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A man, with a modern racket in his right hand and a tennis ball in his left hand, prepares to serve
American Pete Sampras won a record seven titles without the challenge round, from 1993 to 1995 and 1997 to 2000.

The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament created in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts[a][1] at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom.[2] The Gentlemen's Singles was the first event contested in 1877.[3] Wimbledon is played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best-of-12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games – all until 1978 and at six games – all since 1979.[5][6][7]

Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[b][9] In 2009, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £850,000.[10]

William Renshaw (winner, 1881–1886, 1889) and Pete Sampras (winner, 1993–1995, 1997–2000) hold the all-time record for most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, with seven victories each. Six of Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the all-time record for most consecutive titles with six from 1881 to 1886. Without the challenge round, the record stands at five, and is co-held by Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007).[4]

Champions

[edit]
A man in white, with long pants and a sweater, holding a wooden racket in his right hand, looks into the camera
Anthony Wilding was the first multiple-time champion from overseas.
A man in white, with long pants, a shirt and a black beret, jumps in the air holding a wooden racket in his right hand
Jean Borotra titled in 1924 and 1926.
A black-haired man in a white shirt and a black sweater poses for the camera
'Musketeer' René Lacoste won in 1925 and 1928.
A black-haired man all dressed in white, holding a wooden racket in his right hand
Henri Cochet won two of his three Wimbledon finals.
A man in white, with long pants and a shirt, swings a racket with his right hand on a grass court
Jack Crawford won Wimbledon in 1933.
A man in a black suit and tie poses for a portrait
Lew Hoad won twice, in 1956 and 1957.
A man dressed in white, with shorts and a polo shirt, with a wooden racket in his left hand, bends his knees in front of a tennis net, on a grass court
Rod Laver took four titles at Wimbledon.
A brown-haired man dressed in a white shirt swings a two-handed backhand
Jimmy Connors won two out of the six finals he played at Wimbledon.
A grey-haired man in a grey suit and tie raises his left hand
John McEnroe took three singles titles at Wimbledon.
A blonde, bearded man in a white and red polo shirt swings his arm during a tennis rally
Boris Becker won three of the seven finals he reached.
A brown-haired man in a white polo shirt raises his left arm, preparing to serve
Roger Federer won six Wimbledon championships.
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡
Defending champion, Challenge round winner †
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊
No competition •
Year[c] Country Champion Country Runner-up Score in the final
1877  BRI[d] Spencer Gore  BRI William Marshall 6–1, 6–2, 6–4
1878  BRI Frank Hadow ‡  BRI Spencer Gore 7–5, 6–1, 9–7
1879  BRI John Hartley ◊  BRI Vere St. Leger Goold 6–2, 6–4, 6–2
1880  BRI John Hartley †  BRI Herbert Lawford 6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3
1881  BRI William Renshaw ‡  BRI John Hartley 6–0, 6–1, 6–1
1882  BRI William Renshaw †  BRI Ernest Renshaw 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
1883  BRI William Renshaw †  BRI Ernest Renshaw 2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3
1884  BRI William Renshaw †  BRI Herbert Lawford 6–0, 6–4, 9–7
1885  BRI William Renshaw †  BRI Herbert Lawford 7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5
1886  BRI William Renshaw †  BRI Herbert Lawford 6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4
1887  BRI Herbert Lawford ◊  BRI Ernest Renshaw 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4
1888  BRI Ernest Renshaw ‡  BRI Herbert Lawford 6–3, 7–5, 6–0
1889  BRI William Renshaw ‡  BRI Ernest Renshaw 6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
1890  BRI Willoughby Hamilton ‡  BRI William Renshaw 6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1
1891  BRI Wilfred Baddeley ◊  BRI Joshua Pim 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0
1892  BRI Wilfred Baddeley †  BRI Joshua Pim 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2
1893  BRI Joshua Pim ‡  BRI Wilfred Baddeley 3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
