyå makhluk, déné åpå waé kang dipun cerita'akên déning Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku nyåtå nyåtå bênêr. Mångkå sêkabèhané makhluk wajib mbênêrakên lan ndèrèk maring Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad."

Bahasa Madura :

Latin :

Bahasa Sunda :

كانجٓڠ نبي محمد ماڠروڤيكٓن أوتوسان ڮوستي الله كا سادايا مخلوق، ناءَون واَي أنو ديچارييَوسكٓن كو كانجٓڠ نبي محمد ۑاَيتا كاۑاتاءن أنو لٓرٓس. جانتٓن سادايا مخلوق واجب مٓنٓركٓن سارٓڠ نوتوركٓن كانجٓڠ نبي محمد‎

Latin : "Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad mangrupikeun utusan Gusti Allah ka sadaya makhluk, naon waé anu dicarioskeun ku Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad nyaéta kanyataan anu leres. Janten sadaya makhluk wajib menerkeun sareng nuturkeun Kanjeng Nabi Muhammad."

Terjemahan Pegon Indonesia bahasa indonesia :

Pegon Indonesia :

بڮيندا نبي محمد اداله اوتوسن الله كڤد سموا مخلوق، اڤ ساج يڠ دچريتاكن بڮيندا نبي محمد اداله كبنرن يڠ ۑات. مک سموا مخلوق واجب ممبنركن دان مڠيكوتي بڮيندا نبي محمد‎

Latin : “Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah kepada semua makhluk, Apa saja yang diceritakan oleh Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah kebenaran yang nyata. Maka semua makhluk wajib membenarkan dan mengikuti Baginda Nabi Muhammad.”

• Didalam contoh diatas terdapat 5 kata serapan dari bahasa arab yang harus ditulis sesuai dengan bahasa arab yaitu :

• Nabi harus ditulis نبي bukan نابي
• Muhammad harus ditulis محمد bukan موهمماد
• Allah harus ditulis الله bukan أللاه
• Makhluk harus ditulis مخلوق bukan ماخلوك
• Wajib Harus ditulis واجب bukan واجيب

Contoh penulisan

Jawa Pegon	كانجٓڠ نبي محمد إكو أوتوسانيڤون ڮوستي الله داتٓڠ سٓدايا مخلوق، ديني اڤا واهَي كاڠ ديڤون چٓريتاءكٓن دَينيڠ كانجٓڠ نبي محمد إكو ۑاتا ۑاتا بنٓر. ماڠكا سٓكابَيهانَي مخلوق واجب مبنٓراكٓن لن ندَيرَيك ماريڠ كانجٓڠ نبي محمد.‎
Jawa Hanacaraka	ꦏꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦁꦤꦧꦶꦩꦸꦲꦩ꧀ꦩꦢ꧀ꦲꦶꦏꦸꦲꦸꦠꦸꦱꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦒꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦶꦄꦭ꧀ꦭꦃꦢꦠꦼꦁꦱꦼꦢꦪꦩꦑ꧀ꦭꦸꦏ꧀꧈ꦢꦺꦤꦺꦲꦥꦮꦲꦺꦏꦁꦢꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦕꦺꦫꦶꦠꦲꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦤꦶꦁꦏꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦁꦤꦧꦶꦩꦸꦲꦩ꧀ꦩꦢ꧀ꦲꦶꦏꦸꦚꦠꦚꦠꦧꦼꦤꦼꦂ꧉ꦩꦁꦏꦱꦼꦏꦧꦺꦲꦤꦺꦩꦑ꧀ꦭꦸꦏ꧀ꦮꦗꦶꦧ꧀ꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦤꦼꦫꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦤ꧀ꦢꦺꦫꦺꦏ꧀ꦩꦫꦶꦁꦏꦚ꧀ꦗꦼꦁꦤꦧꦶꦩꦸꦲꦩ꧀ꦩꦢ꧀꧉
Jawa Rumi/Latin	Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku utusanipun Gusti Allah datêng sêdåyå makhluk, déné åpå waé kang dipun cerita'akên déning Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad iku nyåtå nyåtå bênêr. Mångkå sêkabèhané makhluk wajib mbênêrakên lan ndèrèk maring Kanjêng Nabi Muhammad.
Melayu Rumi	Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah utusan Allah kepada semua makhluk, Apa saja yang diceritakan oleh Baginda Nabi Muhammad adalah kebenaran yang nyata. Maka semua makhluk wajib membenarkan dan mengikuti Baginda Nabi Muhammad.

