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The LGBT community has adopted certain symbols for self-identification to demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. LGBT symbols communicate ideas, concepts, and identity both within their communities and to mainstream culture. The two most-recognized international LGBT symbols are the pink triangle and the rainbow flag.

Flags

[edit]
Main article: Pride flag

Rainbow

[edit]
Main article: Rainbow flag (LGBT)

Gilbert Baker designed the rainbow Pride flag for the 1978 San Francisco Gay Freedom Day celebration. He designed the flag as a "symbol of hope" and liberation, and an alternative to the symbolism of the pink triangle.[1] The flag does not depict an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rainbow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the top and violet at the bottom. It represents the diversity of gays and lesbians around the world. In the original eight-color version, pink stood for sexuality, red for life, orange for healing, yellow for the sun, green for nature, turquoise for art, indigo for harmony, and violet for spirit.[2] A copy of the original 20-by-30 foot, eight-color flag was remade by Baker in 2000, and was installed in the Castro district in San Francisco.[3] Many variations on the rainbow flag exist, including incorporating other LGBT symbols like the triangle or lambda.[4] The "Victory over AIDS" flag includes a black stripe at the bottom of the modern six stripe rainbow flag. The black stripe represents people that have died due to AIDS. Sergeant Leonard Matlovich, the first gay man to out himself purposefully in the military who battled AIDS, suggested that the black stripe of the "Victory over AIDS" flag was to be ripped from the flag and burned in Washington D.C when a cure for AIDS was discovered. [5]

  • Original eight-stripe version designed by Gilbert Baker (1978)
    Original eight-stripe version designed by Gilbert Baker (1978)
  • Seven-stripe version with hot pink color removed due to a lack of fabric (1978–1979)
    Seven-stripe version with hot pink color removed due to a lack of fabric (1978–1979)
  • Six-stripes version with turquoise color removed and indigo color changed to royal blue (1979–present)
    Six-stripes version with turquoise color removed and indigo color changed to royal blue (1979–present)

Asexuality

[edit]
Main article: Asexuality
Black, gray, white, purple stripes
Asexual pride, created in 2010

The asexual pride flag consists of four horizontal stripes: black, gray, white, and purple from top to bottom.[6][7] The flag was created by AVEN user standup in August 2010, as part of a community effort to create and choose a flag.[8][unreliable source?] The black stripe represents asexuality; the gray stripe represents gray-aces and demisexuals; the white stripe represents allies; and the purple stripe represents community.[9][10]

Bear culture

[edit]
Main article: Bear flag (gay culture)
Bear Brotherhood flag
International Bear Brotherhood, created in 1995

Bear is an affectionate gay slang term for those in the bear communities, a subculture in the gay community and an emerging subset of the LGBT community with its own events, codes, and culture-specific identity. Bears tend to have hairy bodies and facial hair; some are heavy-set; some project an image of working-class masculinity in their grooming and appearance, though none of these are requirements or unique indicators. The bear concept can function as an identity, an affiliation, and an ideal to live up to. There is ongoing debate in bear communities about what constitutes a bear. Some state that self-identifying as a bear is the only requirement, while others argue that bears must have certain physical characteristics, such as a hairy chest and face, a large body, or a certain mode of dress and behavior.

Bears are almost always gay or bisexual men; transgender men (regardless of their sexuality) and those who shun labels for gender and sexuality are increasingly included within bear communities.[citation needed] The bear community has spread all over the world, with bear clubs in many countries. Bear clubs often serve as social and sexual networks for older, hairier, sometimes heavier gay and bisexual men, and members often contribute to their local gay communities through fundraising and other functions. Bear events are common in heavily gay communities.

The International Bear Brotherhood Flag was designed in 1995 by Craig Byrnes.[11]

Bisexuality

[edit]
Main article: Bisexual pride flag
Magenta, lavender, and blue stripes
Bisexual pride, created in 1998

First unveiled on 5 December 1998,[12] the bisexual pride flag was designed by Michael Page to represent and increase visibility of bisexuals in the LGBT community and society as a whole. This rectangular flag consists of a broad magenta stripe at the top, a broad stripe in blue at the bottom, and a narrower deep lavender band occupying the central fifth.