1894  BRI Joshua Pim †  BRI Wilfred Baddeley 10–8, 6–2, 8–6
1895  BRI Wilfred Baddeley ◊  BRI Wilberforce Eaves 4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3
1896  BRI Harold Mahony ‡  BRI Wilfred Baddeley 6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3
1897  BRI Reginald Doherty ‡  BRI Harold Mahony 6–4, 6–4, 6–3
1898  BRI Reginald Doherty †  BRI Lawrence Doherty 6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1
1899  BRI Reginald Doherty †  BRI Arthur Gore 1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3
1900  BRI Reginald Doherty †  BRI Sydney Smith 6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2
1901  BRI Arthur Gore ‡  BRI Reginald Doherty 4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4
1902  BRI Lawrence Doherty ‡  BRI Arthur Gore 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0
1903  BRI Lawrence Doherty †  BRI Frank Riseley 7–5, 6–3, 6–0
1904  BRI Lawrence Doherty †  BRI Frank Riseley 6–1, 7–5, 8–6
1905  BRI Lawrence Doherty †  AUS Norman Brookes 8–6, 6–2, 6–4
1906  BRI Lawrence Doherty †  BRI Frank Riseley 6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3
1907  AUS Norman Brookes ◊  BRI Arthur Gore 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
1908  BRI Arthur Gore ◊  BRI Herbert Barrett 6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4
1909  BRI Arthur Gore †  BRI Josiah Ritchie 6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
1910  NZL Anthony Wilding ‡  BRI Arthur Gore 6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2
1911  NZL Anthony Wilding †  BRI Herbert Barrett 6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[e]
1912  NZL Anthony Wilding †  BRI Arthur Gore 6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4
1913  NZL Anthony Wilding †  USA Maurice McLoughlin 8–6, 6–3, 10–8
1914  AUS Norman Brookes ‡  NZL Anthony Wilding 6–4, 6–4, 7–5
1915 None •[f]
1916 None •
1917 None •
1918 None •
1919  AUS Gerald Patterson ‡  AUS Norman Brookes 6–3, 7–5, 6–2
1920  USA Bill Tilden ‡  AUS Gerald Patterson 2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4
1921  USA Bill Tilden †  RSA Brian Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5
1922  AUS Gerald Patterson  BRI Randolph Lycett 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1923  USA Bill Johnston  USA Francis Hunter 6–0, 6–3, 6–1
1924  FRA Jean Borotra  FRA René Lacoste 6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4
1925  FRA René Lacoste  FRA Jean Borotra 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6
1926  FRA Jean Borotra  USA Howard Kinsey 8–6, 6–1, 6–3
1927  FRA Henri Cochet  FRA Jean Borotra 4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
1928  FRA René Lacoste  FRA Henri Cochet 6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1929  FRA Henri Cochet  FRA Jean Borotra 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1930  USA Bill Tilden  USA Wilmer Allison 6–3, 9–7, 6–4
1931  USA Sidney Wood  USA Frank Shields walkover[g]
1932  USA Ellsworth Vines  GBR Henry Austin 6–2, 6–2, 6–0
1933  AUS Jack Crawford  USA Ellsworth Vines 4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
1934  GBR Fred Perry  AUS Jack Crawford 6–3, 6–0, 7–5
1935  GBR Fred Perry  GER Gottfried von Cramm 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
1936  GBR Fred Perry  GER Gottfried von Cramm 6–1, 6–1, 6–0
1937  USA Don Budge  GER Gottfried von Cramm 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1938  USA Don Budge  GBR Henry Austin 6–1, 6–0, 6–3
1939  USA Bobby Riggs  USA Elwood Cooke 2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
1940 None •[h]
1941 None •
1942 None •
1943 None •
1944 None •
1945 None •
1946  FRA Yvon Petra  AUS Geoff Brown 6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4
1947  USA Jack Kramer  USA Tom Brown 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
1948  USA Bob Falkenburg  AUS John Bromwich 7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5
1949  USA Ted Schroeder  TCH Jaroslav Drobný 3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
1950  USA Budge Patty  AUS Frank Sedgman 6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3
1951  USA Dick Savitt  AUS Ken McGregor 6–4, 6–4, 6–4
1952  AUS Frank Sedgman  EGY Jaroslav Drobný 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2
1953  USA Vic Seixas  DEN Kurt Nielsen 9–7, 6–3, 6–4
1954  EGY Jaroslav Drobný  AUS Ken Rosewall 13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7
1955  USA Tony Trabert  DEN Kurt Nielsen 6–3, 7–5, 6–1
1956  AUS Lew Hoad  AUS Ken Rosewall 6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4