Malaysian Cantonese

Malaysian Cantonese
馬來西亞廣東話/廣府話 Máhlòihsāia Gwóngdūng wá/Gwóngfú wá
Native to	Malaysia
Region	Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Negeri Sembilan, Sandakan
Ethnicity	Malaysian Chinese
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Yue Yuehai Cantonese Malaysian Cantonese
Writing system	Chinese Characters (Written Cantonese)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Linguist List	yue-yue
	yue-can
Glottolog	None

Malaysian Cantonese (Chinese: 馬來西亞廣東話; Jyutping: Maa5loi4sai1aa3 Gwong2dung1 waa2; Cantonese Yale: Máhlòihsāia Gwóngdūng wá) is a local variety of Cantonese spoken in Malaysia. It is the lingua franca among Chinese throughout much of the central portion of Peninsular Malaysia, being spoken in the capital Kuala Lumpur, southern Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, it is also widely understood to varying degrees by many Chinese throughout the country, regardless of their ancestral dialect.

Malaysian Cantonese is not uniform throughout the country, with variation between individuals and areas. It is mutually intelligible with Cantonese spoken in both Hong Kong and Guangzhou in Mainland China but has distinct differences in vocabulary and pronunciation which make it unique.

Geographic spread

Green indicates areas where Minnan (Including Hokkien & Teochew) predominates; Orange indicates areas where Cantonese predominates; Light blue indicates areas where Hakka predominates; Purple indicates areas where multiple dialects predominate.

Cantonese is widely spoken amongst Malaysian Chinese in the capital Kuala Lumpur and throughout much of the surrounding Klang Valley (Petaling Jaya, Ampang, Cheras, Selayang, Sungai Buloh, Puchong, Shah Alam, Kajang, Bangi and Subang Jaya) excluding Klang itself where Hokkien predominates. It is also widely spoken in the town of Sekinchan in the Sabak Bernam district of northern Selangor. It is also used in central and southern Perak, especially in the state capital Ipoh and the surrounding towns of the Kinta Valley region (Gopeng, Batu Gajah and Kampar) as well as the towns of Tapah and Bidor in the Batang Padang district of southern Perak. In Pahang, it is spoken in the state capital Kuantan and the districts of Raub, Bentong, Mentakab and Cameron Highlands. Cantonese is also spoken throughout most of Negeri Sembilan, particularly in the state capital Seremban. It is widely spoken in Sandakan, Sabah and Cantonese speakers can also be found in other areas such as Sarikei, Sarawak and Mersing, Johor.

Due to its predominance in the capital city, Cantonese is highly influential in local Chinese-language media and is used in commerce by Malaysian Chinese. As a result, Cantonese is widely understood and spoken with varying fluency by Chinese throughout Malaysia, regardless of their dialect group. This is in spite of Hokkien being the most widely spoken variety and Mandarin being the medium of education at Chinese-language schools. The widespread influence of Cantonese is also due in large part to the popularity of Hong Kong media, particularly TVB dramas.

Phonological Differences

A sizeable portion of Malaysian Cantonese speakers, including native speakers, are not of Cantonese ancestry, with many belonging to different ancestral dialect groups such as Hakka, Hokkien and Teochew. The historical and continued influence of their original dialects has produced variation and change in the pronuncation of particular sounds in Malaysian Cantonese when compared to "standard" Cantonese. Depending on their ancestral origin and educational background, some speakers may not exhibit the unique characteristics described below.

