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I plan to elaborate more on the risk factors that affect children who become obese. This could range from genetics, behavioural, environmental, physical activity levels, psychological and cultural perspectives. By understanding these factors one can learn about how to combat it. These factors, listed above, affect each individual differently which is why it is important to understand and be able to identify why they risk factors that may cause obesity in childhood. Through the years an obese child is more likely to become an obese adult, and same can be said for active children they also have the chance of becoming obese adults depending on what they are exposed to. This article should help others with factors that may or may not be in their control when it comes to childhood obesity, but it will inform them and give them an idea on how to identifier these risk factors and combat it.

Bibliography Suglia, Shakira F., Cristiane S. Duarte, Earle C. Chambers, and Renée Boynton-Jarrett. 2013. Social and behavioral risk factors for obesity in early childhood. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP 34 (8): 549-56.

Xu, Li, Lise Dubois, Daniel Burnier, Manon Girard, and Denis Prud'homme. 2011. Parental overweight/obesity, social factors, and child overweight/obesity at 7 years of age. Pediatrics International 53 (6): 826-31.

Sedrak, Mona, Katie J. Perpich, Rachel Russ, and Denise Rizzolo. 2011. Childhood obesity: Understanding the causes, beginning the discussion: Obesity in childhood is influenced by social and familial factors as well as the child's genetics and activity level. understanding the problem is only the first step in combating it. JAAPA-Journal of the American Academy of Physicians Assistants 24 (12): 30.

Birken, Catherine, and Jill Hamilton. 2014. Obesity in a young child. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De l'Association Medicale Canadienne 186 (6): 443-4.

Siddarth, Divya. 2013. Risk factors for obesity in children and adults. Journal of Investigative Medicine : The Official Publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research 61 (6): 1039. BrowniePointz (talk) 05:02, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

We need to work on this topic. A new article on this topic won't be allowed because there is already an article on Childhood Obesity, and it is fairly extensive. It does not, however, have a history section. Which brings me to the second issue - your plan is not sufficiently historical for a history course. The sources are all about obesity in the present, not the past. I'm not sure there is enough literature on obesity in the past, although there might be some secondary sources on children's health and fitness that address weight issues. Have a look for some historical sources on obesity, but if you can't find any you will have to change your topic. Cliomania (talk) 22:03, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
I have found a couple sources and a book that talk about the history of childhood obesity and how society noticed it but did not really see it as a problem until the end of the 1900s. By 1970, the United States child obesity rates more than tripled. An article by the Word Health Organization supports this statement. Death by coronary heart disease is a slow degenerative process that starts in childhood, especially when the child is obese. The book "Understanding Childhood Obesity" notes the in child obesity rates rose from 20 percent in 1976-1980 to 27 percent by 1994. The purpose of my "NEW" proposal is to write about the history of childhood obesity (globally but if not, then in america) occuring in the twentieth century. By writing about the history of childhood obesity it may help others learn about how it grew to be such an epidemic starting in the 1900s and by looking at the past can help understand how this epidemic has affect so many children.

Bibliography Understanding Childhood Obesity by J. Clinton Smith

World Health Organization

Fed Up! Winning the War Against ChildHood Obesity - Susan Okie

The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview - Benjamin Callabero

Johnson, W., L. E. Soloway, D. Erickson, A. C. Choh, M. Lee, W. C. Chumlea, R. M. Siervogel, S. A. Czerwinski, B. Towne, and E. W. Demerath. 2012. A changing pattern of childhood BMI growth during the 20th century: 70 y of data from the fels longitudinal study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (5) (May): 1136-43.

