User:IrisPersephone/List of architectural styles
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Chronology of styles
[edit]Prehistoric
[edit]Early civilizations developed, often independently, in scattered locations around the globe. The architecture was often a mixture of styles in timber cut from local forests and stone hewn from local rocks. Most of the timber has gone, although the earthworks remain. Impressively, massive stone structures have survived for years.
- Neolithic 10,000–3000 BC
Ancient Americas
[edit]Mediterranean and Middle-East civilizations
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Ancient Near East and Mesopotamia[edit]
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Iranian/Persian[edit]
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Ancient Asian
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Indic[edit]
Historic temple styles[edit]
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East Asian[edit]Also[edit]
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Classical Antiquity
[edit]The architecture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, derived from the ancient Mediterranean civilizations such as at Knossos on Crete. They developed highly refined systems for proportions and style, using mathematics and geometry.
- Ancient Greek 776–265 BC
- Roman 753 BC–663 AD
- Etruscan 700–200 BC
- Classical 600 BC–323 AD
- Herodian 37–4 BC (Judea)
- Early Christian 100–500
- Byzantine 527–1520
Middle Ages
[edit]The European Early Middle Ages are generally taken to run from the end of the Roman Empire, around 400 AD, to around 1000 AD. During this period, Christianity made a significant impact on European culture.
Early Medieval Europe
[edit]- Latin Armenian 4th–16th centuries
- Anglo-Saxon 450s–1066 (England)
- Bulgarian from 681
- First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018
- Pre-Romanesque c. 700–1000 (Merovingian and Carolingian empires)
- Iberian pre-Romanesque
- Merovingian 5th–8th centuries (France, Germany, Italy and neighbouring locations)
- Visigothic 5th–8th centuries (Spain and Portugal)
- Asturian 711–910 (North Spain, North Portugal)
- Carolingian 780s–9th century (mostly France, Germany)
- Ottonian 950s–1050s (mostly Germany, also considered Early Romanesque)[1]
- Repoblación 880s–11th century (Spain)
Medieval Europe
[edit]The dominance of the Church over everyday life was expressed in grand spiritual designs which emphasized piety and sobriety. The Romanesque style was simple and austere. The Gothic style heightened the effect with heavenly spires, pointed arches and religious carvings.[2]
Byzantine[edit]
Romanesque[edit]
Timber styles[edit]
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Gothic[edit]1135/40–1520
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Asian architecture contemporary with the Dark Ages and medieval Europe
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Japanese[edit]
Chinese[edit]Korean[edit]Dravidian and Vesara temple styles (India)[edit]
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Other Indian styles[edit]
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Islamic Architecture 620–1918
[edit]- Central Styles (Multi-Regional)
- Prophetic Era – based in Medina (c. 620–630)
- Rashidi Period – based in Medina (c. 630–660)
- Regional Styles
- Egypt
- Ayyubid architecture (1174–1250)
- North Africa (Maghrib)
- The Umayyads (705–750)
- The Abbasid Era (750–909)
- The Fatimids (909–1048)
- The Amazigh Dynasties (1048–1550)
- Zirids 1048–1148 (Middle Maghreb)
- Almoravids 1040–1147 (Far Maghreb)
- Almohads 1121–1269 (Far Maghreb)
- Hafsids 1229–1574 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
- Marinids 1244–1465 (Middle and Far Maghreb)
- Zayyanids 1235–1550 (Middle Maghreb)
- Ottoman Rule 1550–1830 (Near and Middle Maghreb)
- Local Dynasties 1549–present (Far Maghreb)
- Islamic Spain
- Umayyad architecture (756–1031)
- Taifa Kingdoms-1 (1031–1090)
- Almoravid architecture (1090–1147)
- Taifa Kingdoms-2 (1140–1203)
- Almohad architecture (1147–1238),
- Taifa Kingdoms-3 (1232–1492)
- Granada architecture (1287–1492)
- Persia and Central Asia
- Khurasani architecture (Late 7th–10th century)
- Razi Style (10th–13th century)
- Samanid Period (10th c.)
- Ghaznawid Period (11th c.)
- Saljuk Period (11th–12th c.)
- Mongol Period (13th c.)
- Timurid Style (14th–16th c.)
- Isfahani Style (17th–19th c.)