1957  AUS Lew Hoad  AUS Ashley Cooper 6–2, 6–1, 6–2
1958  AUS Ashley Cooper  AUS Neale Fraser 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11
1959  USA[i] Alex Olmedo  AUS Rod Laver 6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1960  AUS Neale Fraser  AUS Rod Laver 6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5
1961  AUS Rod Laver  USA Chuck McKinley 6–3, 6–1, 6–4
1962  AUS Rod Laver  AUS Martin Mulligan 6–2, 6–2, 6–1
1963  USA Chuck McKinley  AUS Fred Stolle 9–7, 6–1, 6–4
1964  AUS Roy Emerson  AUS Fred Stolle 6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3
1965  AUS Roy Emerson  AUS Fred Stolle 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
1966  ESP Manuel Santana  USA Dennis Ralston 6–4, 11–9, 6–4
1967  AUS John Newcombe  FRG Wilhelm Bungert 6–3, 6–1, 6–1
1968  AUS Rod Laver[j]  AUS Tony Roche 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
1969  AUS Rod Laver  AUS John Newcombe 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4
1970  AUS John Newcombe  AUS Ken Rosewall 5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1
1971  AUS John Newcombe  USA Stan Smith 6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4
1972  USA Stan Smith  ROU Ilie Năstase 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
1973  TCH Jan Kodeš  URS Alex Metreveli 6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3
1974  USA Jimmy Connors  AUS Ken Rosewall 6–1, 6–1, 6–4
1975  USA Arthur Ashe  USA Jimmy Connors 6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4
1976  SWE Björn Borg  ROU Ilie Năstase 6–4, 6–2, 9–7
1977  SWE Björn Borg  USA Jimmy Connors 3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4
1978  SWE Björn Borg  USA Jimmy Connors 6–2, 6–2, 6–3
1979  SWE Björn Borg  USA Roscoe Tanner 6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4
1980  SWE Björn Borg  USA John McEnroe 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6
1981  USA John McEnroe  SWE Björn Borg 4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4
1982  USA Jimmy Connors  USA John McEnroe 3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4
1983  USA John McEnroe  NZL Chris Lewis 6–2, 6–2, 6–2
1984  USA John McEnroe  USA Jimmy Connors 6–1, 6–1, 6–2
1985  FRG Boris Becker  USA Kevin Curren 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4
1986  FRG Boris Becker  TCH Ivan Lendl 6–4, 6–3, 7–5
1987  AUS Pat Cash  TCH Ivan Lendl 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5
1988  SWE Stefan Edberg  FRG Boris Becker 4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2
1989  FRG Boris Becker  SWE Stefan Edberg 6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4
1990  SWE Stefan Edberg  GER Boris Becker 6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4
1991  GER Michael Stich  GER Boris Becker 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4
1992  USA Andre Agassi  CRO Goran Ivanišević 6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4
1993  USA Pete Sampras  USA Jim Courier 7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3
1994  USA Pete Sampras  CRO Goran Ivanišević 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0
1995  USA Pete Sampras  GER Boris Becker 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2
1996  NED Richard Krajicek  USA MaliVai Washington 6–3, 6–4, 6–3
1997  USA Pete Sampras  FRA Cédric Pioline 6–4, 6–2, 6–4
1998  USA Pete Sampras  CRO Goran Ivanišević 6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2
1999  USA Pete Sampras  USA Andre Agassi 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
2000  USA Pete Sampras  AUS Patrick Rafter 6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2
2001  CRO Goran Ivanišević  AUS Patrick Rafter 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7
2002  AUS Lleyton Hewitt  ARG David Nalbandian 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
2003   SUI Roger Federer  AUS Mark Philippoussis 7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)
2004   SUI Roger Federer  USA Andy Roddick 4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4
2005   SUI Roger Federer  USA Andy Roddick 6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4
2006   SUI Roger Federer  ESP Rafael Nadal 6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(7–2), 6–3
2007   SUI Roger Federer  ESP Rafael Nadal 7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2
2008  ESP Rafael Nadal   SUI Roger Federer 6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7
2009   SUI Roger Federer  USA Andy Roddick 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

