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Purge

Parliamentary System?

As of the last presidential elections, since the president is now elected directly (popular vote) by the people, the Republic of Turkey is no longer a parliamentary republic, it is a semi-presidential republic (not to be mistaken with a presidential system, semi-presidential is different) This needs to be updated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.60.224.128 (talk) 02:45, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

The IP may be correct here. Anyone want to look into this? Étienne Dolet (talk) 08:57, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Turkey is a 'parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president, where the prime minister is the executive.' but what you're saying will become true in following months. President's powers will be extended. Turkey's system will change into 'semi-presidential' which will evolve into full 'presidential' system. But like I said currently Turkey has a president with ceremonial role. kazekagetr 14:45, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Everything depends on the definition of semi-presidentialism. If to define a republic as semi-presidential it is enough the popular election of the president, then Turkey is already a semi-presidential state: if - besides that - also additional powers of the president are needed, then it is not (yet). Alex2006 (talk) 15:10, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

The proper definition includes that 'active' role rather than 'ceremonial' one I believe. But as i said, it will fit in that semi-presidential definition surely. kazekagetr 22:43, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Republics with a semi-presidential system of government

Italics indicate states with limited recognition.

President-parliamentary system

Premier-presidential system

Notes and references

"Constitutional history of Poland". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
"Constitutional history of Sri Lanka". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
"Constitutional history of Syria". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
"Constitutional history of Tunisia". ConstitutionNet. International IDEA. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Elgie, Robert (4 April 2013). "Is Peru really semi-presidential?". The semi-presidential one.
Staff writer (15 September 2017). "Peru's Congress delivers vote of no-confidence against Cabinet". andina.com.pe. Lima: Andina. Peru News Agency.
Shugart, Matthew Søberg (31 March 2015). "So Peru's system is a hybrid". Fruits and Votes.

Bibliography

Bayerlein BH (1996). "Origens bonapartistas do semipresidencialismo português" [Bonapartist origins of the Portuguese semipresidentialism] (PDF). Análise Social. Quarta Série (in Portuguese). 31 (138). Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa: 803–830. ISSN 0003-2573. JSTOR 41011213. OCLC 5791853498.
Beuman, Lydia (December 2016). "President-Prime Minister Relations and Democratic Stability" One Decade of Semi-Presidentialism in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste (PDF). School of Law and Government, University of Dublin. Taiwan Journal of Democracy. 12 (2): 85–104. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |script-title=: missing prefix (help)
Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (2007). Semi-presidentialism Outside Europe: A Comparative Study. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415380478.
Linde, Jonas; Sedelius, Thomas (13 June 2017). "Unravelling semi-presidentialism: democracy and government performance in four distinct regime types". Democratization. 25. London: Routledge: 136–157. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1334643. ISSN 1351-0347. OCLC 7072852634.
Lobo, Marina Costa; Neto, Octávio Amorim (March 2009) [2009]. "Portugal's semi-presidentialism (re)considered: An assessment of the president's role in the policy process, 1976–2006" (PDF). European Journal of Political Research. 48 (2) (published 2 February 2009): 234–255. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00833.x. ISSN 1351-0347. OCLC 6894693303 – via Wiley Online Library.
McMenamin, Iain (2008). "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland" (PDF). School of Law and Government. Working Papers in International Studies (2). Dublin City University, Ireland: Centre for International Studies.
Novais, Jorge Reis (2010). O Sistema Semipresidencial Português (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Almedina. ISBN 9789724044101. Faz-se neste segundo volume do Semipresidencialismo a análise da natureza, da história e das perspectivas de evolução do sistema semipresidencial português, ou seja, o sistema de governo que vigora e é praticado entre nós desde 1976. Como as notas distintivas que identificam a matriz portuguesa de semipresidencialismo e a distinguem dos outros modelos, como o francês, se situam na natureza específica da intervenção do Presidente da República e do seu estatuto político-constitucional, este livro é, em grande medida, um trabalho sobre a intervenção dos Presidentes da República no nosso sistema político: da fase de origem e formação, com Ramalho Eanes, à consolidação precária do sistema, com Mário Soares; dos anos de maturidade, com Jorge Sampaio, às sombras e incertezas que o mandato de Cavaco Silva projecta sobre a actualidade e o futuro do sistema de governo. Details.
Veser, Ersnt (1997) "Virtues and Vices of Semi-Presidentialism".
Elgie, R.; Moestrup, S.; Wu, Yu. Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy.
António Manuel Lopes Tavares. A Coabitação Política em Portugal na Vigência da Constituição de 1976.
"The 2010 referendum and parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan".
Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia". Google Books. Details.
Markarov, Alexander (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Armenia" (PDF). In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 61–90. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_3. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039792321. Markarov discusses the formation and development of the semi-presidential system in Armenia since its foundation in 1991. The author identifies and compares the formal powers of the president, prime minister, and parliament under the 1995 Constitution as well as the amendments introduced through the Constitutional referendum in 2005. Markarov argues that the highly presidentialized semi-presidential system that was introduced in the early 1990s gradually evolved into a Constitutionally more balanced structure. However, in practice, the president has remained dominant and backed by a presidential majority; the president has thus been able to set the policy agenda and implement his preferred policy.
LaPorte, Jody (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan" (PDF). In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 91–117. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039791976. LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan's semi-presidential regime.
Nakashidze, Malkhaz (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Georgia" (PDF). In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 119–142. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_5. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039793171. Nakashidze discusses the adoption and evolution of semi-presidentialism in Georgia since the Rose Revolution in 2004. From 2004 to 2012, political power was concentrated in the hands of the president, under a president-parliamentary variant of semi-presidentialism. Only during the period of cohabitation from 2012 to 2013 was the president's authority challenged. In 2010, the Constitution was amended with effect from 2013, reducing the power of the president considerably, arguably in an attempt by term-limited President Saakashvili to secure a political comeback as a powerful prime minister. Under the new premier-presidential Constitution, powers have been much more evenly distributed with each branch of government exercising its Constitutional powers.
Fumagalli, Matteo (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Kyrgyzstan" (PDF). In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia (eds.). Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan (published 15 May 2016). pp. 173–205. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_7. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039790025. Fumagalli describes political and constitutional developments in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, a country which has experienced significant political instability and constitutional change. Kyrgyzstan is currently a rare democracy in a region that has otherwise been inhospitable to political liberalization. The premier-presidential variant of semi-presidentialism (2010–present) has done more to advance democracy in the country than the president-parliamentary system in place from 1993 to 2010. Fumagalli also discusses other factors at play, including a weak political party system, clan and patronage politics, and Russian political and economic influence.