User:Jessicastelter/sandbox

Picture Arrangement Test

Picture arrangement is a method used in psychological testing in which the examinee is presented with a set of pictures that can be put together in a certain order that tells a story, like the panels in a comic strip. This method has been applied in both intelligence and personality testing. The picture arrangement test measures the subject's ability to comprehend and size up a total situation. Some skills this test requires are verbal comprehension, social intelligence, sequencing, perceptual organization, and planning ability. The attention and visual detail the examinee has plays a crucial role in this test as well. Verbal skills are also necessary to be able to construct a story with the comic-strip-like picture cards. After the test the examiner may ask the examinee to describe their story. Doing this makes sure the examinee understood the visual details they saw on the cards. Poor scores on the picture arrangement test can indicate poor awareness of societal norms and expectations. Today, the picture arrangement method is used in intelligence and personality testing. This method can help in determining a variety of mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, etc. in individuals. Some tests that employ picture arrangement test include WAIS-R, WISC, and the Tomkins-Horns picture arrangement test.

History

The picture arrangement test was once used to test the IQ of patients. The idea of testing for an individual's intelligence came from a French psychologist by the name of Alfred Binet in 1904. The reason for the IQ testing was to determine an individual's mental age. Most IQ tests consist of subtests measuring various qualities such as factual knowledge, short-term memory, abstract reasoning, visual-spatial abilities, and common sense. The picture arrangement test was a test that avoided the subject of language. This was very difficult due to the fact that the lack of language failed to keep the attention of the individual being tested. The test was most commonly given at the age of seven because several studies had shown that people under the age of seven did not have the mental capability to perform the test. The data collected from these studies found that the best age gap to give these tests was between the age of seven and ten. The ability to perform this test is at its highest during this age gap. During a study on the quality of the picture arrangement test, children between the ages of ten and twelve were tested. These individuals were tested again as adults, and showed little to no improvement. Many of these tests were to determine if an individual's mental age and their actual age correspond with one another. Although, this test was shown to be effective in determining intelligence by the type and how quickly the individual made a story out of the comic strip, such as cutting out pictures and placing them into a story line. This subtest was shown to be effective in those individuals under the age of twelve since the abilities measured in this test for intelligence tend to taper off after the age of twelve. However, this test was continually used by David Wechsler and Silvan Tompkins for personality testing. Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 04:24, 29 April 2016 (UTC) Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 03:47, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Wechsler Intelligence Scales Test

One of the main picture arrangement subtests used today is in the Wechslers Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). This is an individually based test that tests the intelligence or IQ of the person taking the test. The Wechslers Adult Intelligence Scale was invented by Dr. David Wechsler. He was a clinical psychologist who believed that intelligence was a global construct. The picture arrangement test is one of fourteen tests that can be given in the WAIS. This subtest is to be given to the individual by a test administrator. The test can take up to 75 minutes to complete but if an individual reaches their mental limit before this time, the test may be ended early. It consists of eleven sets of comic-strip-like picture cards. Each item consists of a set of picture cards that tell a story. The examinee is to arrange the pictures given to them to tell a story. Whether the story is determined to be ledge-able or not is determined by the intelligence or IQ of that individual. If the PAT score is below 3 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale test, a deficit is most likely present. Poor scores on the picture arrangement test can indicate poor awareness of societal norms and expectations. Although this is an intelligence test, this is not the most reliable assessment that has been given to individuals in recent years. This test has to be given at certain ages and does not measure at the extreme ends of the IQ spectrum (IQ  lower than 40 and above 160).9

~~~~jenna.marie.lamb 10:33 4/18/2016 Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 18:40, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

Tomkins-Horn Picture Arrangement Test

Tomkins-Horns picture arrangement test is a projective test that was created at Harvard Psychological Clinic in 1942. This test was designed to measure personality traits. Specifically, emotional and social attitudes. This test is designed to test social orientation, optimism-pessimism, and their level of functioning. The test consisted of 25 plates with line drawings of three different but related situations. When the drawings are presented to the examinee they are all presented at 120 degrees so that one is always presented upside down. The subject is to arrange the three pictures in the most reasonable sequence. They are asked to arrange the 3 pictures in either a rectangle, triangle, or circle formation. They then are required to write a sentence about each picture to explain their arrangement. The researcher is measuring social orientation of optimism-pessimism, and the relative strength of thinking phantasy affect. The researcher then re-examines the scores. Doing this can lead to a lot of variability. Some limitations of this test are that it does not allow creative and freethinking and requires too much sensory perception and conscious thinking for a personality test. Jessicastelter (talk) 22:52, 7 April 2016

Neuropsychological Testing

The key use for the picture arrangement test is to determine the intelligence or the IQ of an individual. Although mainly used as an intelligence test, recently this test has been used in the field of neuropsychology and has helped doctors determine brain damage. This is useful in determining brain damage because of the non-verbal nature of the test. When individuals arrange the pictures to make a story that makes sense, an individual with brain damage will make a story that is confusing and not in order whereas an individual who has normal brain functioning but cannot communicate verbally, will still be able to make a logical story out of the pictures. Along with administering the WAIS, these tests are often used as a diagnosis tool. Giving this test to individuals can give an IQ score which can be used to determine the mental health of the person taking the test such as mental retardation, learning disabilities, and disorders such as ADHD. Along with helping determine brain damage and IQ, these tests can aid in the discovery of personality and pathology of an individual.