• Many Malaysians have difficulty with the ⟨eu⟩ sound and will substitute it with other sounds where it occurs. Often these changes brings the pronunciation of most words in line with their Hakka pronunciation, and for many words their Hokkien pronunciations as well.
  • Words that end with ⟨-eung⟩ & ⟨-euk⟩ (pronounced [œːŋ] & [œːk̚] in standard Cantonese) such as 香 hēung, 兩 léuhng, 想 séung and 著 jeuk, 腳 geuk, 約 yeuk may be pronounced as [iɔŋ] & [iɔk̚], which by local spelling conventions may be written as ⟨-iong/-eong⟩ & ⟨-iok/-eok⟩ respectively, e.g. 香 hīong, 兩 líohng, 想 síong and 著 jiok, 腳 giok, 約 yok. This change brings the pronunciation of most words in line with their Hakka pronunciation, and for many words their Hokkien pronunciations as well.
  • Words with final ⟨-eun⟩ & ⟨-eut⟩ (pronounced [ɵn] & [ɵt̚] in "Standard" Cantonese) such as 春 chēun and 出 chēut may be pronounced as ⟨-un⟩ [uːn] & ⟨-ut⟩ [uːt̚] respectively.
  • Words with final ⟨-eui⟩ (pronounced [ɵy] in "Standard" Cantonese) such as 水 séui and 去 heui may be pronounced as ⟨-oi⟩ [ɔːy], ⟨-ui⟩ [uːy] or even ⟨-ei⟩ [ei] depending on the word.
• Many Malaysians also have difficulty with the ⟨yu⟩ sound (pronounced as [yː] in "Standard" Cantonese) which occurs in words such as 豬 jyū, 算 syun, 血 hyut. This sound may be substitued with [iː] which in the case of some words may involve palatalisation of the preceeding initial [◌ʲiː].
• Some speakers, particularly non-native speakers may not differentiate the long and short vowels, such as ⟨aa⟩ [aː] and ⟨a⟩ [ɐ].
• Due to the influence of Hong Kong media, Malaysian Cantonese is also affected by so called "Lazy Sounds" (懶音 láahn yām) though to a much lesser degree than Hong Kong Cantonese.
  • Many younger and middle-aged speakers pronounce some ⟨n-⟩ initial words with an ⟨l-⟩ initial. For many, this process is not complete, with the initial ⟨n-/l-⟩ distinction maintained for other words. e.g. 你 néih → léih.
  • Generally, the ⟨ng-⟩ initial has been maintained, unlike in Hong Kong where it is being increasingly dropped and replaced with the null initial. Instead, among some speakers, Malaysian Cantonese exhibits the addition of the ⟨ng-⟩ initial for some words that originally have a null initial. This also occurs in Hong Kong Cantonese as a form of hypercorrection of "Lazy Sounds", e.g. 亞 a → nga.
  • Some speakers have lost labialisation of the ⟨gw-⟩ & ⟨kw-⟩ initials, instead pronouncing them as ⟨g-⟩ & ⟨k-⟩, e.g. 國 kwok → kok.

Vocabulary Differences

Malaysian Cantonese is in contact with many other Chinese dialects such as Hakka, Hokkien and Teochew as well other languages such Malay and English. As a result it has absorbed many loanwords and expressions that may not be found in Cantonese spoken elsewhere. Malaysian Cantonese also preserves some vocabulary which would be considered old fashioned or unusual in Hong Kong but nay be preserved in other Cantonese speaking areas such as Guangzhou. Not all of the examples below are used throughout Malaysia, with differences in vocabulary between different Cantonese speaking areas such as Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur and Sandakan. (Educational background, Native dialect)