THE TREND OF MEAN BMI VALUES OF US ADULTS, BIRTH COHORTS 1882-1986 INDICATES THAT THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC BEGAN EARLIER THAN HITHERTO THOUGHT - John Komlos and Marek Brabec

Extending the History of Child Obesity in the United States: The Fels Longitudinal Study, Birth Years 1930-1993 - Paul T. von Hippel and Ramzi W. Nahhas BrowniePointz (talk) 23:18, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

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Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in the 20th Century

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It was not until the late twentieth century that the the West reached a consensus that regarded obesity as an epidemic.[1] The issue first received attention in the mid-twentieth century.[2]Though there are many programs in place to help with battling childhood obesity, research such as NHANES indicates that childhood obesity rates have increased over the past three decades. Studies were carried out to try and understand what causes obesity and how one could estimate when one would become obese. Many countries around the world have conducted their own research surrounding childhood obesity. Canada looked at the aboriginal population with their risk of type 2 diabetes, Britain and England conducted their own longitudinal studies on children, Bavaria looked at the effects of breastfeeding, Finland looked at the metabolic syndrome and Sweden looked at dietary habits.

There are many things that affect childhood obesity that these studies helped to open the doors to and spread awareness that is helping research in today's society. Most of these studies were conducted around 1950-2000 when obesity started becoming a problem.

The World Health Organization in 1998 became the first to indicate that obesity was a global epidemic.[3]

Due to the decrease in the physical activity of children, obesity is the product of an imbalance between children's energy intake and energy expired. This means that the amount of calories consumed is greater than calories burned and thus, weight gain occurs.[4] Adiposity rebound is a condition that occurs between ages 3 to 7.[5] It is during this stage the second rise of BMI where the the number of fat cells increases after first decreasing in size.[5] During the stage of adiposity rebound is an important stage as it can later be used to predict fatness in adolescence and adulthood.[5]

Along with the excess weight, obese children also become susceptible to type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, heart problems and poor emotional and social well-being, and research has also shown that children who are obese are more likely to become obese when they become adults.[6][7]

The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen by double between the 1970s and the end of the twentieth century in developed countries.[8]

Developed countries are seen as having a higher prevalence when it came to childhood obesity due to advances in farming allowing for the greater and faster production of food. Both genetics and the environment play a role in influencing an individual child's propensity for obesity, especially in developed countries where iPods, television, computers and inexpensive, high calorie foods are readily available.[9]

Again due to changes in the global food system, it now takes less time to grow and cultivate food than it did in the first half of the 20th century.[10] In this half of the century obesity prevalence was kept low due to increases in mechanisation and motorisation.[10] For many of these highly developed countries in the 1960s and 1970s seems like the time when increases in obesity occurred when food and caloric intake became more abundant.[10]

United States

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By the twentieth century, many Americans saw an increase in weight but not height. Being a "fat" child went hand in hand with being wealthy and less susceptible to undernourishment, infection, poverty and early death. However as time went on children kept getting bigger and bigger. Living in a more developed country like the United States being ‘big’ was seen as a good thing as globally there was the problem of undernourishment.[11]

The NHANES survey of the 1960s was the first national health survey in US history.[12] By the time that the NHANES survey came out a child that was the same age as on in Bowditch’s study would be 16.5 pounds heavier.

Between 1991-1994 around one hundred American schools in the states of California and Minnesota took part in the CATCH (Child Adolescent Trail for Cardiovascular Health) in order to positively promote healthy eating and enjoyment of exercise.[13]

From 1990 to 2010, the childhood obesity in the United States has increased 60%.

During growth everyone is born with a certain amount of fat cells and that number does not change, the cells can shrink when weight loss is involved.

The NHANES II and III from 1963-1970, and NHANES III from 1988-94 does show that prevalence rates for not only White but also Black and Mexican-American ethnicities who rose dramatically in the 85th and 95th percentiles (overweight and obese, respectively). In the NHANES II and III 1963-1970 the prevalence jumped from 15.2 to 27.2 in the 85th and 5.2 to 13.6 in the 95th percentile.[13]

In 1969, in the United States roughly half of the children walked or biked to school with 87% living within a mile of their school.

Obesity in the United States costs the medical system $3 billion dollars per year.[14] This can be seen in dietary patterns that change which have also influenced obesity, even though fat consumption decreased many children were still consuming more carbohydrates.[4] A single gram from a carbohydrate is equal to 9 calories and one pound of fat equals to 3,500 calories and with the amount of processed and fast food it makes it easier to consume and gain weight.