Page describes the meaning of the pink, lavender, and blue (ratio 2:1:2) flag as this: "The pink color represents sexual attraction to the same sex only (gay and lesbian). The blue represents sexual attraction to the opposite sex only (straight) and the resultant overlap color purple represents sexual attraction to both sexes (bi)." He also describes the flag's meaning in deeper terms, stating "The key to understanding the symbolism of the Bisexual pride flag is to know that the purple pixels of color blend unnoticeably into both the pink and blue, just as in the 'real world,' where bi people blend unnoticeably into both the gay/lesbian and straight communities.[9]

The blue and pink overlapping triangle symbol represents bisexuality and bi pride. The origin of the symbol, sometimes facetiously referred to as the "biangles", is largely unknown, however the colors of bisexuality originate from this symbol: pink for attraction to women, blue for attraction to men, and lavender for attraction to both, as well as a reference to queerness.[9]

Intersex

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Main article: Intersex flag
A yellow background with a purple circle in the middle, representing intersex people.
Intersex pride, created in 2013

Intersex people are those who do not exhibit all the biological characteristics of male or female, or exhibit a combination of characteristics, at birth. Between 0.05% and 1.7% of the population is estimated to have intersex traits.[13][14]

The intersex flag was created by Morgan Carpenter of Intersex Human Rights Australia in July 2013 to create a flag "that is not derivative, but is yet firmly grounded in meaning". The organization describes the circle as "unbroken and unornamented, symbolising wholeness and completeness, and our potentialities. We are still fighting for bodily autonomy and genital integrity, and this symbolises the right to be who and how we want to be".[15][16][17]

Lesbian

[edit]

No flag design for a lesbian pride flag has been widely adopted.[18]

The labrys lesbian flag was created in 1999 by graphic designer Sean Campbell, and published in June 2000 in the Palm Springs edition of the Gay and Lesbian Times Pride issue.[10][18][19] The design involves a labrys superimposed on the inverted black triangle, set against a violet hue background. The labrys was used as an ancient religious symbol,[20] and for other various purposes.[21][specify] In the 1970s it was adopted as a symbol of empowerment by the lesbian feminist community.[22][23][24] Women considered asocial by the Third Reich because they did not conform to the Nazi ideal of a woman, which included homosexual females, were condemned to concentration camps and wore an inverted black triangle badge to identify them.[25][26] Some lesbians reclaimed this symbol as gay men reclaimed the pink triangle (many lesbians also reclaimed the pink triangle although lesbians were not included in Paragraph 175 of the German criminal code).[25]

The "pink" lesbian flag consists of six shades of red and pink colors and a white bar in the center.[27][28] The original design, known as the lipstick lesbian flag, includes a red kiss[28] and was introduced in the weblog This Lesbian Life in 2010.[27] Both the "pink" and lipstick lesbian flags represent "homosexual women who have a more feminine gender expression".[29] The original flag has not been widely adopted;[18] however, its non-kiss variant attracted more use.

The lesbian community pride flag[30] with five colours including a dark orange bar for 'gender nonconforming' was created and introduced on social media in 2018.[31] The original flag, created by Tumblr blogger Emily Gwen,[citation needed] had seven stripes representing 'gender non-conformity' (dark orange), 'independence' (orange), 'community' (light orange), 'unique relationships to womanhood' (white) , 'serenity and peace' (pink), 'love and sex' (dusty pink), and 'femininity' (dark rose).[31]

  • Labrys lesbian flag created in 1999
    Labrys lesbian flag created in 1999
  • Pink lesbian flag derived from the 2010 Lipstick lesbian flag
    Pink lesbian flag derived from the 2010 Lipstick lesbian flag
  • Lesbian community pride flag created in 2018
    Lesbian community pride flag created in 2018

Non-binary

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Yellow, white, light purple, and black stripes.
Nonbinary pride, created in 2014

The non-binary flag was created in 2014 by activist Kye Rowan.[32] Each stripe color represents different types of non-binary identities: Yellow for people who identify outside of the gender binary, white for nonbinary people with multiple genders, purple for those with a mixture of both male and female genders, and black for agender individuals.[33]