• Use of 愛/唔愛 oi/mh oi instead of 要/唔要 yiu/mh yiu to refer to want/don't want, also meaning love/like. Also used in Guangzhou and is similar to the character's usage in Hakka.
• More common use of 曉 híu to mean "to be able to/to know how to" where commonly than 會 wúi/識 sīk would be more commonly used in Hong Kong. Also used in Guangzhou and is similar to the character's usage to Hakka.
• Use of 冇 “móuh” at the end of sentences to create questions, e.g. 你愛食飯冇? néih oi sihk faahn móuh?, "Do you want to eat?"
• Some expressions have under gone a change in meaning such as 仆街 pūk gāai, literally "fall on the street" which is commonly used in Malaysia to mean "broke/bankrupt" and is not considered a profanity unlike in Hong Kong where it is used to mean "drop dead/go to hell".
• Some English educated speakers may use 十千 sahp chīn instead of 萬 maahn to express 10,000, e.g. 14,000 might be expressed as 十四千 sahp sei chīn instead of 一萬四 yāt maahn sei.
• Use of expressions which would sound outdated to speakers in Hong Kong, e.g. 冇相干 móuh sēung gōn to mean "Never mind/It doesn't matter", whereas 冇所謂 móuh só waih/唔緊要 mh gān yiu would be more commonly used in Hong Kong. Some of these expressions are still in current use in Guangzhou.
• Word order, particularly the placement of certain grammatical particles may differ, e.g. 食飯咗 sihk faahn jó instead of 食咗飯 sihk jó faahn for "Have eaten."
• Unique expression's such as 我幫你講 ngóh bōng néih góng to mean "I'm telling you" where 我同你講 ngóh tùhng neih góng/我俾你知 ngóh béi néih jī would be used in Hong Kong.
• Malaysian Cantonese is also characterised by the extensive use of sentence ending particles, to an even greater extent than occurs in Hong Kong Cantonese.

Loanwords

Malaysian	Meaning	Hong Kong	Note
擺 báai	Number of times	次 chi	From Hokkien pai (擺)
蘇嗎 soū/sū mā	All	全部 chyùn bouh	From Malay semua, many potential pronunciations e.g. sū mūa
巴剎 bā saat	Market/Wet Market	街市 gāai síh	From Malay pasar, originally from Persian bazaar
馬打 ma dá	Police	警察 gíng chaat	From Malay mata-mata
馬打寮 ma dá lìuh	Police Station	警察局 gíng chaat guhk
扮𠮨 baan naai	Clever	聰明 chūng mìhng/叻 lēk	From Malay pandai
千猜 chīn chāai			Also used in Malay Cincai and in Hokkien
(三猩) sāam sīng	Gangster		Also used in Malay as samseng
Sinang sīn nāang	Easy	容易 yùhng yih	From Malay senang
Kacau ga zau
Loti lo di	Bread	麵包 mihn bāau	From Malay roti, originally from Tamil/Sanskrit
Kopi go bī	Coffee	咖啡 ga fē	From Malay Kopi
鐳 lūi/lēoi	Money	錢 chìhn	From Malay duit or Hokkien lui (鐳)
箍 kāu	Units of Currency (Ringgit/Dollar)	蚊 mān	Related to Hokkien khoo (箍)
黃梨 wòhng láai*	Pineapple	菠蘿 bō lòh	Pronunciation differs, based on Hokkien
弓蕉 gūng jīu	Banana	香蕉 hēung jīu
落水 lohk séui	Raining	落雨 lohk yúh	From Hakka
撩 lìuh	To Play	玩 wàahn	Derived from Hakka 尞
啦啦 lā lā	Clam	蛤
啦啦仔 lā lā jái		MK仔 MK jái
水草 séui chóu	Drinking straw	飲管 yám gún
跳飛機 tiu fēi gēi	Illegal immigration	非法移民 fēi faat yìh màhn
書館 syū gún/學堂 hohk tòhng	School	學校 hohk haauh
堂/唐 tòhng	Classifier for vehicles e.g. cars	架 gá	e.g. "2 Cars", 兩堂車 léuhng/líohng tòhng chē (Malaysia), 兩架車 léuhng gá chē (Hong Kong)
腳車 geuk/giok chē	Bicycle	單車 dāan chē
摩哆 mo dō	Motorcycle	電單車 dihn dāan chē	From English motorcycle
三萬 sāam maahn	Fine/Penalty		From English summons
泵質 būng jāt	Punctured	爆胎	From English punctured
禮申 láih sān	Licence	駕駛執照	From English punctured

