User:Bagunceiro/Juiz de Fora

Juiz de Fora
Juiz de Fora
Municipality
	Flag Seal
	Nickname(s): JF, Mineiran Manchester
	Motto: Pro Patria et Urbe
	Juiz de Fora Location in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
	Coordinates: 21°45′43″S 43°20′58″W / 21.76194°S 43.34944°W
Country	Brazil
Region	Southeast
State	Minas Gerais
Incorporated	30 May 1850
Government
• Mayor	Bruno Siqueira (PMDB)
Area
• Total	1,437 km2 (554.8 sq mi)
Elevation	678 m (2,224 ft)
Population (2009)
• Total	526,706
• Density	354/km2 (916.9/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC-3 (UTC-3)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-2 (UTC-2)
Postal Code	36000-000
Area code	+55 32
Demonym	juiz-forano
Website	Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais

Juiz de Fora (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʒwiʒ dʒi ˈfɔɾɐ], Judge from outside), also known as JF, is a city in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the state border with Rio de Janeiro. It is the de-facto capital of the Zona da Mata mesoregion. According to 2012 estimates the current population is about 525,225 inhabitants. The geographical area of the municipality is 1,437 km² (555 sq mi).

The city is located some halfway between between Rio de Janeiro (189 km (117 mi)) and Belo Horizonte (260 km (160 mi)) on the BR-040 highway that links Rio de Janeiro with Brasilia. It is built along the Paraibuna, a major tributary of the Paraíba do Sul river.

History

The origins of Juiz de Fora can be traced back to the beginnings of the 18th century, when a road called "Caminho Novo" (New Way) was opened, linking Rio de Janeiro to the gold rush area of Minas Gerais. The region was covered with dense forest (thus its name since, "Zona da Mata", Forest Zone). Despite the opening of the new route, the area remained largely uninhabited, and most of its scarce settlement was centered around the road itself. The first permanent inhabitants of the municipality were merchants and farmers who supplied the travelers' needs on the long road from the harbor to the gold region and vice-versa.

Further development would only take place after the decline of gold mining in the central zone of Minas Gerais. The capital previously invested in the mines was now invested in coffee plantations, and the region of Zona da Mata became a fertile ground to invest in. The position of the village then called Santo Antônio do Paraibuna was favorable due to the road connection with the capital of the country and its harbour.

In 1850, the small village was officially elevated to city status. Progress continued in 1861 with the completion of the first macadamized road in Latin America, the Estrada União e Indústria (Union and Industry), replacing the Caminho Novo. Its name reflected the new found wealth of the city, for industry replaced coffee-related agriculture as its economic heart. Five years later a new railway, the Estrada de Ferro Dom Pedro II reached the city and in 1889 the first hydroelectric powerplant of Latin America (Marmelos Zero) was built on the Paraibuna river, on the outskirts of the city, along the Estrada União e Indústria.

As both foreign and domestic capital fueled the industry boom, the city became a major center (it then became the largest urban area of the state); so much so that in the first decade of the 20th century, Juiz de Fora was among the main textile and industrial centers in South America, and in Brazil particularly, the city's wealth was second only to centers such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. As the coffee rush frontier moved southwestwards, it reached the state of São Paulo and its immensely fertile plateaus. As the State became the richest in the federation, industry flourished, as had happened to Juiz de Fora itself. The city of Juiz de Fora saw itself, then, as the only major industrial center in a state that was being much surpassed by São Paulo in industrial output and worse still, much of the wealth generated by the state (a large bulk by Juiz de Fora itself) was being used in the building of the new state capital, Belo Horizonte (replacing Ouro Preto, at the center of the gold region), founded by the end of the 19th century and intended to be the largest of the state, following the Brazilian and Latin-American tradition of centralization. The Great Depression of the 30's worsened the city's decadence, which would only be overcome five decades later. By the 1940s, the city had lost its nation-wide influence, due to the continued growth of Belo Horizonte and the loss of industry.

The city's decay can be seen in the figures for its population, which remained stagnant from the early 1930s to the late 1960s. By the mid-1970s, the city started to experience new growth, which continues to this day. This new era began with the establishment of a federal university (UFJF) in the city and the decision by the Brazilian military junta, (1964–1985) to promote the city as a major military center. This sparked a phenomenon rarely experienced by post-industrial towns: the industrial rebirth of the city, this time following Brazilian industrialization itself, based on heavy-industry, such as steel and engineering.

Recently, the city seems to be experiencing a new era in its history, again following a boom in Brazilian economy, and is reinventing itself as a major center for services (such as telecommunications, with an important call center) and education (following the federal university, private colleges have been established in the city).

Today Juiz de Fora is an important commercial center for the surrounding region and is the core of an unofficial metropolitan area of more than 1 million inhabitants.

Geography

Climate

Although lying within tropical latitudes the climate is relatively mild. The altitude of 700 to 900 m (2,300 to 3,000 ft) makes the weather usually cooler and rainier than the lower surrounding areas. Under the Köppen climate classification Juiz de Fora's climate is classified as a humid subtropical climate with two distinct seasons, one hotter and rainier (October to April) and one cooler and drier (May to September). The average annual temperature is around 19 °C (66 °F) with an average high of 24 °C (75 °F) and an average low of 15 °C (59 °F). It is very humid with average humidity of 80%. The annual rainfall varies between 1,300 and 1,500 mm (51 and 59 in).