Under the non-binary umbrella are all those who identify off the gender binary. There are many different identities within this category including androgyny, genderqueerness (which includes agender, ceterosexual, gender fluid, intergender), third gender, and transgender.[34][35]

Pansexuality

[edit]
Pink, yellow, and light blue stripes.
Pansexual pride, created in 2010

The pansexual pride flag has been found on various Internet sites since mid-2010.[36][unreliable source?] It has three horizontal bars that are pink, yellow and blue.[37] The pink band symbolizes women; the blue, men; and the yellow, those of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.[36][38][9][39][40]

A "P" with the tail converted to an arrow with a cross is also sometimes used. It predates the flag and is still in use today. The cross on the "P"'s tail refers to the cross on the Venus or female symbol (♀), and the arrow refers to the arrow on the Mars or male symbol (♂).[41] While it does not technically have a name, it is sometimes colloquially referred to as "the pansexual symbol".

Transgender

[edit]
Transgender pride, created in 1999

A transgender symbol is the Transgender Pride Flag designed by transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999,[42] which was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, US in 2000.[43] It was flown from a large public flagpole in San Francisco's Castro District beginning November 19, 2012 in commemoration of the Transgender Day of Remembrance.[43] The flag represents the transgender community and consists of five horizontal stripes: two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as follows:

"The stripes at the top and bottom are light blue, the traditional color for baby boys. The stripes next to them are pink, the traditional color for baby girls.[43] The white stripe is for people that are nonbinary, feel that they don't have a gender."[44][45] The pattern is such that no matter which way you fly it, it is always correct, signifying us finding correctness in our lives.[43]

Philadelphia became the first county government in the U.S. to raise the transgender pride flag in 2015. It was raised at City Hall in honor of Philadelphia's 14th Annual Trans Health Conference, and remained next to the US and City of Philadelphia flags for the entirety of the conference. Then-Mayor Michael Nutter gave a speech in honor of the trans community's acceptance in Philadelphia.[46]

Other symbols

[edit]

In addition to major symbols of the LGBT community, other symbols have been used to represent members' unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.

Ace ring

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Ace ring

A black ring (also known as an ace ring) worn on the middle finger of one's right hand is a way asexual people signify their asexuality. The ring is deliberately worn in a similar manner as one would a wedding ring to symbolize marriage. Use of the symbol began in 2005.[47][48]

Ace cards

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Due to the phonetic shortening from asexual to ace, ace playing cards are sometimes used to represent asexuality. The ace of hearts and ace of spades are used to symbolize romantic asexuality and aromantic asexuality respectively.[49]

Blue feather

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In the Society for Creative Anachronism, LGBT members often wear a blue feather to indicate an affiliation with Clan Blue Feather, a group of SCA members promoting the study of LGBT culture and people in the Middle Ages.[50] Because of this affiliation, blue feathers have also been used at some Renaissance Faires and Pagan events. In some means, it is also to represent the gay/lesbian/bisexual people of the lgbt+ community.

Calamus plant

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Acorus calamus

According to some interpretations, American poet Walt Whitman used the calamus plant to represent homoerotic love.[51]

Double-gender

[edit]
Further information on sex and gender symbols: Gender symbol § Sociology
Lesbian and gay interlocked gender sex symbols

Interlocked gender symbols. Each gender symbol derives from the astronomical symbol for the planet Venus and Mars. In modern science, the singular symbol for Venus is used to represent the female sex, and singular symbol for Mars is used to represent the male sex.[52] Two interlocking female symbols (⚢) represent a lesbian or the lesbian community, and two interlocking male symbols (⚣) a gay male or the gay male community.[53][54]

The symbols first appeared in the 1970s.[54]

Freedom rings

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Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. They were released in 1991.[55] Symbolizing happiness and diversity, these rings are worn by themselves or as part of necklaces, bracelets, and key chains.[55]

They are sometimes referred to as "Fruit Loops".[56]

Green carnation

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Green carnation

In 19th-century England, green indicated homosexual affiliations. Victorian gay men would often pin a green carnation on their lapel as popularized by openly gay author Oscar Wilde, who often wore one on his lapel.[57][58]

