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Sources accounted for [ edit ]
DIR - De Imperatoribus Romanis
Elton - Elton, Charles Abraham (1825). A History of the Roman Emperors: From the Accession of Augustus to the Fall of the Last Constantine; in Seven Books . Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 303
Keppie - Keppie, Lawrence (1991). Understanding Roman Inscriptions . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 136 - 137
Levick - Levick, Barbara (2000). The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415232371 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 244 - 245
Rutherford - Rutherford, Richard (2004). "Appendix 3: List of Roman Emperors" . Classical Literature: A Concise History . Bodmin, Cornwall: Wiley. ISBN 978-0631231325 . , p. 313 - 314 - skips emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century, up until Honorius and Theodosius II
Moxom - Moxom, Philip (2011) [1895]. "Chronological List Of Roman Emperors From Augustus To Constantine" . From Jerusalem to Nicea: The Church in the First Three Centuries . Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1463231392 . , p. xi - xii - up until Constantine I (for this reason discounted during the Dominate)
Craven - Craven, Maxwell (2019). The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome . Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1781557389 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 10 - 12 (Craven's list does include a wealth of usurpers as well, but he clearly distinguishes legitimate emperors and usurpers, and those he designates as usurpers have been left out here)
Grainger - Grainger, John D. (2020). The Roman Imperial Succession . Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-6605-2 . , p. 302 - 306
Britannica - "List of Roman emperors" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 31 March 2021 .{{cite web }}
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Livius - Lendering, Jona (1996). "List of Roman Emperors" . Livius . Retrieved 31 March 2021 . {{cite web }}
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Ostia Antica - "List of Roman Emperors" . Ostia Antica . Retrieved 31 March 2021 .{{cite web }}
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Met - "List of Rulers of the Roman Empire" . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 31 March 2021 .{{cite web }}
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Manders - Manders, Erika (2012). Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284 . Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004189706 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 313-314 - only covers the Crisis of the Third Century
Hekster - Hekster, Olivier (2008). Rome and Its Empire: AD 193–284 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748623044 . , p. 155-156 - only covers the Crisis of the Third Century
Dixon & Southern - Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Pat (2014) [1996]. The Late Roman Army . Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415222969 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. xi-xii - covers emperors from the Crisis of the Third Century onwards
T&T - Tribunes and Triumphs - List of Roman Emperors
UNRV - UNRV Roman history: Roman Emperor List
DOB - Dirty Old Books - two lists; a timeline , and a list of rulers . Lists are not entirely consistent with each other, DOB is treated as including an emperor if they appear on the timeline (which is relatively clear) and/or if they are featured in bold text in the list of rulers
FAC - https://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/rome_gen.htm
DIR - De Imperatoribus Romanis
Haldon - Haldon, John (2005). The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230243644 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 176 - 179
Lawler - Lawler, Jennifer (2015) [2004]. Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire . Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6616-0 . {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 323 - 326
Nicol - Nicol, Donald M. (1977). Church and society in the last centuries of Byzantium . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press p. 131 - 132 - only covers the Palaiologos dynasty
Elton - Elton, Charles Abraham (1825). A History of the Roman Emperors: From the Accession of Augustus to the Fall of the Last Constantine; in Seven Books . Baldwin, Cradock and Joy. {{cite book }}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link ) , p. 304
Browning - Browning, Robert (1980). The Byzantine Empire (Revised ed.). The Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0813207544 . , p. 297 - 298
Treadgold - Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804726306 . , p. 857 - 861
Mango - Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198140986 . , p. 307 - 312
Gregory - Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Singapore: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1405184717 . , p. 438 - 443
Grierson - Byzantine Coinage book, also here (includes Mezezius and Martina here, but not in the other one)
FAC - https://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/byz_gen.htm
Tables for reference [ edit ]
Text formatting in order to make it easier to see:
Bold - emperor is included in all lists
Italics + underlining - emperor is included in 3 or more lists
Italics - emperor is included in multiple lists
Normal - emperor only appears in a single list
Principate - 16 lists [ edit ]
Crisis of the Third Century - 18 lists [ edit ]
Dominate - 16 lists [ edit ]
Western emperors - 15 lists [ edit ]
Eastern emperors - 16 lists [ edit ]
Byzantium - 11 lists [ edit ]