Climate data for Juiz de Fora
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	25.9 (78.6)	26.8 (80.2)	25.7 (78.3)	23.9 (75.0)	22.8 (73.0)	21.2 (70.2)	21.2 (70.2)	22.2 (72.0)	21.4 (70.5)	23.8 (74.8)	24.5 (76.1)	25 (77)	23.7 (74.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	17.8 (64.0)	18.2 (64.8)	17.5 (63.5)	16.3 (61.3)	15.4 (59.7)	13.2 (55.8)	12.5 (54.5)	12.4 (54.3)	13.4 (56.1)	15 (59)	16.2 (61.2)	16.9 (62.4)	15.4 (59.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	299.8 (11.80)	217.4 (8.56)	198.3 (7.81)	107.1 (4.22)	65.4 (2.57)	34.2 (1.35)	27.5 (1.08)	16.5 (0.65)	49.9 (1.96)	112.4 (4.43)	191 (7.5)	327.1 (12.88)	1,646.6 (64.83)
Average relative humidity (%)	83.4	81.1	83.9	84.3	83.3	86	77.9	73.6	83.1	81.2	81.3	85.3	82.03
Source: Climate-charts^[2]

Economy

Juiz de Fora is the second most important industrial center in the state of Minas Gerais, despite being the fourth largest in terms of population^{[citation needed]}. It was once the state's largest city, a position which was held up until the beginning of the 20th century (it held the second position until the 1990s). There are important steel mills and automotive factories (Mercedes-Benz being the most famous) in the city, along with several textile factories.

The city is also an important trade center with a considerable area of influence, being considered the capital of the Zona da Mata region of the state. It has three shopping malls, several hyper-marts and many smaller shops.

Transport

Major Roads

BR-040, linking JF to north-south cities in the middle part of the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, such as Belo Horizonte, Congonhas, Conselheiro Lafaiete, Barbacena, Santos Dumont, Sete Lagoas, Três Rios, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro and Brasília.
BR-267, linking JF to east-west cities in the southern part of Minas Gerais, such as Leopoldina, Bicas, Lima Duarte, Bom Jardim de Minas and Caxambu.

Railways

MRS Logística. Freight only.

Airports

Francisco Álvares de Assis Airport, known popularly as "Serrinha", located within the city limits, approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) to the southwest of the centre in the district of "Aeroporto".
Pres. Itamar Franco Airport located 35 km (22 mi) north in the municipality of Goianá.

Culture

The massive presence of immigrants – especially from Portugal, Italy, Germany, Syria and Lebanon and more recently China – throughout its history has given the city a cosmopolitan spirit and diverse cuisine. Walking down Avenida Rio Branco, (a broad and straight avenue several kilometers long) one can find typical German, Italian, Arabic, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese and Indian restaurants, as well as traditional Brazilian and vegetarian cuisine.

Juiz de Fora is an important regional cultural center, one of the few towns in south-east Minas Gerais to have permanently functional cinemas, theatres, music venues and light entertainment. There is a nationally important museum (Museu Mariano Procópio) and a Philharmonic Orchestra (Orquestra Filarmônica Pró-Musica). The city also hosts a yearly classical music festival, the Festival Internacional de Música Brasileira Colonial e Música Antiga (International Festival of Brazilian Colonial Music and Early Music). It is home to the "Meninos Cantores da Academia" the second oldest choir in this category in Brazil. Cultural life is also boosted by a Federal University and several private-owned colleges; making it a popular destination for students. Some of the courses at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora are reputedly among the best in Brazil.

The cultural life of Juiz de Fora is marked by great eclecticism, which can be seen in its architecture. Art Nouveau buildings dating from the first decade of the 20th century are intermingled with those in Art Deco style from the mid-20th century, and many modern concrete edifices including one building by Oscar Niemeyer.

Sport

Juiz de Fora is the home of Tupi Football Club. Tupi was the 1932 runner-up of Campeonato Mineiro,^[3] and has won several city championships. Tupi won the Minas Gerais Second Division in 2001, was 3rd place in 2008 Campeonato Mineiro and won Taça Minas Gerais in 2008. It is widely regarded as one of the most important teams of the state, despite lacking national prestige. They won the 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D (national fourth division) after beating Santa Cruz in both legs of the final,^[3] having qualified for the tournament after América de Teófilo Otoni withdrew before the start of the competition.^[4]

In 2011, UFJF volleyball team won promotion to Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol for the first time.^[5] In its first season, UFJF finished 11th from 12 teams^[6] and is pending invitation to stay at the top division for 2012/13 season.^[7]

Demography

The population was 238,510 in 1970 with 7.6% living in rural areas.

The population of Juiz de Fora since the first census, in 1872:

Year	Population
1872	18,800
1890	22,600
1920	118,500
1940	118,400
1950	111,300
1960	125,000
1970	238,500
1980	305,800
1991	385,100
1996	424,000
2000	456,400
2002	471,693
2005	501,153
2006	509,109
2007	513,348
2008	520,612
2009	526,706