Handkerchief code

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Main article: Handkerchief code

In the early 20th century gay men in New York City's Caucasian professional world would often wear red neckties to signal their identity. This practice was later expanded into a system called flagging, or the handkerchief code.[59]

High five

[edit]

There are many origin stories of the high five,[60] but the two most documented candidates are Dusty Baker and Glenn Burke of the Los Angeles Dodgers professional baseball team on October 2, 1977, and Wiley Brown and Derek Smith of the Louisville Cardinals men's college basketball team during the 1978–1979 season.[61][62] In any case, after retiring from baseball, Burke, who was one of the first openly gay professional athletes, used the high five with other gay residents of the Castro district of San Francisco, where for many it became a symbol of gay pride and identification.[61]

Lambda

[edit]
Lambda – Greek alphabet letter

In 1970, graphic designer Tom Doerr selected the lower-case Greek letter lambda to be the symbol of the New York chapter of the Gay Activists Alliance.[63][64] The alliance's literature states that Doerr chose the symbol specifically for its denotative meaning in the context of chemistry and physics: "a complete exchange of energy–that moment or span of time witness to absolute activity".[63]

The lambda became associated with Gay Liberation,[65][66] and in December 1974, it was officially declared the international symbol for gay and lesbian rights by the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland.[67] The gay rights organization Lambda Legal and the American Lambda Literary Foundation derive their names from this symbol.

Lavender rhinoceros

[edit]
See also: Lavender Mafia

Daniel Thaxton and Bernie Toale created a lavender rhinoceros symbol for a public ad campaign to increase visibility for gay people in Boston helmed by Gay Media Action-Advertising; Toale said they chose a rhinoceros because “it is a much maligned and misunderstood animal” and that it was lavender because that is a mix of pink and blue, making it a symbolic merger of the feminine and masculine. However, in May 1974, Metro Transit Advertising said its lawyers could not "determine eligibility of the public service rate" for the lavender rhinoceros ads, which tripled the cost of the ad campaign. Gay Media Action challenged this, but were unsuccessful. The lavender rhinoceros symbol was seen on signs, pins, and t-shirts at the Boston Pride Parade later in 1974, and a life-sized papier-mâché lavender rhinoceros was part of the parade. Money was raised for the ads, and they began running on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Green Line by December 3rd, 1974, and ran there until February of 1975. The lavender rhinoceros continued as a symbol of the gay community, appearing at the 1976 Boston Pride Parade and on a flag that was raised at Boston City Hall in 1987.[68]

Purple hand

[edit]
See also: Lavender Mafia

On October 31, 1969, sixty members of the Gay Liberation Front, the Committee for Homosexual Freedom (CHF), and the Gay Guerilla Theatre group staged a protest outside the offices of the San Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging people in San Francisco's gay bars and clubs.[69][70][71][72] The peaceful protest against the Examiner turned tumultuous and was later called "Friday of the Purple Hand" and "Bloody Friday of the Purple Hand".[72][73][74][75][76][77] Examiner employees "dumped a barrel of printers' ink on the crowd from the roof of the newspaper building", according to glbtq.com.[78] Some reports state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the building.[79] The protestors "used the ink to scrawl slogans on the building walls" and slap purple hand prints "throughout downtown [San Francisco]" resulting in "one of the most visible demonstrations of gay power" according to the Bay Area Reporter.[72][74][77] According to Larry LittleJohn, then president of Society for Individual Rights, "At that point, the tactical squad arrived – not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to arrest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground."[72] The accounts of police brutality include women being thrown to the ground and protesters' teeth being knocked out.[72][80] Inspired by Black Hand extortion methods of Camorra gangsters and the Mafia,[81] some gay and lesbian activists attempted to institute "purple hand" as a warning to stop anti-gay attacks, but with little success.[citation needed] In Turkey, the LGBT rights organization MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu (Purple Hand Eskişehir LGBT Formation), also bears the name of this symbol.[82]

Transgender symbol

[edit]

A symbol of the female (♀), male (♂) and Genderqueer (⚨) symbols combined around a circle (⚧) is sometimes used to represent transgender people.[83][84]

Unicorns

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Unicorn in Portland Pride, 2017

