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This is a timeline of Estonian history, listing the key dates and events from the history of the Estonian land and the Estonian people. For background information on the events, see History of Estonia and List of rulers of Estonia.

Ancient Estonia (c. 10000 BC - 1227)

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The Mesolithic Period

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The Neolithic Period

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The Bronze Age

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The Iron Age

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Early Middle Ages

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Danish Estonia (1219-1346)

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Danish Estonia (1219-1346) and the Livonian Confederation (1228-1560)

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  • 1228: The Livonian Confederation is established, consisting of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Bishopric of Dorpat and the newly established Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek on Estonian territory.
  • 1230: A Papal Legate, Balduin de Alna, takes control over Northern Estonia.
  • 1233: A battle in Tallinn: Livonian Brothers of the Sword kill c. 100 Papal vassals, who have taken control over Northern Estonia.
  • 1236: Saaremaa islanders rebell after the Order's defeat to Lithuanians in the Battle of Saule.
  • 1237: Following the defeat in the Battle of Saule, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword merge into the Teutonic Order and become known as its autonomous subbranch, the Livonian Order.
  • 1238: According to the Treaty of Stensby, Northern Estonia is given to Denmark.
  • 1240-1241: An army of the Livonian Order, Danes and Estonians invades Votia, Novgorod and Pskov.
  • 1241: Danish Census Book is completed.
  • 1242: An army of Livonian knights and Estonians is defeated in the Battle of the Ice by an army from Novgorod commanded by Alexander Nevsky
  • 1248 May 15: Tallinn (Reval) recieves the Lübeck city rights.
  • c. 1251: Old-Pärnu (Alt-Pernau) is founded by the bishop of Ösel-Wiek.
  • 1253: A united army of Novgorod and Karelians raids Eastern Estonia.
  • 1255:
    • An army from Novgorod raids Eastern Estonia.
    • A truce is signed between the Order and the Saaremaa islanders, which means that the locals have taken control over the island somewhere between 1241 and 1255.
  • 1260: The Order is defeated by Samogitians in the Battle of Durbe. The locals, once again, take control over Saaremaa.
  • 1261: Order's control over Saaremaa is restored.
  • 1262: Prince Dmitri of Pereslavl, son of Alexander Nevsky launches an assault on Tartu (Dorpat), capturing and destroying the town.
  • 1263: Lithuanians commanded by Duchy of Samogitian ruler Treniota destroy Old-Pärnu.
  • 1265: Pärnu (Embeck or Neu-Pernau) is founded by the Livonian Order.
  • 1267: A Novgorod army raids Rakvere.
  • 1268: The Livonian Order is defeated by Russians in the Battle of Rakovor.
  • 1270: The Livonian Order is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Battle of Karuse.
  • 1271: First known Swedish village in Estonia, Haabneeme.
  • 1285: Tallinn becomes the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League. Around that time, Tartu also becomes a member of the League.
  • 1291: Paide (Weissenstein) is officially founded.
  • 1294:
    • An army from Novgorod burns down Narva.
    • Earliest written mention of Estonian Swedes.
  • 1297: Livonian civil war between Riga and the Order begins.
  • 1302: Rakvere (Wesenberg) is granted Lübeck city rights.
  • 1315: Crop failures in Northern Estonia, resulting in a famine.
  • 1318: Pärnu is granted city rights.
  • 1322: Lithuanians raid the Bishopric of Tartu.
  • 1329: Tartu is burned down.
  • 1330: The Order takes control over Riga, ending the civil war.
  • 1333: First mention of a Jewish population in Tallinn.
  • 1335: A great fire in Tartu.
  • 1341: Narva is burned down by a Novgorod army.
  • 1343:
    • April 23: Estonians in Northern and Western Estonia rise up against the German upper class, starting the St.George's Night Uprising.
    • Insurgents conquer Padise monastery and kill 28 monks there.
    • May 4: Four elected Estonian "kings" are killed in Paide during peace negotiations.
    • May 11: Battle of Kimmole takes place near Tallinn, between Estonians and the Livonian Order.
    • May 14: Estonians, who had been seizing Tallinn, are defeated in the Battle of Kanavere against the Order. The uprising is forced down on the mainland.
    • A Pskov army raids villages up to Otepää, where they fight with the Order.
  • 1344: Vesse, the elder of Saaremaa, is put to death by the Order.
  • 1345:
    • Narva is granted Lübeck city rights.
    • The uprising is forced down in Saaremaa.
  • 1346: Waldemar IV of Denmark sells its possessions in Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order.