Examples to be translated

Malay Loanwords

Cantonese	Chinese	Jyutping	Note
咖啡 (借字)	咖啡	go3-bi1	kopi
lo-di	麵包	lo4-di1	roti
baa-sat (巴刹)	菜市場	baa3-saat1/baa1-saat1	pasar
開罰單/罰款	saam1-maan3/saa3-maan1	saman “抄牌”亦通；全馬通用詞。
	打擾/騷擾	gaa3-zau1	kacau。全馬通用詞。
千猜	隨便	cin1-caai1	cincai; 全馬通用詞。
打閒	忍耐/忍受	daa2-haan4	tahan; 全馬通用詞。
打閑粉		daa2-haan4-fan2	o
	容易/空閒	sin1-naang1/cin3-naang1	senang 沒有一個特定的發音
	光頭, 禿頭	bo3-daak1	botak
	噁心/可怕	gi4-li1	geli
牙攞	吵架/打架	ngaa4-lo2	gaduh
	拜託	do4-long2	tolong
	打官司	mit6-ca4-la2	bicara; 比較少用

English Loanwords

粵語	中文	粵拼	註釋
巴車	公車，巴士	baat1-ce1	源自於bus; 全馬通用詞。
的士	計程車、德士	dik1-si1	taxi，與港澳發音不同; 全馬通用詞。
拜拜	再見	baai1-baai3	bye-bye; 全馬通用詞。
卡	卡	kaat1	card，與港澳發音不同; 全馬通用詞。
摩登	時尚	mo1-dang1	modern; 全馬通用詞。
嚓電	充電	caat1-din3	源自於Charge與漢語“電”組成，與港澳發音不同；全馬通用詞。
波	球	bo1	ball，與港澳相同；全馬通用詞。

Malaysian Cantonese Vocabulary

大馬粵語	香港粵語	華語/大馬華語	註釋
色酒	烈酒	烈酒	全馬通用
白油 （baak6-yau4）	醬油	醬油/豆油	全馬通用
白腳	交通警	交通執行員	源自於馬來西亞福建話用詞“百腳” 白話字：pe̍h-kha；多數為北馬粵語使用者所使用。
跳飛機	非法移民	非法移民	全馬通用
打油(daa2-yau2)	加油	添油/加油	全馬通用
撳鐳(gam4-leoi1)	提款	提款	全馬通用
擺靚	裝飾	裝飾/擺美	全馬通用
樹榕糖	香口膠	口香糖/塑膠糖	“树榕”指的是香蕉。“糖”則是糖果；全馬通用。
樹榕仔	橡筋	橡皮筋/橡膠圈	年輕一輩的粵語使用者，一般會以英文說rubber band。
樹榕袋/原子袋	塑膠袋	塑料袋/塑膠袋/原子袋	年輕一輩的粵語使用者，一般會以英文說plastic bag。
樹榕捽/擦紙膠/擦膠	擦膠	橡膠擦/橡皮擦	各地有各地的說法。“擦紙膠”主要在沙巴一帶使用者使
納水西	交水費	繳水費	納：繳付，西（字音）：費用，一般只用於水費，電費，地費。
醫生館	醫院	醫院	"醫生館"為50年代前粵語的通用語，現今仍在全馬通用。
割車	超車	超車	“割”為英語"cut"的接音。全馬通用
石古	石頭	石頭	全馬通用
和㖀仔（wo4-leot1-zai2）	光頭仔	光頭小孩	與botak通用法。主要為怡保人所使用
啦啦仔(laa4-laa1-zai2)	MK仔	不成熟的青年人	“啦啦”指的是蛤蜊，源自於馬來西亞福建話,白話字：là-la，來源不明；全馬通用。
打風/泵風	泵氣	輪胎充氣	全馬皆通用。
邊皮	旁邊	旁邊	“邊皮”，白話字:piên-phî，源自於客家語量詞"旁邊"的意思 ；全馬通用。
擺擺	次次/每次	每次	“擺”客語白話字:pái，源自於客家語量詞"次"的意思 ；全馬通用。
客棧/酒店	酒店	酒店	"客棧"為50年代前粵語通用語；全馬皆通用。
屙blood (o1-baa4-lat1)	死火	糟糕	馬來西亞流行用語，主要為吉隆坡及怡保年輕人所使用。一般會說阿嚄（o1-ho2）/死火。

