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Arab Brazilians

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Arab Brazilians
BrazilLebanonSyriaState of PalestineEgyptJordanIraqAlgeriaMorocco
Lebanese Brazilians in Nova Friburgo, late 19th century
Total population
11,600,000–20,000,000[1][2][3][4][5]
Regions with significant populations
São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Ceará, Pernambuco
Languages
Brazilian Portuguese • Arabic
Religion
Predominantly Christian
with Muslim, Druze, and Jewish minorities
Related ethnic groups
Other Arabs, Asian Brazilians, Arab Americans, Arab Canadians, Lebanese Canadians, Lebanese Australians, Arab Argentines,

Arab Brazilians are Brazilian citizens of Arab ethnic, cultural, linguistic heritage and identity. The majority of Arab Brazilians trace their origin to the Levantine region of the Arab World, known in Arabic as Bilad al-Sham, primarily from Lebanon and Syria, as well as Palestine.[6][7][8] Christians are the majority of the Arab Brazillians.[8][9] The first Syrians and Lebanese arrived in São Paulo around 1880. It is not known exactly when, although the Syrians and Lebanese say that in 1885 there was a small core of peddlers working in the market square. By 1920, the census listed 50,246 Syrians and Lebanese in Brazil, 38.4% (2/5) of these in the state of São Paulo. The 1940 census enumerated 48,614 Syrians, Lebanese and other related groups with a decrease of approximately 1647 people. As immigration almost ceased after 1929 and the colony aged, it is surprising that the decline was not even greater. The trend of the period between 1920 and 1940 was the continuous concentration of Syrians and Lebanese in São Paulo. Almost half (49.3%) of Syrians and Lebanese residents in Brazil lived in São Paulo.

Contemporary data on the number of Arab descendants in Brazil is highly inconsistent. The national IBGE census has not questioned the ancestry of the Brazilian people for several decades, considering that immigration to Brazil declined almost to 0 in the second half of the 20th century. In the last census questioning ancestry, in 1940, 107,074 Brazilians said they were the children of a Syrian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Iraqi or Arab father. The native Arabs were 46,105 and the naturalized Brazilians, 5,447. Brazil had 41,169,321 inhabitants at the time of the census, so Arabs and children were 0.38% of Brazil's population in 1940. Currently, many sources cite that millions of Brazilians are of Arab descent. Itamaraty claims that there are between 7 and 10 million Lebanese descendants in Brazil. However, independent research, based on the interviewee's self-declaration, found much smaller numbers. According to a 2008 IBGE survey, 0.9% of the white Brazilians interviewed said they had a family background in Western Asia, which would give about one million people. According to another 1999 survey by the sociologist and former president of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) Simon Schwartzman, only 0.48% of the interviewed Brazilians claimed to have Arab ancestry, a percentage that, in a population of about 200 million of Brazilians, would represent around 960 thousand people.

History

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Immigration to Brazil

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Arab immigration to Brazil started in the 1890s as Lebanese and Syrian people fled the political and economic instability caused by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the majority were Christian but there were also many Muslims. Immigration peaked around World War II.[10] Arab immigrants were among the largest non-European immigrant groups to Brazil. Groups in Brazil who may have protested against the immigration of non-Europeans were less concerned, since many of the immigrants from Syria, Lebanon and North Africa were Christians. Fewer than 200,000 Middle Eastern and Arab immigrants arrived in Brazil, who eventually dispersed in many different cities.[11]

By the 19th century, most of the immigrants arrived from Lebanon and Syria,[12] and later from other parts of the Arab world. When they were first processed in the ports of Brazil, they were counted as Turks because they carried passports issued by the Turkish Ottoman Empire that ruled the present day territories of Lebanon and Syria.[13] There were many causes for Arabs to leave their homelands in the Ottoman Empire; overpopulation in Lebanon, conscription in Lebanon and Syria, and religious persecution by the Ottoman Turks. Arab immigration to Brazil grew also after World War I and the rest of the 20th century, and concentrated in the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Goiás, and Rio de Janeiro.