~~~~jenna.marie.lamb 10:33 4/18/2016

Criticisms

Although many psychologists used picture arrangement subtests for many years, there is not enough sufficient evidence that shows that picture arrangement subtests are related to social intelligence. This is especially true for the WAIS-R picture arrangement subtest. Also, it is hard to know if each psychologist was using the same meaning of social intelligence. It has been shown in a few studies that there is a strong chance that there is no relationship between picture arrangement subtests and social intelligence. Though this may be the case, this does not mean that picture arrangement subtests are not capable of correctly assessing the intelligence and perceptual organization of others. Brooklyn.thompson (talk) 23:19, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

(UTC) == "Tomkins Institute". www.tomkins.org. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)LEAD SECTION - The Picture Arrangement Test is a general psychology test that is used to examine a person's intelligence. There have been many psychologists who have worked with picture arrangement tests since the nineteenth century. Silvan Tomkins, one of many founders of this test, introduced a new area to study with this test. He wanted to measure personality traits by introducing a sequence of pictures to subjects. The subjects would view 25 sets of three pictures and then put them in a sequential order to make a story. After this, subjects would write about the story they put together with the pictures. In past picture arrangement tests, psychologists used this to measure rational thinking in individuals. Although Tomkins' test does not allow for subjects to think creatively or freely, it does encourage them to have controlled objective thinking and helps with sensory perception. Today, the picture arrangement test, along with other intelligence tests, is used to measure IQ testing. The picture arrangement test can help in determining a variety of mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, etc. in individuals. Brooklyn.thompson (talk) 02:07, 31 March 2016 (UTC) == Brooklyn, I think your lead section has a good start to it. I think you described what picture arrangement test was in a clear and thorough matter. I liked how you gave some information on what the test is used for now days. I think we could may add a little more history into this lead other wise I think it does a pretty good job. Overall I think it hits the main points and i know it was hard finding information on this topic, so good job! Jessicastelter (talk) 02:27, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

LEAD SECTION- The Picture Arrangement Test is psychological test in when a participant is given a set a pictures and is told to put them in order to tell a meaningful story. This test is taken with paper and pencil and sound is not to be used throughout the testing. This test comes in many different forms and was created by Silvan Tompkins. Whiles these tests were being given the researcher would sit back and watch the facial expressions of those arranging the images. Some of the things that were documented while the researcher watched the test taker was the amount of anxiety shown on their face, the amount of pressure they put on their pencil while writing, inhibited movements, and other deviation from normal behavior. Tomkins was well known for his work in creating the most well-known picture arrangement test known as The Tompkins-Horn Picture arrangement test. The great variety in the different kinds of tests has opened up a lot more information regarding facial expression and emotion. This picture arrangement test has been known in the medical field to be used to test intelligence of an individual. The more meaningful a person’s story the more “normal” the on intelligence scale they rated. However these test alone have not proven to be significant enough to prove someone’s intelligent but along with other tests can be found to be more valid. These tests have been open to many criticisms in that someone who was previously diagnosed with a mental disorder seemed to place the photos in a better arrangement and had a more sound story than someone who had not been diagnosed with a mental disorder. Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 21:11, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Jenna, I really like that you went into a lot of detail about the test. I like that you explained what the researcher was examining while watching the participant take the test. I think a couple things that could be changed to better this lead is to add a little bit more information about Silvan Tomkins (which we all need to do), explain more about how it is used today and possibly how it was used more in the past, and there were a few accidental spelling errors that can be fixed quick! I really enjoyed your lead section and I think it will be very helpful in writing the next few sections! Good job! Brooklyn.thompson (talk) 02:18, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