Henry Pickering Bowditch

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The first large-scale study on the weight on children occurred in the United States was by a physician by the name of Howard Pickering Bowditch in 1871.[15] The reason for Bowditch carrying out this study was to see how his findings on American children would compare to earlier work done in Europe.[15] He wanted to find out if the opportunities and way of life found in America was found on the bodies of children.[15] It should also be mentioned that in Boston Bowditch was the chairman of Massachusetts State Board of Health.[15] This furthered his interest in wanting to look and compare the immigrant children form Ireland, England, and Germany in Boston to American families.[15] First he conducted a study on his family, thirteen females and twelve males.[15] He was also interested in the growth of humans when they move to a new environment and culture if the child body of an American grew at the same rate as a European child.[15] By 1975 Bowditch got permission to extend his research out into Massachusetts though he did not have to do any measurements.[15] He got teachers to measure their students heights and weights, records were taken in detail that it required teachers to marked down if the child had any deformities.[15] This would be able to help Bowdtich to make separation of those ethnicities that were poorer to those that were richer.[15]

Canada

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In Canada, the rate of obesity in the general population tripled between 1981-1996.[1]

St. Theresa Point First Nation Study

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With a population of 2430 the St. Theresa Point First Nation is one of four communities par to of the Island Lake Tribal Council in northern Manitoba.[16] This study was done to determine the prevalence of obesity and the high risk of type 2 diabetes in a Canadian Aboriginal community.[16] With the project office built within the school that held 873 student form nursery to grade 11 from 1995-1997[16] Before the start of school at 8:00 AM students were asked to arrive early in order for the venous blood to be taken and height and weight be recorded.[16] Once samples were taken, approximately 5-10 children 4 mornings of the week, these samples were then shipped to the Health Services Center in Winnipeg.[16]

What the study found was that the Island Lake children's prevalence towards obesity was considerably higher than what was recorded in the National Center for Health Statistics.[16] Compared to the National Center for Health statistics the study found that 64% of girls and 60% of boys exceed the 85th percentile of the BMI while 40% in girls and 34% in boys surpassed the 95th percentile.[16]

The study also looks at fasting blood insulin and glucose levels as a determinant of prevalence of obesity in children.[16] Results showed that girls had a higher fasting insulin levels whereas for the fasting glucose levels there was no difference between sexes.[16] When split into three percentile groups, <85th 85th to 94th, those listed under the 85th percentile had the lowest levels of fasting glucose and insulin levels, but in each group females would be higher then the males in each group for insulin.[16] Children considered above the 85th percentile have a more increased risk of type 2 diabetes.[16]

European Countries

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European Childhood Obesity Group

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In May 1996 during the European Congress on Obesity the European Childhood Obesity Group would propose a study that would help estimate the prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries. European countries that said they would join in the study were as follows: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, the UK and later Bulgaria. The target population for the ECOG were children ages 7-9 in looking at the prevalence in both sexes to allow for comparison between countries.[17]

Bavaria

[edit]

A study was conducted on whether breast feeding had an increased effect on a child's risk towards obesity and being overweight before entering school.[18] In 1997 before the school year had started 134, 577 school children age 5-6 would participate in in an obligatory health examination where a questionnaire would be completed by the parents.[18] Children were weighed and measured according to the body mass index that was used which was different as being in the 90th percentile meant one was overweight and 97th percentile obese.[18] Out of those that had responded and submitted the completed questionnaire came to only 9357 while information on breastfeeding was only available for 9206 children.[18]

The study found that for children who were not breastfed the prevalence to obesity was 4.5% compared to those who were breastfed at 2.8%[18]. The study also found that if parents had a high level of education (meaning graduated high school and had a degree), premature birth and low birth weights were inverse to those who smoked while pregnant, and having own room were more positively correlated.[18]

Britain

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1946 British Children Cohort Study

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A national representative cohort sample taken in 1946 in British children all born during the first week of March were used to help estimate the prevalence of overweight at various stages of life.[19] The National Survey of Health and Development would also be of use providing information of height and weight at the three stages looked at: childhood, adolescence and early adulthood.[19] The study population was 5362 children born to wives of non-manual workers and farm workers, illegitimate and twins were excluded.[19]