Hmu Phonetic Symbols (to translate)

Hutton Script
初版示例,書寫方式從右往左豎行, 意為"過年才去趕場 (禮拜)"
Script type	Semi-syllabary
Creator	Maurice H.Hutton
Time period	1921年至今
Languages	Hmu language
Related scripts
Parent systems	Chinese characters Zhuyin Fuhao Hutton Script
Sister systems	Zhuyin Fuhao、官話合音字母
Unicode
Unicode range	U+3100–U+312F U+31A0–U+31BF

胡托苗文示例,意為"新約全書"

Hmu Phonetic Symbols (Chinese: 注音字母苗文), Hutton Miao Script, also known as Hmu Phonetic Script，黔東南老苗文, is a writing system for the Hmu language developed by Australian missionary Maurice H. Hutton in 1921 while working with the China Inland Mission.20世紀20年代在爐山縣旁海爲當地的黑苗（Hmu）創製的文字，運用當時由中華民國教育部頒布的注音字母添加了三個輔助子音字母，來直接拼寫旁海苗語的發音，但由於漢語官話與黔東苗語的音系差異，故存在許多音近替代的做法，加上1928年出版的初稿裡並沒有標記聲調，因此胡托苗文讀來容易產生歧義。並且由於胡托等人並未如同柏格理一樣得到當地苗人的認同，而是始終被黔東南苗人（Hmu）被為是外人，胡托苗文被接受的程度遠遠低於柏格理苗文在滇東北方言區的苗人（A-Hmao）裡的接受程度，但直至21世紀，仍然有凱里市（原：爐山縣）、雷山縣交界的清水江、巴拉河一帶的部分信仰新教的苗族在使用。