- Indian subcontinent
- Indo-Islamic architecture (1204–1857)
- Mughal architecture (1526–1707)
- Indo-Islamic architecture (1204–1857)
- Turkey
- Seljuk architecture (1071–1299)
- Ottoman architecture (1299–1922)
- First national architectural movement (1908–1940)
- Egypt
Pre-Columbian Indigenous American Styles
[edit]Early Modern Period and European Colonialism
[edit]1425–1660. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread through Europe, rebelling against the all-powerful Church, by placing Man at the centre of his world instead of God.[5] The Gothic spires and pointed arches were replaced by classical domes and rounded arches, with comfortable spaces and entertaining details, in a celebration of humanity. The Baroque style was a florid development of this 200 years later, largely by the Catholic Church to restate its religious values.[6]
France[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Spain and Portugal[edit]
Colonial[edit]
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Baroque[edit]1600–1800, up to 1900
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Asian architecture contemporary with Renaissance and post-Renaissance Europe
[edit]Japanese
[edit]- Shoin-zukuri (1560s–1860s)
- Sukiya-zukuri (1530s–present)
- Minka (Japanese commoner or folk architecture)
- Gassho-zukuri (Edo period and later)
- Honmune-zukuri (Edo period and later)
- Imperial Crown Style (1919–1945)
- Giyōfū architecture (1800s)
Indian
[edit]- Indo-Islamic
- Mughal 1540–? (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
- Sharqi aka Janpur Style
Late Modern Period and the Industrial Revolution
[edit]Neoclassicism
[edit]1720–1837 and onward. A time often depicted as a rural idyll by the great painters, but in fact was a hive of early industrial activity, with small kilns and workshops springing up wherever materials could be mined or manufactured. After the Renaissance, neoclassical forms were developed and refined into new styles for public buildings and the gentry.
New Cooperism
Neoclassical
[edit]- Neoclassical c. 1715–1820
- Beaux-Arts 1670+ (France) and 1880 (US)
- Georgian 1720–1840s (UK, US)
- Jamaican Georgian architecture c. 1750 – c. 1850 (Jamaica)
- American Colonial 1720–1780s (US)
- Pombaline style 1755 – c. 1860 (Lisbon in Portugal)
- Josephinischer Stil 1760–1780/90 (Austria)
- Adam style 1760–1795 (England, Scotland, Russia, US)
- Federal 1780–1830 (US)
- Empire 1804–1830, revival 1870 (Europe, US)
- Regency 1811–1830 (UK)
- Antebellum 1812–1861 (Southern United States)
- Palazzo Style 1814–1930? (Europe, Australia, US)
- Neo-Palladian
- Jeffersonian 1790s–1830s (Virginia in US)
- American Empire 1810
- Greek Revival architecture
- Rundbogenstil 1835–1900 (Germany)
- Neo-Grec 1845–65 (UK, US, France)
- Nordic Classicism 1910–30 (Norway, Sweden, Denmark & Finland)
- Polish Neoclassicism (Poland)
- New Classical architecture 20th/21st century (global)
- Temple 1832+ (global)
Revivalism and Orientalism
[edit]Late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Victorian Era was a time of giant leaps forward in technology and society, such as iron bridges, aqueducts, sewer systems, roads, canals, trains, and factories. As engineers, inventors, and businessmen they reshaped much of the British Empire, including the UK, India, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and influenced Europe and the United States. Architecturally, they were revivalists who modified old styles to suit new purposes.
Revivals started before the Victorian Era[edit]
Victorian revivals[edit]
Orientalism[edit]
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Revivals in North America[edit]
Other late 19th century styles[edit]
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Rural styles
[edit]- Swiss chalet style 1840s–1920s+ (Scandinavia, Austria, Germany, later global)
- Adirondack 1850s (New York, US)
- National Park Service rustic aka Parkitecture 1903+ (US)
- Western false front (Western United States)
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution
[edit]Industrial
[edit]- Industrial, 1760–present (worldwide)
Arts and Crafts in Europe[edit]
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Arts and Crafts in the US[edit]
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Modernism and other styles contemporary with modernism
[edit]1880 onwards. The Industrial Revolution had brought steel, plate glass, and mass-produced components. These enabled a brave new world of bold structural frames, with clean lines and plain or shiny surfaces. In the early stages, a popular motto was "decoration is a crime". In the Eastern Bloc the Communists rejected the Western Bloc's 'decadent' ways, and modernism developed in a markedly more bureaucratic, sombre, and monumental fashion.
Modernism under communism[edit]
Fascist/Nazi[edit]
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Pre-Second World War[edit]1945–
Other 20th century styles[edit]
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Postmodernism and early 21st century styles
[edit]- Postmodernism 1945+ (US, UK)
- Bowellism
- Shed Style
- Arcology 1970s+ (Europe)
- Deconstructivism 1982+ (Europe, US, Far East)
- Critical regionalism 1983+
- Blobitecture 2003+
- High-tech 1970s+
- Interactive architecture 2000+
- Sustainable architecture 2000+
- Earthship 1980+ (Started in US, now global)
- Green building 2000+
- Natural building 2000+
- Neo-Andean 2005+
- Neo-futurism late 1960s-early 21st century
- New Classical Architecture 1980+
- New London Vernacular 2009+
- Berlin Style 1990s+
- Mass timber 2010s+
Fortified styles
[edit]- Fortification 6800 BC+
- Ringfort 800 BC – 400 AD
- Dzong 17th century+
- Star fort 1530–1800?