The studied group was followed and check up came in two to five year intervals.[19] By age 26, 291 of the original sample group died, 517 had to be excluded due to emigration and 605 decided they no longer wished to be part of the study.[19] Though there was much lost the remaining group still closely represent the original population.[19]

The first check up at age 6 showed that the prevalence of overweight was greater in girls than in boys (3% and 2% respectively).[19] Follow-ups at age 11 and 14 showed an increase in prevalence with 6% in boys and 10% in girls though it is this stage where puberty sets in therefore the researchers put this into account.[19] They saw a decrease when they did another follow-up at age 20 but age 26 showed when overweight was most prevalent with 12% in men and 11% in women.[19]

The research here is saying that being overweight in childhood was weakly positive with being overweight in adulthood.[19] The risk for being overweight at 26 ended up being low if the relative weight at 7 was less than 90%, but increased if the relative weight rose over 120%.[19]

1958 British Birth Cohort Study

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All live births occurring in Britain during a single week in March 1958 where approximately 17,000 were taken as samples from birth to age 45.[20] Information was collected in 1991 at age 33 interviewing 11,407 persons and one-third of the original sample were randomly chosen looking at their children.[20] For both cohorts a questionnaire was filled out asking about details on their children, marriage history, employment and housing.[20]

The results of the study found that offspring tended to be more obese in girls than in boys.[20] They also found that if a parent was obese it also increased the chance their child being obese.[20] Every 1-kg increase in birth weight was found on average to show an increase risk of obesity.[20] Where things differed was in the postnatal factors where in the first cohort , childhood BMI would increase in a less crowded area and risk of obesity increased in least crowded areas the opposite was seen in the offspring group.[20] Offspring whose mother were full-time workers were shown to have a high BMI compared to those whose mothers were not full-time workers

England

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Birmingham Longitudinal Study of Height and Weight

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It was convenient for this study that it was held at the local Children's Hospital and the findings were based on the first 98 children attending this hospital in 1950.[21] The children were then re-examined in 1951, 1956 and 1959 where in the first treatment, the children were restricted to a 1,000 calorie diet and amphetamine sulphate.[21] By the 1956 and 1959 check-ups 89 of the original 98 remained part of the study.[21] Height was recorded by using a stationary measuring tool at home, with weight being measured while the children wore nothing but pants indoors and with indoor clothing.[21]

This nine-year study showed that the height of these 98 children was lower than standard height.[21] There was a strong relationship between weight gain after initial weight loss that would continue into adulthood.[21]

Finland

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Metabolic Syndrome Study

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This study was performed on a population of 1008 subject where 712 of them actually participated with height and weight traced at age 7 for 439 subjects.[22] The metabolic syndrome for this study was defined as a combination of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance or a high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of <1.00 mmol/l (<1.20 mmol/l for women).[22]

The study found that of the 439 subjects 75 had been obese and 219 not obese in either childhood or adulthood with 74 who had been obese in childhood and adulthood.[22] The metabolic syndrome they were looking for was present in 18/219 of the males and 12/220 of women.[22] Of the 30 subjects that had the metabolic syndrome 28 of them were obese as adults, 21 obese as children.[22] The 74 subject who were not obese as adults but were as children also had metabolic syndrome.[22] The study showed that obese children were at risk of becoming obese as adults as being obese as a child increased the risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood.[22] Those adults who were obese but were not in childhood had a lower risk compared to those who were obese since childhood.[22] According to the studies results if a child tries to reduce their weight (by becoming healthier or exercising) then this can protect them against metabolic syndrome.[22]

Sweden

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A longitudinal study in Sweden between 1993-1999 conducted on 208 adolescents of both genders determined that there was a shift in food habits. Those aged 17-21 showed higher consumption of high carbohydrate foods such as pasta, when compared to young adolescents 15-17 years old.[4]

MESSAGE FROM MIKE LIDSTONE - Hi Jose, you have some disconnected information but on Wikipedia that is ok. Not all your sentences with information had citations. I rearranged some things so I recommend you check again and make sure every sentence has a citation. Keep adding information and some links from certain words may also help. -Mike Lidstone