The Livonian Confederation (1228-1560)

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  • c. 1350: First plague arrives to Livonia.
  • 1367: For the third time, Narva is burned down by Russians.
  • 1371: A Pskov army raids Livonia.
  • 1396: A short war between the Bishop of Tartu and the Master of the Order, resulting with the Masters victory.
  • c. 1400: Viljandi (Fellin) becomes a member of the Hanseatic Union.
  • 1406: A Pskov army raids Livonia.
  • 1407:
  • 1419: The Livonian diet is formed, situating in Valga (Walk).
  • 1443-1448: A war between the Order and Novgorod.
  • 1480-1481: A war between the Order and Pskov.
    • The Order invades Pskov twice.
    • Russians raid Livonia and burn down Viljandi.
  • 1492: Russians build the Ivangorod fortress.
  • 1501: The Order invades Pskov twice in the Livonian-Muscovite War. Russians raid Livonia during winter.
  • 1503: Soon after Livonian victory in the Battle of Smolina, the war ends.
  • 1521: Reformation arrives to Livonia.
  • 1523: Reformation arrives to Estonia.
  • 1524: Churches are looted in Tallinn.
  • 1525: Lutheran manuscript, the oldest known Estonian language book is printed, which never reaches the reader and is destroyed by the Catholic town council of Lübeck immediately after publication.
  • 1530: A weather vane, the figure of Old Thomas is put on top of the spire of Tallinn's Town Hall.
  • 1533: First mention of a Gypsy population in Estonia.
  • 1535: The Wanradt-Koell Catechism, the oldest preserved Estonian language book, is printed.
  • 1536: First mentioning of the name Tallinn (Talyna).
  • 1558:
    • January 22: Ivan the Terrible demands a back-breaking tribute from the Bishopric of Dorpat. After failed negotiations, Russian forces invade the Bishopric, starting the Livonian War.
    • May 11: After a fire, Russians capture Narva.
    • July 18: Russians capture Tartu.
    • Russians capture Rakvere, but fail to capture Paide.
    • The Order counterattacks in autumn.
  • 1559:

The Livonian Confederation (1228-1560) and Danish Ösel (1559-1645)

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Swedish Estonia (1561–1721), Duchy of Livonia (1561–1629) and Danish Ösel (1559-1645)

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Swedish Estonia (1561–1721) and Danish Ösel (1559-1645)

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Swedish Estonia (1561–1721)

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Russian Estonia and Livonia (1721-1917)

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Republic of Estonia (1918-)

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German Occupation

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Democratic Republic

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  • 1918:
    • November 11: Germans begin withdrawal and turn over power to the provisional government of Estonia (headed by Konstantin Päts).
    • November 13: Russia renounces the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and prepares to reconquer the lands lost with the treaty.
    • November 16: Estonian army (Rahvavägi) is formed and the provisional government calls for a voluntary mobilization.
    • November 18: Latvia declares its independence.
    • November 22: The Red Army's attack on Narva is met by both German forces and Estonian defenders.
    • November 26: Red Army captures Pskov.