Statistical information

[edit]
A crowded tennis stadium, with a grasscourt at its centre, under a bright, blue sky
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club's Centre Court has held all Gentlemen's Singles finals since 1922.[11]
Two men dressed in white, seen from a distance, play on a grasscourt in a crowded stadium, at dusk
The 2008 final, at four hours and forty-eight minutes, is the longest in Wimbledon's history.[12]
A black board featuring the year of every Wimbledon championship next to the name of its winner
List of champions, as of 2008, in the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum
A golden trophy, in the shape of a loving-cup, next to a silver plate
The Gentlemen's Singles trophy (left), and the Ladies' Singles plate (right)

Multiple champions

[edit]
Title defended in the challenge round
Active player +
Player Amateur Era Open Era All-time Years
 William Renshaw (BRI) 7 0 7 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889
 Pete Sampras (USA) 0 7 7 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
 Roger Federer (SUI) + 0 6 6 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
 Björn Borg (SWE) 0 5 5 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
 Lawrence Doherty (BRI) 5 0 5 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906
 Reginald Doherty (BRI) 4 0 4 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900
 Rod Laver (AUS) 2 2 4 1961, 1962, 1968, 1969
 Anthony Wilding (NZL) 4 0 4 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913
 Wilfred Baddeley (BRI) 3 0 3 1891, 1892, 1895
 Boris Becker (GER) 0 3 3 1985, 1986, 1989
 Arthur Gore (BRI) 3 0 3 1901, 1908, 1909
 John McEnroe (USA) 0 3 3 1981, 1983, 1984
 John Newcombe (AUS) 1 2 3 1967, 1970, 1971
 Fred Perry (GBR) 3 0 3 1934, 1935, 1936
 Bill Tilden (USA) 3 0 3 1920, 1921, 1930
 Jean Borotra (FRA) 2 0 2 1924, 1926
 Norman Brookes (AUS) 2 0 2 1907, 1914
 Don Budge (USA) 2 0 2 1937, 1938
 Henri Cochet (FRA) 2 0 2 1927, 1929
 Jimmy Connors (USA) 0 2 2 1974, 1982
 Stefan Edberg (SWE) 0 2 2 1988, 1990
 Roy Emerson (AUS) 2 0 2 1964, 1965
 John Hartley (BRI) 2 0 2 1879, 1880
 Lew Hoad (AUS) 2 0 2 1956, 1957
 René Lacoste (FRA) 2 0 2 1925, 1928
 Gerald Patterson (AUS) 2 0 2 1919, 1922
 Joshua Pim (BRI) 2 0 2 1893, 1894

Champions by country

[edit]
Former country ¤
Player Amateur Era Open Era All-time First title Last title
 United Kingdom (UK)[d][k] 35 0 35 1877 1936
 United States (USA) 18 15 33 1920 2000
 Australia (AUS) 15 6 21 1907 2002
 France (FRA) 7 0 7 1924 1946
 Sweden (SWE) 0 7 7 1976 1990
  Switzerland (SUI) 0 6 6 2003 2009
 Germany (GER)[l] 0 4 4 1985 1991
 New Zealand (NZL) 4 0 4 1910 1913
 Spain (ESP) 1 1 2 1966 2008
 Croatia (CRO) 0 1 1 2001 2001
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m] 0 1 1 1973 1973
 Egypt (EGY) 1 0 1 1954 1954
 Netherlands (NED) 0 1 1 1996 1996

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
General
  • "Men's Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  • "Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  • "Wimbledon-List of Wimbledon men's singles champions". ESPN.com. Reuters. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
Specific
  1. ^ "FAQ - Grass Courts" (PDF). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  2. ^ a b "Tournament profile - Wimbledon". atpworldtour.com. Association of Tennis Professionals. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  3. ^ a b "About Wimbledon - History: History". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Men's Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  5. ^ a b c Barrett, John (1986). 100 Wimbledon Championships: A Celebration. Collins Willow. ISBN 978-0-00218-220-1.
  6. ^ Roberts, John (1998-08-05). "Tennis: Fast, fan friendly - but full of faults". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  7. ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004-01-25. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  8. ^ "About Wimbledon - History: The trophies". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  9. ^ "About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes: The All England Lawn Tennis Club". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  10. ^ "2009 Prize Money" (PDF). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  11. ^ "A Centre Court Celebration - The history of Centre Court". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  12. ^ "Nadal outlasts Federer in epic final to halt streak at five". ESPN.com. Associated Press. 2008-97-06. Retrieved 2009-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Harman, Neil (2009-04-22). "No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court, Wimbledon, gets a roof". The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  14. ^ "Jolly snub for McEnroe; he's refused All-England". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. 1981-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  15. ^ Zenilman, Avi (2009-06-24). "Back Issues: McEnroe vs. Thatcher". The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  16. ^ a b "History - Rolls of Honour: Country abbreviations". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  17. ^ Myers, Arthur Wallis (1916). Captain Anthony Wilding. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0548886885.
  18. ^ Henderson, Jon (2009-01-15). "Sidney Wood - First and only player to win Wimbledon on a walkover". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
  19. ^ "Art Ashe, Graebner in Wimbledon Semis". The Spokesman-Review. 1968-07-03. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
[edit]