External Links

http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/newsletter/2012/07/childhood-obesity.aspx

https://www.washingtonpost.com/postlive/how-childhood-obesity-became-a-crisis/2013/09/26/b2f87652-1708-11e3-804b-d3a1a3a18f2c_story.html

Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page). BrowniePointz (talk) 08:06, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Hi Jose,

I fixed some spelling and grammar issues and noted where more information could be useful. Really interesting info here. Carly Crankymom (talk) 03:31, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

  1. ^ a b Gilman, Sander L. (2008). Fat: A Cultural History of Obesity. Polity Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7456-4440-0.
  2. ^ "How Has the Childhood Obesity Rate Changed in 30 years?". www.sparkpe.org. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  3. ^ "Literature Review – A 21st Century Epidemic: Childhood Obesity in North America | JYI – The Undergraduate Research Journal". www.jyi.org. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  4. ^ a b c Kosti, Rena I.; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B. "The Epidemic of Obesity in Children and Adolescents in the World" (PDF). European Journal of Public Health. pp. 152 153.
  5. ^ a b c Cole, TJ (2004-03-12). "Children grow and horses race: is the adiposity rebound a critical period for later obesity?". BMC Pediatrics. 4: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-4-6. ISSN 1471-2431. PMC 394330. PMID 15113440.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ "Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: Results from the 2009 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey". www.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  7. ^ Bagchi, Debasis (2010-10-12). Global Perspectives on Childhood Obesity: Current Status, Consequences and Prevention. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780080961729.
  8. ^ "Childhood obesity - The Lancet" (PDF). www.thelancet.com. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  9. ^ "Childhood Obesity Isn't History Yet". Harvard University Press Blog. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  10. ^ a b c "Prevalence Trends In Australia" (PDF).
  11. ^ "Childhood Obesity Isn't History Yet". Harvard University Press Blog. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  12. ^ von Hippel, Paul T.; Nahhas, Ramzi W. (2013-10-01). "Extending the history of child obesity in the United States: The fels longitudinal study, birth years 1930-1993". Obesity. 21 (10): 2153–2156. doi:10.1002/oby.20395. ISSN 1930-739X. PMC 3695078. PMID 23512972.
  13. ^ a b Smith, J. Clinton (1999-01-01). Understanding Childhood Obesity. Jackson, MS, USA: University Press of Mississippi. p. 81. ISBN 9781604737028.
  14. ^ "The Challene We Face" (PDF). www.letsmove.gov.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dawes, Laura (2014). Childhood Obesity in America: Biography of an Epidemic. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674281448.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Young, T. Kue; Dean, Heather J.; Flett, Bertha; Wood-Steiman, Pauline (2000). "Childhood obesity in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes" (PDF). The Journal of Pediatrics. doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.103504.
  17. ^ Lehingue, Yves. "The European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) project: the European Collaborative Study on the prevalence of obesity in children" (PDF). American Society for Clinical Nutrition. pp. 166–168.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Kries, Rüdiger von; Koletzko, Berthold; Sauerwald, Thorsten; Mutius, Erika von; Barnert, Dietmar; Grunert, Veit; Voss, Hubertus von (1999-07-17). "Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study". BMJ. 319 (7203): 147–150. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7203.147. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 10406746.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stark, O; Atkins, E; Wolff, O H; Douglas, J W (1981-07-04). "Longitudinal study of obesity in the National Survey of Health and Development". British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.). 283 (6283): 13–17. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 1506053. PMID 6788242.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Moira, Angela Pinot de; Power, Chris; Li, Leah (2010-06-15). "Changing Influences on Childhood Obesity: A Study of 2 Generations of the 1958 British Birth Cohort". American Journal of Epidemiology. 171 (12): 1289–1298. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq083. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 20488872.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Lloyd, June K.; Wolff, O. H.; Whelen, W. S. (1961-07-15). "Childhood Obesity". British Medical Journal. 2 (5245): 145–148. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1969164. PMID 13762916.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vanhala, Mauno; Vanhala, Pasi; Kumpusalo, Esko; Halonen, Pirjo; Takala, Jorma. "Relation between obesity from childhood to adulthood and the metabolic syndrome: population based study" (PDF).
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