War of Independence

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Democratic Republic

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Authoritarian regime

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Democratic Republic

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  • 1938:
    • January 1: The new constitution enters into force, ending the authoritarian regime. Estonia becomes a presidential republic.
    • January 19: Two Soviet Border Guards are killed in a fire on Lake Peipus.
    • January 28: Estonian Academy of Sciences is founded.
    • February 8: Soviet Border Guards kill three Estonian Border Guards on Lake Peipus.
    • February 15: Two Soviet pilots flee to Estonia by their airplanes.
    • February 24 - February 25: A new parliament, first after the authoritarian regime, is elected.
    • April 24: Konstantin Päts becomes the first President of Estonia.
    • May 7: All political prisoners, mainly communists and members of the Vaps Movement are released.
    • December 3: Estonia declares its neutrality. Latvia and Lithuania follow soon
  • 1939:
    • January 1: Population of Estonia is 1,133,940.
    • May 24: A fire in Petseri kills 9 and leaves 1500 homeless.
    • June 7: Estonia and Latvia sign a non-aggression pact with Germany.
    • August 23: Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, in which they divide Europe between the two countries. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and eastern Poland are given to the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.
    • September 1: Germany invades Poland, World War II begins. The Nordic and the Baltic States declare their neutrality.
    • September 6: Estonian kroon is pegged with the Swedish krona.
    • September 14: Polish submarine Orzeł arrives to Tallinn, it is thereafter interned by Estonians.
    • September 17: Soviet Union invades Poland.
    • September 18:
      • Polish submarine Orzeł escapes from Tallinn. The Soviet Union and Germany question Estonia's neutrality and Soviet ships are sent to Estonian waters to search for the submarine.
      • An escaped Polish airplane lands near Tartu.
    • September 24: The Soviet Union sends an ultimatum to Estonia,demanding military bases and to station 25,000 Soviet troops on Estonian soil for the duration of the European war.
    • September 26: Soviet bombers patrol over Tallinn and the nearby countryside.
    • September 28:
      • Estonia accepts the ultimatum and signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union. Stalin promises to respect Estonian independence.
      • German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty is signed, adding Lithuania to the Soviet sphere of influence.
      • Polish army capitulates.
    • October 5:
      • Latvia signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union.
      • The Finnisn government refuses the Soviet demands to build a naval base in Finland.
    • October 6: Hitler calls for Germans abroad to repatriate to their ethnic homeland. 12,000-18,000 Germans
    • October 10: Lithuania signs a 15-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union.
    • October 11: Following the Soviet demands, all media is put under censorship in Estonia.
    • October 12: Jüri Uluots becomes the Prime Minister of Estonia.
    • October 18:
      • First Soviet forces enter Estonia.
      • First Baltic Germans leave from Estonia. A total of 12,660 Baltic Germans (75% of the entire minority population) have left by May 18 1940.
    • October 29: First Soviet forces enter Latvia.
    • November 30: The Soviet Union attacks Finland, starting the Winter War.
    • December 1: Estonia declares its neutrality in the Winter War. This is of no real importance, since the Soviet Union is using its military bases in Estonia to attack Finland.
    • December 14: The Soviet Union is expelled from the League of Nations. Baltic representatives decide to stay neutral, upsetting both Finland and the Soviet Union.
    • December 25: Finland accuses Estonia for breaking its neutrality, when it allowed the Soviet Navy to stay in Tallinn port. Finnish submarine Vesihiisi lays mines at the port of Paldiski, the location of a Soviet naval base.
  • 1940:
    • January 1:
      • Population of Estonia is 1,125,075.
      • The German Cultural Council is disbanded, following the departure of the Germans.
    • January 17: All time cold record is measured near Jõgeva, -43.5°C.
    • March 13: The Moscow Peace Treaty ends the Winter War. Finland is forced to cede some of its territories to the Soviet Union.
    • June 10: All inhabitants of Paldiski are forced to leave, to make room for Soviet military personell.
    • June 12: All inhabitants of Osmussaar island are forced to leave, to make room for Soviet military personell.
    • June 14: A total military blockade on the Baltic States by the Soviet Baltic Fleet. Soviet troops along the Baltic borders are ready to organise communist coups in the Baltic States. Soviet bombers shoot down a Finnish passenger airplane Kaleva flying from Tallinn to Helsinki and carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. The Soviet Union gives an eight hour ultimatum to Lithuania to surrender.
    • June 15: Soviet Army enter Lithuania.
    • June 16: Eight hour ultimatums to surrender are given to Estonia and Latvia.