Most Arab immigrants in Brazil were Christians, Muslims being a minority.[14] Intermarriage between Brazilians of Arab descent and other Brazilians, regardless of ethnicity or religious affiliation, is very high; most Brazilians of Arab descent only have one parent of Arab origin. As a result of this, the new generations of Brazilians of Arab descent show marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Portuguese as a first language.[12]

The Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim there are 7 to 10 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.[3][4] Also, the Brazilian government claims there are 4 million Brazilians of Syrian descent.[3] However, those numbers might an overestimate, given that an official survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2008 showed that less than 1 million Brazilians claimed any Middle-Eastern origin (only 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East).[5]

Arabic influence in Brazil

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Beirute, an Arab-Brazilian sandwich.[15]

Arab immigration has influenced many aspects of Brazil's culture – besides and beyond the Arabic influence inherited via Portugal, as, for instance, some Portuguese words of Arabic origin.

In many cities across the country, it is easy to find restaurants that cook Arab food; and Arab dishes, such as sfihas (Portuguese esfirra), tabbouleh (Portuguese tabule), kibbeh (Portuguese quibe), hummus, tahina and halwa are very well known among Brazilians.

Most Arab immigrants in Brazil have worked as traders, roaming the vast country to sell textiles and clothes and open new markets.[citation needed] This economic history can be seen today in the ways that the São Paulo-based Arab Brazilian Chamber of Commerce has gained greater recognition in increasing Brazilian exports to the Arab world.[16]

Arab-Brazilians are well integrated into Brazilian society. Today, only a minority of Arab Brazilians still know and speak the Arabic language, the vast majority of them being monolingual Portuguese speakers.[12]

Many important Brazilians are of Arab descent, including important politicians such as Paulo Maluf, Geraldo Alckmin, Gilberto Kassab, former President Michel Temer, José Maria Alkmin, artists, writers (for instance Raduan Nassar) and models.

Notable Arab Brazilians

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Silvia Ferabolli (25 September 2014). Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-317-65803-0. According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.
  2. ^ Paul Amar (15 July 2014). The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South. Indiana University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-253-01496-2. there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.
  3. ^ a b c "Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affaires". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Lebanon: Geography". Embassy of Lebanon in Brazil (in Portuguese). 1996. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008.
  5. ^ a b IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ Carvalho-Silva, Denise R.; Santos, Fabrício R.; Rocha, Jorge; Pena, Sérgio D. J. (2000). "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (1): 281–286. doi:10.1086/316931. PMC 1234928. PMID 11090340.
  7. ^ Cole, Juan (24 September 2007). "Escobar on Palestinian Refugees in Brazil". Informed Comment. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
  8. ^ a b "Arab roots grow deep in Brazil's rich melting pot". The Washington Times. São Paulo. 11 July 2005. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
  9. ^ "Origem e destino dos imigrantes" [Origin and destination of the immigrants] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Islam in Brazil". Harvard Divinity School Religious Liberty Project. Harvard Divinity School. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  11. ^ Meade, Teresa A. (14 May 2014). A Brief History of Brazil. Infobase Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4381-0821-6.
  12. ^ a b c Abusidu, Eman (26 October 2020). "The integration of the Arabs in Brazil is at the expense of their language and culture". Middle East Monitor. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  13. ^ "Recopilaron casi 200 años de los sirio libaneses en Argentina" [Almost 200 years of Syrian Lebanese presence in Argentina has been collected]. El Independiente (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.
  14. ^ Sousa, Thais (22 July 2020). "Arabs, descendants are 6% of Brazil's population: survey". Brazil-Arab News Agency. São Paulo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Como surgiram os sanduíches beirute, americano e cheeseburger?" (in Portuguese). Mundoestranho.abril.com.br. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  16. ^ John Tofik Karam (2008). Another Arabesque: Syrian-Lebanese Ethnicity in Neoliberal Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-59213-541-7. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
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