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Article evaluation_zizhaoc

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National Ambient Air Quality Standards

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The article I chose to evaluate is the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The Wikipedia article contains standards, detection methods, air quality control region, see also, references and external links. The sections are relevant to the topic, but it seems lack of logical link among sections.

I like the introduction part of the page. The table under the "Standards" section does not have a title or an explanation, thus it seems distracted to me.

The article is neutral without personal viewpoints.

The first reference shows little contents, and the fifth reference needs elaboration. The references are from reliable sources, either published literature or government website. The information is still in use.

In the talkpage, some users and editers discussed why not include the entire standard in the wikipage. The article is under WikiProject United States / Government / Public policy, WikiProject Law, WikiProject Environment and WikiProject United States Public Policy. The wiki page needs more contents and explanation, and the way and content we discussed in class were more detailed than the page.

Week 2 - Add sentences to article

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I edited National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

  1. Added a sentence to the introduction part and enrich the paragraph.
  2. Added the title for the table with missing contents.

0402 - Choose topics

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The articles I chose are National Ambient Air Quality Standards, Climate change in China, and Center for Clean Air Policy.

For National Ambient Air Quality Standards, there are missing contents for a standard. As I mentioned in the first two weeks, I can edit the introduction part, add titles and explanation of tables and pictures, and add more information about criteria pollutants.

For Climate change in China, the article reveals editors' opinions instead of facts. In the talkpage, a user asked about "Why China-US comparison?", and mentioned that the article is biased and against China. In addition, the structure of the article is weird.

For Center for Clean Air Policy, the article does not contain much information about the organization. Some information is outdated, like the revenue and expense information are dated on 2014.

Articles I may refer to:

For National Ambient Air Quality Standards:

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/process-reviewing-national-ambient-air-quality-standards

http://ohioepa.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/907/~/definition-of-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-%28naaqs%29

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ENVIRONMENT/air_quality/conformity/policy_and_guidance/faqs/naaqs/

For Climate change in China:

http://money.163.com/17/0602/22/CLV6U58B002580S6.html

http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20water.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02656915

0404 - Final Topic: Climate Change in China

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The final topic for the course is climate change in China. The structure of the article is quite weird, including "total emissions", "coal", "Effects of Climate Change", "Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation", and " Climate change mitigation measures". Some sections are long but have no focus, while others are too short. Some opinions are biased. As an article talking about China's environmental situation and policy-related article, most of the references are from news and articles from the United States.

Thus, I'd like to revise the structure as the following: "Introduction", "Current Situation", "Effects of Climate Change" (global and China), "Mitigation Measures and Policy", and "Debate".

I would want to refer to articles in the Chinese government website, journals and news.

Articles I want to refer to:

http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-11/22/content_2000047.htm (the China' s response to climate change policies and action (2011))

http://www.theworldin.com/article/14435/edition2018chinas-climate-awakening (China’s changing attitude to climate change)

http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-11/04/content_5128619.htm

http://money.163.com/17/0602/22/CLV6U58B002580S6.html

http://re.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20impacts%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20water.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02656915

0409 - Draft the changes to an existing Wiki Article (Peer Review Starts Here)

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As I mentioned in the last section, I decided to change the article structure, change biased viewpoints to neutral facts, update to current information, and add the current actions that China took to deal with the climate change situation.

Article Structure

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Before -

  • 1Total emissions
  • 2Coal
  • 3Effects of climate change
    • 3.1Agriculture
    • 3.2Diseases
    • 3.3IPCC
  • 4Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation
  • 5Climate change mitigation measures
  • 6See also
  • 7References
  • 8External links

After -

  • (General Introduction)
  • Current Situation
    • Energy Consumption
    • Public Investigation
  • Effects of Climate Change
    • Agriculture
    • Forest and Other Natural Ecosystems
    • Diseases
    • Water Resource and Costal Zone
    • Conclusion of IPCC
  • Mitigation Measures and Policies
  • Debates

Change Viewpoints to neutral facts and Update Information

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Current Situation
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Before -

According to a statement made in The Economist in 2013, China has emitted more climate change gases from energy production than America since 2006 and by 2014-2015 China will emit twice America's total. At the present rate of development, cumulative Chinese emissions from energy production between 1990 and 2050 will equal those generated by the whole world from the beginning of the industrial revolution to 1970. About a quarter of China’s carbon emissions are produced in the manufacture of goods for export.

After -

China observed an ground average temperature increase of 0.24℃/decade from 1951 to 2017, exceeding the global ground average temperature increase rate. The average precipitation of China was 641.3 mm in 2017, 1.8% more than average precipitation of previous years. The sea level rise was 3.3mm/year from 1980 to 2017. There was an annual increase in concentrations of carbon dioxide from 1990 to 2016. The annual mean concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the Wanliguan Station were 404.4 ppm, 1907 ppb and 329.7 ppb separately in 2016, slightly higher than the global mean concentration in 2016.[1]

Current Situation - Energy Consumption
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Before -

China is the largest consumer of coal in the world.

