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Chemical element with atomic number 74 (W)
Tungsten, 74 W Pronunciation (TUNG -stən Alternative name Wolfram, pronounced: (WUUL -frəm Allotropes α-tungsten (common), β-tungsten Appearance Grayish white, lustrous
Atomic number (Z ) 74 Group group 6 Period period 6 Block d-block Electron configuration [Xe ] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [ 3] Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 Phase at STP solid Melting point 3695 K (3422 °C, 6192 °F) Boiling point 6203 K (5930 °C, 10706 °F) Density (at 20° C) 19.254 g/cm3 [ 4] when liquid (at m.p. ) 17.6 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 52.31 kJ/mol [ 5] [ 6] Heat of vaporization 774 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.27 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
3477
3773
4137
4579
5127
5823
Oxidation states common: +4, +6 ? [ 7] [ 7] ? [ 7] [ 7] [ 7] [ 7] Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.36 Ionization energies 1st: 770 kJ/mol 2nd: 1700 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 139 pm Covalent radius 162±7 pm Spectral lines of tungstenNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2 ) Lattice constant a = 316.52 pm (at 20 °C)[ 4] Thermal expansion × 10−6 [ 4] Thermal conductivity 173 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity 52.8 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [ 8] Molar magnetic susceptibility × 10−6 3 /mol (298 K)[ 9] Young's modulus 411 GPa Shear modulus 161 GPa Bulk modulus 310 GPa Speed of sound thin rod 4620 m/s (at r.t. ) (annealed) Poisson ratio 0.28 Mohs hardness 7.5 Vickers hardness 3430–4600 MPa Brinell hardness 2000–4000 MPa CAS Number 7440-33-7 Discovery and first isolationJuan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar [ 10] Named by Torbern Bergman (1781) Symbol "W": from Wolfram , originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite [ 11]
Category: Tungsten references
Chemical element with atomic number 13 (Al)
Aluminium, 13 Al Pronunciation Alternative name Aluminum (U.S., Canada) Appearance Silvery gray metallic
Atomic number (Z ) 13 Group group 13 (boron group) Period period 3 Block p-block Electron configuration [Ne ] 3s2 3p1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 Phase at STP solid Melting point 933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F) Boiling point 2743[ 14] Density (at 20 °C) 2.699 g/cm3 [ 4] when liquid (at m.p. ) 2.375 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 284 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 24.20 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1482
1632
1817
2054
2364
2790
Oxidation states common: +3 ? ? [ 15] [ 7] [ 16] [ 17] Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.61 Ionization energies 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol (more ) Atomic radius empirical: 143 pm Covalent radius 121±4 pm Van der Waals radius 184 pm Spectral lines of aluminiumNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4 ) Lattice constant a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C)[ 4] Thermal expansion × 10−6 [ 4] Thermal conductivity 237 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity 26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic [ 18] Molar magnetic susceptibility × 10−6 3 /molYoung's modulus 70 GPa Shear modulus 26 GPa Bulk modulus 76 GPa Speed of sound thin rod (rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t. ) Poisson ratio 0.35 Mohs hardness 2.75 Vickers hardness 160–350 MPa Brinell hardness 160–550 MPa CAS Number 7429-90-5 Naming from alumine , obsolete name for alumina Prediction Antoine Lavoisier (1782) Discovery Hans Christian Ørsted (1824) Named by Humphry Davy (1812[ a]
Category: Aluminium references
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten" . CIAAW . 1991.^ a b Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi :10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN 1365-3075 . ^ Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?" . Bluffton College, USA. ^ a b c d e f Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements . Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9 ^ Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press . p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0 ^ Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy . 13 : 42–57. arXiv :1703.06302 Bibcode :2017arXiv170306302T . doi :10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002 . S2CID 99610871 . ^ a b c d e f g Greenwood, Norman N. ; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann . p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8 ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6 the original (PDF) on 2011-03-03. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4 ^ "Tungsten" . Royal Society of Chemistry . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved May 2, 2020 .^ van der Krogt, Peter. "Wolframium Wolfram Tungsten" . Elementymology& Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-11 . ^ "aluminum" Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press .(Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Aluminium" . CIAAW . 2017.^ Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks" . J. Chem. Eng. Data . 56 (2): 328–337. doi :10.1021/je1011086 . ^ Unstable carbonyl of Al(0) has been detected in reaction of Al2 (CH3 )6 with carbon monoxide; see Sanchez, Ramiro; Arrington, Caleb; Arrington Jr., C. A. (December 1, 1989). "Reaction of trimethylaluminum with carbon monoxide in low-temperature matrixes" . American Chemical Society . 111 (25): 9110-9111. doi :10.1021/ja00207a023 . OSTI 6973516 .
^ Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. (1996). "Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 35 (2): 129–149. doi :10.1002/anie.199601291 . ^ Tyte, D. C. (1964). "Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide". Nature . 202 (4930): 383. Bibcode :1964Natur.202..383T . doi :10.1038/202383a0 . S2CID 4163250 . ^
Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics CRC Press . ISBN 0849304814
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 45 (3): 030001. doi :10.1088/1674-1137/abddae . ^ Mougeot, X. (2019). "Towards high-precision calculation of electron capture decays" . Applied Radiation and Isotopes . 154 (108884). doi :10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108884 . Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page ).
