User:Dramirez811/sandbox

Very good! Please add citations and wiki in-text links 15/20

== Awards ==

The following are Lineberger's most notable awards throughout his career:

• Herbert P. Broida Prize in Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy or Chemical Physics, American Physical Society, 1981
• Bomem-Michelson Prize, 1987
• William F. Meggers Prize, Optical Society of America, 1988
• American Physical Society Earle K. Plyler Prize, 1992
• American Chemical Society Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics, 1995
• American Chemical Society Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, 2004
• NAS Award in Chemical Sciences, 2015

His most recent award was the NAS Award in the chemical sciences. He won this award for his research on molecular negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. This research has been used to study small molecules, highly reactive short-lived species, and to observe the structure and evolution of molecules undergoing chemical reactions. His research on photoelectron spectroscopy is also used to determine electron affinities of neutral versions of atoms or molecules.

Scientific Contributions and Research

Lineberger has been working on photoelectron spectroscopy since 1975, when he was working to determine the electron affinity of CH, to which he states ," this work has essentially gone completely unnoticed."

While this may be, in 1976, his method while researching methylene negative ion has become important to provide bond strengths for thermochemical cycles. This was done by handling diazomethane in 1-cm³ quantities which generated a beam of CH^-₂ anion. While this experiment showed the expected spectral shifts, hot bands were produced from the bending vibrational excitation of the anion, which would contribute to the spectrum. The anion beam was then altered to try to reduce the hot bands but there was no change in the observed spectrum. It was published that the singlet-triplet splitting of methylene was 19.6 kcal mol^-1, even though the highest calculations approximated it to be 8 kcal mol^-1.

In the following five years, this experiment would be finessed in order to reach a realistic value. This was finally done by electron impact of ethylene and cooled in helium flow. This new equipment showed that there were hot bands in the previous experiment and the new measurement of the singlet-triplet splitting was 9.00±0.09 kcal mol^-1. With this new ability to synthesize anions, this technique was used to obtain electron affinities of organic-reaction intermediates and radicals.