First Soviet Occupation

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  • 1940:
    • June 17: Soviet Army enters Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia.
    • June 21:
      • Konstantin Päts appoints Soviet-supported Johannes Vares-Barbarus as Prime Minister.
      • Soviet agitated protests against the Estonian government in Tallinn.
      • Estonian flag is replaced with a Red Flag on the Pikk Hermann tower.
      • Soviet troops attack the Single Signal Battalion stationed in Tallinn at Raua street. Two soldiers die on the Estonian side and about 10 on the Soviet side. The resistance is ended with negotiations and the Single Signal Battalion surrenders.
    • June 23: First Estonian officials are arrested. During the first Soviet occupation, over 8,000 people are arrested, including most of the country's leading politicians and military officers. Of them about 2,200 are executed in Estonia, others are sent to Russian prison camps, from where very few were later able to return alive.
    • June 27: Estonian Defence League and Isamaaliit, among other organizations, are liquidated.
    • July 4: The Estonian Communist Party, banned since 1918, is legalized.
    • July 5: A communist is appointed as leader of the Estonian Army.
    • July 11: Baltic Military District is created by the Soviet Union , on the territories of theoretically still independent states.
    • July 12: Soviet officials begin confiscating land property.
    • July 14 - July 15: Elections are organized in the Baltic States. In Estonia, the elections were announced only 9 days ago, although the constitution demanded 35 days between announciacion and elections. All candidates but one have to be approved by the Communist Party, in 79 of the 80 electoral districts, there is only one candidate and in one district two candidates. The only opponent is arrested before the elections. Citizens are forced to elect by the Soviet troops. Soviet-minded candidates win the elections by 92.9%. Only one chamber of the parliament is assembled.
    • July 15: President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, gives an order to block dealing with possessions of the Baltic States.
    • July 17: Soviet-organized protests throughout Estonia, demanding the creation of a socialist republic and to be accepted to the Soviet Union.
    • July 18: Protests against the Soviets in Tallinn after a football game against Latvia
    • July 19: General Johan Laidoner is deported to Russia. He is later arrested and sentenced to prison for 25 years. He dies in a prison camp in 1953.
    • July 20: In Tallinn, communists demand the creation of a socialist state, incorporation to the Soviet Union and land reform.
    • July 21: Estonian Socialist Republic is proclaimed, Konstantin Päts cedes his authorities as President over to Prime Minister Johannes Vares.
    • July 23:
      • U.S. Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles declares that the United States does not recognize the annexation of the Baltic States.
      • Land reform in Estonia, all private lands in Estonia are dispossessed.
    • July 24: Beginning of nationalization of all banks and big industry in the Baltic States.
    • July 30: Konstantin Päts is arrested and deported to Russia with his family. He is later arrested and imprisoned.
    • August 3: The Soviet Union annexes Lithuania.
    • August 5:
    • August 6: The Soviet Union annexes Estonia.
    • August 14: Estonian Army is changed into the "22nd Territorial Rifle Corps" of the Red Army.
    • August 22: Massive destruction of anti-Soviet literature begins. During the first occupation, ca. 250,000 books are destroyed.
    • August 25: A new constitution of the Estonian SSR enters into force. Johannes Vares changes the mild communists of his government with more noteable communists.
    • October 21: The coat of arms of the Estonian SSR is adopted.
    • October 31: The Flag of the Estonian SSR is adopted, it is a red flag with a gold hammer and sickle and characters "ENSV" in the top left corner.
    • November 7: The criminal code of the USSR is adopted, stating that all counter-revolutionary activities in Estonia from 1917 had been criminal.
    • November 25: The Soviet rouble is adopted.
    • December 12: Jaan Tõnisson is arrested. He is either executed in a Tallinn prison on July 3 1941 or died in a Russian labour camp in the winter of 1941.
  • 1941:
    • January 10 - March 26: A total of 7,813 Germans, among them also Estonians, migrate to Germany.
    • June 14: Massive deportations from the Baltic States to Siberia, 10,157 from Estonia, 15,081 from Latvia and 34,000 from Lithuania. Dozens of former Estonian government members are arrested.
    • June 22:
    • June 24: German forces capture Kaunas and Vilnius.
    • June 25: Beginning of the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union.
    • June 26: German forces capture Daugavpils. First German reconnaissance planes above Estonia.
    • July 1: German forces capture Riga.
    • July 1 - July 4: Deportations from Estonian islands.
    • July 3: Forest Brothers take control over Kilingi-Nõmme. Soviet forces recapture the town on July 5.
    • July 4: Beginning of mobilization in Estonia.
    • July 4: 1,200 Estonian prisoners are sent to Russian prisons, where most of them die.
    • July 4 - August 22: The "22nd Territorial Rifle Corps" is sent into battles between Pskov and Staraya Russa. Of the 5,500 Estonian men in the corps, 4,500 are taken prisoners or go over to the German side.
    • July 7: German forces cross the Estonian border.
    • July 8: German forces capture Pärnu.
    • July 8 - July 9: 192 prisoners, who haven't yet been removed to Russia, are executed in a Tartu prison.
    • July 9: Soviet forces leave behind Emajõgi river in Tartu. The city will become a war front for three weeks. In the summer of 1941, ca. 250 Forest Brothers and 2,000 civilians are killed in Estonia.
    • July 10: The Erna long-range recce group of 67 trained men, arrives to Estonia from Finland. It will fulfill reconnaissance duties in Estonia behind the Red Army lines.
    • July 19: German planes bomb Mustvee, Vaivara, Tapa, Rakvere and Jõgeva.
    • July 25: German forces capture Tartu.
    • July 31: The Erna group engages in battle with Soviet forces to save over 1,000 civilians and to secure their retreat.
    • August 7:
      • German forces capture Rakvere and reach the Gulf of Finland, cutting the Soviet forces into two.
      • A group of ca. 600 men of the Red Army lands in Ruhnu.
    • August 17: German forces capture Narva.
    • August 20: German forces launch an attack on Tallinn.
    • August 22: 17 ships, carrying mobilized men, set off from Tallinn. A Luftwaffe bomb hits one of the steamers with 3,500 Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.