- Polygonal fort 1850?-
Vernacular styles
[edit]Generic methods
[edit]- Natural building
- Ice – Igloo, quinzhee
- Earth – Cob house, sod house, adobe, mudbrick house, rammed earth
- Timber – Log cabin, log house, Carpenter Gothic, roundhouse, stilt house
- Nomadic structures – Yaranga, bender tent
- Temporary structures – Quonset hut, Nissen hut, prefabricated home
- Underground – Underground living, rock-cut architecture, monolithic church, pit-house
- Modern low-energy systems – Straw-bale construction, earthbag construction, rice-hull bagwall construction, earthship, earth house
- Various styles – Longhouse
| Traditional immobile |
|  |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional mobile | ||
| Open-air | ||
| Modern | ||
| Related topics | ||
European
[edit]- European Arctic (North Norway and Sweden, Finland, North Russia) – Sami lavvu, Sami goahti
- Northwest Europe (Norway, Sweden, Fresia, Jutland, Denmark, North Poland, UK, Iceland) – Norse architecture, heathen hofs, Viking ring fortress, fogou, souterrain, Grubenhaus (also known as Grubhouse or Grubhut)
- Central and Eastern Europe – Burdei, zemlyanka
- Bulgaria – Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo
- Estonia
- Germany – Black Forest house, Swiss chalet style, Gulf house (aka East Frisian house), Geestharden house (aka Cimbrian house, Schleswig house), Haubarg, Low German house (aka Low Saxon house), Middle German house, Reed house, Seaside resort house, Ständerhaus, Uthland-Frisian house
- Holland – Frisian farmhouse, Old Frisian longhouse, Bildts farmhouse
- Iceland – Turf houses
- Ireland – Clochán, Crannog
- Italy – Trullo
- Lithuania – Kaunas modernism, Lithuanian folk architecture, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues
- Norway – Architecture of Norway: Post church, Palisade church, Stave church, Norwegian Turf house, Vernacular architecture in Norway, Rorbu, Dragestil, also National Romantic style, Swiss chalet style and Nordic Classicism buildings
- Poland – Zakopane, Polish-Lithuanian wooden synagogues, wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland, Upper Lusatian house
- Romania – Carpathian vernacular, wooden churches of Maramureș
- Russia – Dacha
- Scotland – Medieval turf building in Cronberry, blackhouses
- Slovakia – Wooden churches of the Slovak Carpathians
- Spain – Asturian teito, Asturian hórreo, Gallician palloza
- Ukraine – Wooden churches
- United Kingdom – Dartmoor longhouse, Neolithic long house, palisade church, mid-20th-century system-built houses
- Scotland – Broch, Atlantic roundhouse, crannog, dun
European farmhouse types | ||
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(If the same type of house is known by alternative names, it may be linked more than once.) | ||
| Old European |  | |
| German | ||
| Danish | ||
| Dutch | ||
| British | ||
| Swiss | ||
| French | ||
| Spanish | ||
| Italian | ||
| Swedish | ||
| Malta | ||
| Carpathian | ||
North American[edit]
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Native American[edit]
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South American[edit]
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African
[edit]- Central and South African countries – Rondavel, Xhosa and Zulu Architecture, Zimbabwean Architecture, Sotho-Tswana Architecture, Zulu and Nguni Architecture, and Madagascan Architecture
- Dutch Colonial, Cape Dutch
Asian
[edit]- China
- India – Rock-cut, Toda hut
- Indonesia – Uma longhouse, attap dwelling
- Iran, Turkey – Caravanserai
- Iran – Yakhchal
- Israel – Rock-cut tombs
- Japan – Minka
- Mongolia – Yurt
- Papua New Guinea – Papua New Guinea stilt house
- Philippines – Bahay kubo, Jin-jin, Torogan, Bale
- Russia – Siberian chum
- Thailand – Thai stilt house
- Myanmar – Shwenandaw Monastery
Australasian
[edit]Styles by continent
[edit]Africa
[edit]North Africa
[edit]- Ancient Egyptian 3000 BC–373 BC
- Mamluk architecture (1254–1517)
Sub-Saharan Africa
[edit]Asia
[edit]Central Asia
[edit]East Asia
[edit]South Asia
[edit]West Asia
[edit]- Ottoman architecture (1517–1820)
Europe
[edit]North America
[edit]Oceania
[edit]South America
[edit]Transcontinental
[edit]Islamic architecture
[edit]- Early Islamic architecture (pre–661 AD)
- Umayyad architecture (661–750)
- Abbasid architecture (750–1227)
- Fatimid architecture (909–1167)
- ^ Hans Erich Kubach. Architektur der Romanik, 1973/1974, 3-7630-1705-7, p. 63–144 Die erste Romanische Kunst – Frühromanische Architektur
- ^ Robert Stuart (1854), Cyclopedia of architecture: historical, descriptive, typographical, decorative, theoretical and mechanical, alphabetically arranged, familiarly explained, and adapted to the comprehension of workmen, A. S. Barnes & Co, p. 75
- ^ a b Gebaut, Burgundische Romanik – Pontigny – Zisterziensergotik
- ^ a b Really, Mudéjar style had phases according to the general European styles, there was Romanesque Mudéjar, Gothic Mudéjar and even Renaissance Mudéjar.
- ^ Gerald Leinwand, The pageant of world history, Prentice-Hall, 1990, page 330
- ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel (2010), Western Civilization: A Brief History. Cengage Learning. page 333 ISBN 0495571474