Unicorns have been part of pride flags and symbols of LGBT culture in the last century, becoming prominent during the gay rights protests of the 1970s and 1980s.[85]

Violets

[edit]
Viola uliginosa flower

Violets and their color became a special code used by lesbians and bisexual women.[86][87][88] The symbolism of the flower derives from several fragments of poems by Sappho in which she describes a lover wearing garlands or a crown with violets.[89][90] In 1926, the play La Prisonnière by Édouard Bourdet used a bouquet of violets to signify lesbian love.[91] When the play became subject to censorship, many Parisian lesbians wore violets to demonstrate solidarity with its lesbian subject matter.[92]

Triangle badges of the Third Reich

[edit]
Main articles: Pink triangle and Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust

One of the oldest of these symbols is the inverted pink triangle that male homosexuals in Nazi concentration camps were required to wear on their clothing. The badge is one of several badges that internees wore to identify what kind of prisoners they were.[93] Many of the estimated 5,000–15,000 gay men and lesbians imprisoned in concentration camps died during the Holocaust.[94] The pink triangle was later reclaimed by gay men, as well as some lesbians, in various political movements as a symbol of personal pride and remembrance.[95][25] AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP) adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the "active fight back" against HIV/AIDS "rather than a passive resignation to fate."[96]

The pink triangle was used exclusively with male prisoners, as lesbians were not included under Paragraph 175, a statute which made homosexual acts between males a crime. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) stipulates that this was because women were seen as subordinate to men, and the Nazi state did not feel that homosexual women presented the same threat to masculinity as homosexual men. According to USHMM, many women were arrested and imprisoned for "asocial" behavior, a classification applied to those who did not conform to the Nazi ideal of a woman's role: cooking, cleaning, kitchen work, child raising, and passivity. Asocial women were tagged with an inverted black triangle.[26] Many lesbians reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men reclaimed the pink triangle.[25]

Pink Triangle Black Triangle Pink & Yellow Triangles
The inverted pink triangle used to identify homosexual men in the concentration camps. The inverted black triangle used to mark individuals considered "asocial". The category included homosexual women, nonconformists, sex workers, nomads, Romani, and others. The inverted pink triangle overlapping a yellow triangle was used to single out male homosexual prisoners who were Jewish.
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LGBT pride flags

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These LGBT flags represent the LGBT movement as a whole with sexual orientations, gender identities, subcultures, and regional purposes.