文字與發音的對應

子音
Zhuyin	IPA	Latin	Example
ㄅ	[p]	b	ㄅㄨ (bub, 知道)
ㄆ	[pʰ]	p	ㄆㄚ (pab, 扒開)
ㄇ	[m]	m	ㄇㄞ (mais, 眼睛)
	[m̥ʰ]	hm	ㄇㄤ (hmangt，夜晚)
ㄈ	[f]	f	ㄈㄚ (fab, 瓜)
	[fʰ]	hf	ㄈㄚ (hfat，輕)
ㄪ	[v]	w	ㄪ一 (wid, 妻子)
ㄉ	[t]	d	ㄉㄚ (dab, 回答)
ㄊ	[tʰ]	t	ㄊㄛ (tok, 罐)
ㄋ	[n]	n	ㄋㄞ (nail, 魚)
ㄬ	[n̥ʰ]	hn	ㄬㄞ (hnaib, 天)
ㄌ	[l]	l	ㄌ一 (lix, 田)
	[ɫ]	dl	ㆹㄛ (dlob, 四)
	[ɫʰ]	hl	ㆹ一 (hlib, 愛)
ㄍ	[k]	g	ㄍㄚ (gab, 炒)
	[q]	gh	ㄍㄟ (gheib, 雞)
ㄎ	[kʰ]	k	ㄎㄚ (kab, 犁)
	[qʰ]	kh	ㄎㄛ (khob, 頭)
ㄏ	[h]	h	ㄏㄚ (hab, 鞋)
	[xʰ]	hv	ㄏ一 (hvib, 新)
	[ɣ]	v	ㆸㄤ (vangl, 寨子)
ㄫ	[ŋ]	ng	ㄫㄤ (ngangl, 吞)
ㄐ	[t͡ɕ]	j	ㄐㄛ (job, 教)
ㄑ	[t͡ɕʰ]	q	ㄑ一 (qib, 掃)
ㄒ	[ɕ]	x	ㄒㄤ (xangk, 認識)
	[ɕʰ]	hx	ㄒㄤ (hxangd, 血)
	[ʑ]	y	ㆺ一 (yis, 餵)
ㄓ	[ʈ͡ʂ]		Not used in Hmu
ㄔ	[ʈ͡ʂʰ]
ㄕ	[ʂ]
ㄖ	[z]	r	ㄖㄣ (renf, 人)
ㄗ	[t͡s]	z	ㄗㄚ (zab, 五)
ㄘ	[t͡sʰ]	c	ㄘㄛ (cob, 吹)
ㄙ	[s]	s	ㄙㄟ (seik, 接)
	[sʰ]	hs	ㄙㄞ (said, 米)
介音
Zhuyin	IPA	Latin	Example
一	[i]	i	ㄏ一 (hvib, 新)
ㄨ	[u]	u	ㄉㄨ (dud, 書)
ㄩ	[y]		Not used in Hmu
母音
Zhuyin	IPA	Latin	Example
ㄚ	[ɑ]	a	ㄚ (ad, 姐)
ㄛ	[o]	o	ㄨ-ㄙㄛ (ub sob, 烏燒)
ㄜ	[ɯʌ]		Not used in Hmu
ㄝ	[e]	ee	ㄉ一 (deef, 德)
ㄞ	[ɛ]	ai	ㄉㄞ (daib, 回答)
ㄟ	[ej]	ei	ㄌㄟ (leib, 猴子)
ㄠ	[ɑw]	ao	ㄍㄠ (gaod, 告)
ㄡ	[əw]/[ə]	e	ㄫ一-ㆸㄡ (ngix ved, 野獸)
ㄢ	[an]		Not used in Hmu
ㄣ	[en]	en	ㄗㄣ (zend, 果)
ㄤ	[ɑŋ]	ang	ㄤ (angt, 腫)
ㄥ	[ɤŋ]		單獨ㄥ苗語無，但可與一ㄨ或ㄨ相拼構成iong或ong
ㄦ	[ɑɻ]		Not used in Hmu

附注：

1. 現存老苗文文獻，前後鼻音、平捲舌音在拼寫本族語時呈混用狀態。
2. ㄐ、ㄑ、ㄒ、ㆺ不與一行韻母相拼。
3. 一行韻母一ㄞ的組合模式不存在。
4. ㄨ行韻母固有詞中只有單獨做韻母的ㄨ。
5. 除了表中標註的，以下介韻組合方式也只用於現代漢語借詞：
   1. ㄝ（/e/）爲韻腹的絕大多數音節，如ㄉㄝ（德），ㄌ一ㄝ（列）。
   2. ㄨ爲介音的所有音節（iong，ong除外），如ㄍㄨㄝ（國）、ㄎㄨㄞ-ㄌㄛ（快樂）。

聲調

最早的胡托苗文方案裡並沒有聲調，1928年出版的《ㄍㄚ-ㄬㄡ ㄙㄟ ㄗㄢ-ㄇㄟ ㄪㄤ-ㄪㄞ ㄅ一ㄝ ㄒㄚ》（意譯：黑苗讚美上帝的詩歌）雖然列出了胡托苗文方案但並不包括聲調，不過在正文112篇的以後開始給音節標調，使用的是四角標圈法。以下是以“ㄚ”爲例展示如何標記聲調：

名稱	陰平	陽平	陰上	陽上	陰去	陽去	陰入	陽入
調值	33	55	35	11	44	13	53	31
胡托苗文	.ㄚ	·ㄚ	:ㄚ	ㄚ ..	ㄚ.	ㄚ·
拉丁苗文	b	x	d	l	t	s	k	f

