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Upper Carniolan dialect
Native to	Slovenia
Region	Upper Carniola
Ethnicity	Slovenes
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene Lower Carniolan dialect group Upper Carniolan dialect
Early forms	Southeastern Slovene dialect Southern Slovene dialect Upper Carniolan dialect plane
Dialects	Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Upper Carniolan dialect with       Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect

This article uses Logar transcription.

The Upper Carniolan dialect (Slovene: gorenjsko narečje [gɔˈɾèːnskɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ], gorenjščina) is a major Slovene dialect, known by extensive syncope, monophthongization of diphthongs and loss of neuter gender. It is spoken in most (but not all) of Upper Carniola, along the Sava river. It is one of the two central Slovene dialects and was also used as a written language from the 17th century onwards, and especially in the second half of the 18th century. It borders Selca, Škofja Loka and Horjul dialects to the south, Tolmin dialect to the southwest, Soča dialect to the west, Gail Valley dialect to the northwest, Rosen Valley and Ebriach dialects to the north, Upper Savinja dialect to the northeast, Central Savinja dialect to the east, as well as Lower Sava Valley and Lower Carniolan dialects to the southeast. Eastern part of the dialect is Eastern Upper Carniolan subdialect. The dialect belongs to the Upper Carniolan dialect group, and evolved from Upper Carniolan dialect plane.

Geographical distribution

Upper Carniolan dialect is spoken in most of Upper Carniola, extending over the central area, but not in the northwesternmost part, where Gail Valley dialect is spoken, the easternmost part, where Styrian dialects are spoken, as well as the whole southeastern part, where Selca dialect and Rovte dialects are spoken. The area is therefore mostly limited to Upper Sava Valley, from Belca to Spodnji Hotič, but also extending eastwards along Mošenik, Tržiška Bistrica, Kokra, Kamniška Bstrica, Drtijščica, Nevljica, and Šumščica. Larger settlements, where Upper Carniolan dialect is spoken, are Mojstrana, Hrušica, Jesenice, Bled, Lesce, Bohinjska Bistrica, Radovljica, Tržič, Golnik, Naklo, Kokrica, Britof, Kranj, Šenčur, Cerklje, Mekinje, Kamnik, Vodice, Medvode, Zgornje Pirniče, Šmarca, Preserje, Radomlje, Mengeš, Vir, Trzin, Domžale, Izlake, Brezovica and Ljubljana. Subdialect border roughly follows the line Bela Peč–Snovik–Rafolče–Dol pri Ljubljani.

Historically it was not spoken in Ljubljana because in the past the Ljubljana dialect displayed features more similar with the Lower Carniolan dialect group. However, it gradually grew closer to the Upper Carniolan dialect group as a consequence of migration from Upper Carniola into Ljubljana in the 19th and 20th centuries. Ljubljana mostly expanded to the north, gradually incorporating many villages that were historically part of Upper Carniola, and so its dialect shifted closer to the Upper Carniolan dialects.

Accentual changes

Upper Carniolan dialect retained length differences between long and short vowels, as well as pitch accent, with the exception being the subdialect, which lost the pitch accent. It has undergone only *ženȁ → *žèna accent shift and the accent then became long circumflex. The subdialect has also undergone *məglȁ → *mə̀gla accent shift.

Phonology

Upper Carniolan dialect evolved from southern proto-dialect, which was characterized by early lengthening of non-final vowels, which are now represented by the same sound. The dialect lacks diphthongs in most part, which is a rarity for Slovene dialects. Generally, all long e-like sounds turned into ẹː and all long o-like sounds turned into ọː. The far-northwestern microdialects (e. g. Dovje and Mojstrana microdialects) and central Tuhinj Valley microdialects still have diphthongs eːi̯ and oːu̯ for *ě̄ and *ȏ, respectively. Moravče Valley microdialects have monophthongs for those vowels, but all other long e-like vowels diphthongized into iẹː and all other long o-like vowels diphthongized into uọː, which was influenced by Lower Carniolan dialect. In Kropa microdialect, *ī centralized a bit into i̽ . Newly stressed *e and *o after the shift are open-mid e and o, but ended up as diphthongs i̯e and u̯o in the subdialect. Syllabic *ł̥̄ turned into oːu and syllabic *r̥̄ turned into əːr in the north, ər in the south.

There is extensive syncope which impacted short vowels, particularly short stressed *i and *u, some microdialects do not even allow those to be stressed. Some microdialects differentiate between open-mid and close-mid e and o.

Shvapanye (evolution of *ł into u̯) is present on the whole area and extends also to final consonants, even after omission of final vowels, but is slowly losing its presence in the south. Alveolar *r turned into uvular ṙ around Kropa and Tržič. Palatal *ĺ and *ń depalatalized (both are still palatal around Bohinj) and *t’ turned into č. Consonant *g spirantized into ɣ around Kranj and Mengeš and in the subdialect. Also common in the north is palatalization of velars before front consonants. Stops are devoiced and often spirantized at the end of a word, particularly b → f. There are many consonant clusters alterations in Upper Carniolan dialect, which vary heavily between microdialects, e. g. *tk → xk, *kt → xt, *pt → xt, *pk → fk (rarely), *xt → ft, *pc → fc, *čk → šk, *čn → *šn, *šč → š, *pš → u̯š, *mn → u̯n, *mn → ml, and sometimes *v → l in Topole microdialect.

Morphology

The dialect has strong and stereotipical masculinization of neuter gender in singular and dual (e. g. majhen jajc instead of majhno jajce) and feminization in plural (e. g. majhne jajca instead of majhna jajca). Topole microdialect also has ending -a in masculine o-stem instead of -i. Remains of the former u-stem declension are robust, but the ending -om in o-stem declension turned into -am. The dual forms are starting to merge with plural forms in noun declension, especially in cases other than nominative and accusative. The dialect uses long infinitive (ending in -ə).