LEAD SECTION-""The Picture arrangement test"" is a psychology test that was first made to test someone’s intelligence. This test was created by Silvan Tomkins who used it to practice reading facial expressions by watching a recording of a story with no sound. Silvan was a psychologist and personality theorist. Tomkins then went on to study affect and consciousness. Tomkin’s affect theory explains human emotion, motivation, behavior, and personality. There are multiple subtests to the picture arrangement test that include Rosarch, WAIS-R, WISC, WAIS, and Tomkins-Horns picture arrangement test. Tomkins-Horns picture arrangement test is a paper and pencil test that has been used since the 19th century. This test was designed to measure personality traits. Specifically, emotional and social attitudes. The test consisted of 25 sets of three pictures. The subject is to arrange the three pictures in the most reasonable sequence. They then are required to write a sentence about each picture to explain their arrangement. Some limitations of this test are it doesn’t allow creative and freethinking and requires too much sensory perception and conscious thinking for a personality test. Jessicastelter (talk) 20:04, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Jessica, your lead has a good start to it. It explains all the points we want to get across in our article. Something that could be changed or added is what the main medical uses are. Also since you mentioned other people and other tests in your lead we should make sure that our reader can get access to those articles if they so choose. Overall I believe it is very well written and is in a vocab that many readers will be able to understand and you are off to a good start Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 21:11, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

PLEASE see my comments at the bottom of the Talk page. This is not the way the article should be written. J.R. Council (talk) 21:29, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

• This is okay work for the purpose of the assignment, but you should do more research to find out about picture arrangement tests in general. The Tomkins test should not get the main emphasis.J.R. Council (talk) 21:38, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox} I think the article needs a clearer introduction of what a picture arrangement test is. Then maybe a history and could do a sub section like Dr. Council said on Tomkins picture arrangement test. We could include a picture of a picture arrangement example. This article doesn’t have enough information let alone credible information. I think it also could include a section that provides readers with the information of when the picture arrangement test is used.

Cambell Jonathan. The WAIS-R Comprehension and Picture Arrangement Subtests as Measures of Social Intelligence: Testing Traditional. Journal of Psycheducational assessment, 1996 Vol. 14 pg.240 

• 'The formatting above happens when you leave a space in the first column.' J.R. Council (talk) 04:20, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

Lipsitz Joshua. Wechsler Comprehension and Picture Arrangement Subtests and Social Adjustment. Psychological Assessment, 1993, Vol. 5(4), pg.430

Question 1: Having a hard time of thinking of bullet points could talk about. Should we do a history portion?

Question 2: Would it be okay to provide a picture of what a picture arrangement card may look like? Jessicastelter (talk) 17:25, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

I feel like the information that is currently on the article page is very broad and it does not give a very good description of what the picture arrangement test does. Personally, I felt a little confused or I did not know exactly what the current information was trying to explain. I feel like we can give a more specific description of this test to help improve this article.

Miner, J. B., & Culver, J. E. (1955). Some aspects of the executive personality. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 39(5), 348-353. doi:10.1037/h0045488

Highhouse, S. (2002). Assessing the candidate as a whole: A historical and critical analysis of individual psychological assessment for personnel decision making. Personnel Psychology, 55(2), 363-396.

Question 1: Currently, there is a 'Notes' section for the article. Will we need to provide or improve this section?

Question 2: There is also a 'See also' section for the article. Does Wikipedia provide this automatically or is this something we are in charge of? Brooklyn.thompson (talk) 23 February 2016 (UTC)

I think that the article could definitely be more in depth of what the picture arrangement test is and could have more history on the topic. Also it could have more behind why it is used and what it is specifically used for and if it is still used today. Again in the history section more relevant information could be added.

Wechsler comprehension and picture arrangement subtests and social adjustment.

Lipsitz, Joshua D.; Dworkin, Robert H.; Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. Psychological Assessment, Vol 5(4), Dec 1993, 430-437.

• See my comment above about formatting. J.R. Council (talk) 04:32, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

The use of the W-B picture arrangement subtest as a projective technique.

Breiger, Boris Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol 20(2), Apr 1956, 132.

question 1: Is there a cut off year of how relevant or recent the research articles we use should be?

question 2: About how many articles is typical to make an article more creditable or how many other articles do we need to use to make our chosen article better? Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 02:43, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Outline: 1. Description – were going to give a better definition on what picture arrangement test is. 2. Founder of picture arrangement test. a. His accomplishments b. Why he made the test c. How he made the test 3. History a. Early development/why we used it back then b. Today/ why we use it today 4. Uses a. Medical Uses -Describe what disorder the test could be used to test b. Other uses 5. Sub Section : Tomkins picture arrangement test 6. Criticisms

See References in sandbox

To Do List: • Research scholar articles • Read up on how to format a Wikipedia page • maybe find a picture of Silvan Tomkins and a picture of a common test.

Brooklyn Thompson: Description and criticisms and picture of common test Jenna Lamb: History and uses Jessica Stelter: Founder of picture arrangement test and sub section, picture of Silvan

Jenna, Brooke, and I all met together and did the assignment together. Jessicastelter (talk) 23:40, 7 March 2016 (UTC) Brooklyn.thompson (talk) 23:41, 7 March 2016 (UTC) Jenna.marie.lamb (talk) 23:43, 7 March 2016 (UTC)