Subculture flags

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Location-based flags

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Other

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Rainbow Flag: Origin Story". Gilbert Baker Foundation. 2018. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018.
  2. ^ "Carleton College: Gender and Sexuality Center: Symbols of Pride of the LGBTQ Community". Apps.carleton.edu. 2005-04-26. Archived from the original on 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  3. ^ Rochman, Sue (June 20, 2000). "Rainbow flap". The Advocate. p. 16. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  4. ^ Riffenburg, Charles Edward IV (2004). "Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements". Queer Resources Directory. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
  5. ^ "LGBTQA Symbols". Old Dominion University.
  6. ^ Bilić, Bojan; Kajinić, Sanja (2016). Intersectionality and LGBT Activist Politics: Multiple Others in Croatia and Serbia. Springer. pp. 95–96.
  7. ^ Decker, Julie. The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Skyhorse.
  8. ^ "The Asexuality Flag". Asexuality Archive.
  9. ^ a b c d Petronzio, Matt (June 13, 2014). "A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols". Mashable. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  10. ^ a b Sobel, Ariel (June 13, 2018). "The Complete Guide to Queer Pride Flags". The Advocate. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  11. ^ "Flag History". Bearmfg.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  12. ^ "History, Bi Activism, Free Graphics". BiFlag.com. 1998-12-05. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  13. ^ https://www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/UNFE-Intersex.pdf
  14. ^ "How common is intersex? | Intersex Society of North America". Isna.org. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
  15. ^ An intersex flag, Intersex Human Rights Australia, 5 July 2013
  16. ^ Are you male, female or intersex? Archived 2016-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International Australia, 11 July 2013
  17. ^ Intersex advocates address findings of Senate Committee into involuntary sterilisation Archived 2016-01-15 at the Wayback Machine, Gay News Network, 28 October 2013
  18. ^ a b c Bendix, Trish (September 8, 2015). "Why don't lesbians have a pride flag of our own?". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  19. ^ Kasandra Brabaw (19 June 2019). "A Complete Guide To All The LGBTQ+ Flags & What They Mean". Refinery29. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  20. ^ Keller, Mara (1988). "Eleusinian Mysteries" (PDF). Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion (Vol 4 No 1): 42. Retrieved 2016-06-21. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ Caterina Mavriyannaki, "La double hache dans le monde héllenique à l'âge du bronze," Revue Archéologique, New series (1983:195-228). In French.
  22. ^ Cottingham, Laura (1996). Lesbians Are So Chic. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780304337217. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
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  24. ^ Pea, Georgie (9 August 2013). "LABRYS Tool of Lesbian Feminism". Finding Lesbians. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
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  26. ^ a b "Lesbians and the Third Reich". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  27. ^ a b Mathers, Charlie (1 January 2018). "18 Pride flags you might not have seen before". Gay Star News. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  28. ^ a b Rawles, Timothy (July 12, 2019). "The many flags of the LGBT community". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  29. ^ Blaxk, Natasha A.; Stern, Alana (June 22, 2016). "9 Queer Pride Flags That You Probably Didn't Know About". Odyssey. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
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  41. ^ "Sexual Orientation Files: Pansexual". Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  42. ^ Fairyington, Stephanie (12 November 2014). "The Smithsonian's Queer Collection". The Advocate. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  43. ^ a b c d "Transgender Flag Flies In San Francisco's Castro District After Outrage From Activists" by Aaron Sankin, HuffingtonPost, November 20, 2012
  44. ^ Gray, Emma; Vagianos, Alanna (July 27, 2017). "We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  45. ^ LB, Branson (July 26, 2017). "The Veteran Who Created The Trans Pride Flag Reacts To Trump's Trans Military Ban". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  46. ^ "Philadelphia Raises the Transgender Pride Flag for the First Time". The Advocate.
  47. ^ Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2013). "Reconsidering Asexuality and Its Radical Potential" (PDF). Feminist Studies. 39 (2): 405–426. ISSN 0046-3663.
  48. ^ Besanvalle, James (31 July 2018). "Here's a handy way to tell if someone you meet is asexual". Gay Star News. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  49. ^ Julie Sondra Decker (2015). The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781510700642. Retrieved 21 January 2020.[page needed]
  50. ^ "Clan Blue Feather". Bluefeather.org. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  51. ^ Herrero-Brasas, Juan A. (2010). Walt Whitman's Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity. SUNY. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4384-3011-9.
  52. ^ Melissa (May 8, 2015). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols". Today I Found Out. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  53. ^ Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed. (2000). "Symbols (by Christy Stevens)". Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures. Vol. 1 (Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia) (1st ed.). Garland Publishing. p. 748. ISBN 0-8153-1920-7.
  54. ^ a b "Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Movements". lambda.org. LAMBDA GLBT Community Services. December 26, 2004. Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  55. ^ a b Van Gelder, Lindsy (1992-06-21). "Thing; Freedom Rings". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  56. ^ Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-304-36636-6. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  57. ^ Stetz, Margaret D. (Winter 2000). Oscar Wilde at the Movies: British Sexual Politics and The Green Carnation (1960); Biography – Volume 23, Number 1, Winter 2000, pp. 90–107. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  58. ^ Curiosities of Literature by John Sutherland (2011, ISBN 1-61608-074-4), pp. 73-76.
  59. ^ George Chauncey (1994). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. Basic Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-465-02621-0.
  60. ^ Bob Brigham (1995). "The Man Who Invented the High-Five". The Diamond Angle. Outsports.com (2003). Retrieved July 25, 2014.
  61. ^ a b Jon Mooallem. "The history and mystery of the high five", ESPN, 29 July 2011
  62. ^ "The Gay History of the High Five". 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  63. ^ a b Rapp, Linda (2004). "Gay Activists Alliance" (PDF). glbtq.com.
  64. ^ "1969, The Year of Gay Liberation". The New York Public Library. June 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
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