Nazi German Occupation (1941 - 1944)

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Second Soviet Occupation (1944 - 1991)

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?

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LATER...

Years

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1816

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1819

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1857

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1858

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1869

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1884

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1896

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1905

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1917

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1918

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1919

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1920

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1922

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1924

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1928

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1933

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1934

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1936

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1937

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1938

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1939

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1940

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1941

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1944

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1949

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1978

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1980

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1986

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1987

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1989

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1990

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1991

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1992

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1993

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  • July 16–17 – In Estonia, the majority Russian cities of Narva and Sillamäe organize referendums on "territorial autonomy" to protest new citizenship laws. The referendums are later declared null and void by the Supreme Court.

1994

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2001

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2003

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2004

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2007

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2010

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2011

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References

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  1. ^ (in Polish)Siege of Viljandi
  2. ^ (in Polish)Battle of Reval
  3. ^ (in Polish)Siege of Paide
  4. ^ (in Polish)Battle of Rakvere
  5. ^ (in Polish)Battle of Weissenstein
  6. ^ (in Polish)Siege of Pärnu
  7. ^ Wainwright, Martin (23 August 2010). "British warships sunk 90 years ago found off Estonian coast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  8. ^ "31 August - Anniversary of the Withdrawal of Russian Troops from Estonia". Estonia.eu. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  9. ^ "Euroopa Liidu Infokeskus | Estonia's Accession to the EU |". elik.nlib.ee. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  10. ^ Association, Press (2004-04-02). "Seven join Nato in biggest expansion". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  11. ^ "EU welcomes 10 new members". CNN. 2004-05-01. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
  12. ^ "BBC NEWS | Europe | Estonia removes Soviet memorial". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
  13. ^ "Estonia's accession to the OECD". OECD. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  14. ^ "Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone 31/12/2010 BBC News". BBC News. 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
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See also

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