寫法

• 多音節詞內的音節之間會使用連字符“-”。
• 與注音符號類似，一般豎排從右至左書寫。若遇排版需要橫排，則如傳統中國匾額一般，豎行寫完一個音節後從右至左橫寫第二個音節，音節內部仍保持豎寫，與注音符號可完全從左至右橫寫不同。

使用範圍

胡托苗文發明後，雖未像柏格理苗文一樣得到整個方言區的接受，但也隨着傳教活動在爐山縣（現凱里市）周邊清水江和巴拉河流域的黑苗族群中擴散開來，成為凱里、雷山等地苗族信徒廣泛使用的民族文字，現在凱里市三棵樹鎮的大烏燒村、小烏燒村、南花村、雷山縣著名的西江苗寨都還有一些老年基督徒深諳這種文字。

存在的問題

• 由於拘泥於注音字母，黔東苗語特有的送氣清齒齦擦音、清齒齦邊擦音、小舌音等無法表示，雖然增添了3個新子音字母，但仍然需要對7對子音進行合併，致使閱讀起來難以理解，需要大量猜測。
• 照搬注音字母，而捲舌音ㄓㄔㄕ、後鼻音ㄥ、兒化音ㄦ等在黔東苗語中並不存在，在当地漢語方言中也不存在，僅僅是用作拼寫國語發音的現代漢語詞。
• 最初的方案沒有標調，閱讀時需要聯繫上下文猜測；後來採用四角標調法後也並未完全標示出黔東苗語的8種聲調，而是合併到了6調，仍對閱讀理解造成一定影響。
• 音系基礎點的選擇上，除了旁海一地外，還夾有周邊的方言，如灣水、谷隴、重安江、凱哨、黃平縣東坡、凱里養蒿、開懷，甚至施秉縣等地的語音。

電腦支持

中國大陸的GB 2312-80在08區段收錄了國語的37個標準注音符號。而Unicode自 1.0 版即收錄了40個注音字母（包括國語棄用但胡托苗文仍使用的ㄪ、ㄫ、ㄬ）在 U+3105-U+312C，即「Bopomofo」區。國語中所沒有的擴充符號則於Unicode 3.0版收錄進U+31A0-U+31B7，稱爲「Bopomofo Extended」區，3.0版主要增補的是台灣方音符號。而三個胡托苗文專用的注音符號則是直到Unicode6.0版才加入注音符號擴展，但大多數字體無法顯示。

Bopomofo[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+310x

ㄅ

ㄆ

ㄇ

ㄈ

ㄉ

ㄊ

ㄋ

ㄌ

ㄍ

ㄎ

ㄏ

U+311x

ㄐ

ㄑ

ㄒ

ㄓ

ㄔ

ㄕ

ㄖ

ㄗ

ㄘ

ㄙ

ㄚ

ㄛ

ㄜ

ㄝ

ㄞ

ㄟ

U+312x

ㄠ

ㄡ

ㄢ

ㄣ

ㄤ

ㄥ

ㄦ

ㄧ

ㄨ

ㄩ

ㄪ

ㄫ

ㄬ

ㄭ

ㄮ

ㄯ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Bopomofo Extended[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+31Ax

ㆠ

ㆡ

ㆢ

ㆣ

ㆤ

ㆥ

ㆦ

ㆧ

ㆨ

ㆩ

ㆪ

ㆫ

ㆬ

ㆭ

ㆮ

ㆯ

U+31Bx

ㆰ

ㆱ

ㆲ

ㆳ

ㆴ

ㆵ

ㆶ

ㆷ

ㆸ

ㆹ

ㆺ

ㆻ

ㆼ

ㆽ

ㆾ

ㆿ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

参见

• 苗文书写系统
• 臺灣方音符號

外部連結

• 苗族的语言文字
• 苗文推行与发展之我见
• 老苗文

Category:苗语 Category:亞洲文字 Category:注音符號