In 2009, China produced 18,449 TWh of the world's total 39,340 TWh.

China is now adding sulfur dioxide reducing technology to its power plants. It has been argued that the release of sulfur dioxide from burning coal has slowed global warming but has caused 4,698.3 deaths in the past decade.

After -

China experienced an electricity increase in 2017 as the economy accelerate[2].According to the Climate Data Explorer published by World Resources Institute, China, European Union and the USA took up more than 50% of the global green house gas emissions[3]. The energy industry has been the biggest contributor to green house gases emissions since the last decade[3].

According to the 2016 Chinese Statistical Yearbook published by China's National Bureau of Statistics, China's energy consumption was 430,000 (10,000 tons of SCE), including 64% coal, 18.1% crude oil, 5.9% of natural gas, and 12.0% primary electricity and other energy in 2016. The percentage of coal has decreased since 2011, and the percentage of crude oil, natural gas and primary electricity and other energy have increased since 2011[4].

Current Situation - Public Investigation
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Add: According to the Investigation of Chinese public towards climate change, 94% interviewees agreed on carry out the Paris agreement, 96.8% interviewees supported international cooperation towards global climate change, and more than 70% interviewees were willing to purchase environmental friendly products. 98.7% interviewees agreed on carrying out climate change education at schools. The most concerned topic was the air pollution brought out by climate change. The investigation included 4025 samples.[5]

The investigation showed that Chinese citizens agreed that they were experiencing climate change, which was caused by human activities[6].

Effects
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Before -

Agriculture[edit]

1 °C of regional mean warming is estimated to reduce wheat yield 3 to 10 percent in China. Grain crops mature earlier at higher temperatures, reducing the critical growth period and leading to lower yields (You et al. 2009).

After -

Agriculture

The negative effects on China's agriculture caused by climate change have appeared. There was an increase in agricultural production instability, a severe damage caused by high temperature and drought, lower production and quality in prairie. In the near future, the climate change may cause negative influences, causing a reduction of output in wheat, rice and corn, and change agricultural distribution of production.[7]

Add:

Forest and Other Natural Ecosystems

Climate change increases forest belt limits and frequencies of pests and diseases, decreases frozen earth areas, and threatens to decrease glacial areas in the northwest China. The vulnerability of ecosystems may increase due to future climate change.[7]

Water Resource and Costal Zone

Climate change decreased total water resources in the north China while increased total water resources in the south China. There were more floods, drought and extreme climates. There may be a big impact in the spacial and temporal distribution in China's water resources, increasing extreme weathers and natural disasters. Climate change caused the increase of the sea level, and threatened to impair the functions of the harbors.[7]

0411 - Second Draft

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General Introduction

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Before -

The position of the Chinese government on climate change is contentious. China has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but as a non-Annex I country which is not required to limit greenhouse gas emissions under terms of the agreement. In particular since 2007 the Chinese government hasn't changed its attitude towards climate change policy and has become one of the major drivers of low-carbon technology developments.[8]

In 2002, on the basis of an analysis of fossil fuel consumption (including especially the coal power plants[9]) and cement production data, that China surpassed the United States as the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, putting out 7,000 million tonnes, in comparison with America's 5,800 million.[10]

According to data from the US Energy Information Administration China was the top emitter by fossil fuels CO2 in 2009 China: 7,710 million tonnes (mt) (25.4%) ahead of US: 5,420 mt (17.8%), India: 5.3%, Russia: 5.2% and Japan: 3.6%.[11]

China was also the top emitter of all greenhouse gas emissions including building and deforestation in 2005: China: 7,220 mt (16.4%), US: 6,930 mt (15.7%), 3. Brazil 6.5%, 4. Indonesia: 4.6%, 5. Russia 4.6%, 6. India 4.2%, 7. Japan 3.1%, 8. Germany 2.3%, 9. Canada 1.8%, and 10. Mexico 1.6%.[11]

In the cumulative emissions between 1851 and 2007 the top emitters were: 1. US 28.8% 2. China: 9.0%, 3. Russia 8.0%, 4. Germany 6.9%, 5. UK 5.8%, 6. Japan 3.9%, 7. France 2.8%, 8. India 2.4%, 9. Canada 2.2% and 10. Ukraine 2.2%.[11]

According to BBC News, in September 2014, China surpassed the European Union's per capita carbon emissions for the first time in history. China's per capita carbon emissions now stand at 7.2 t/capita.[12] China's carbon emissions have increased rapidly since its economic boom in the early 2000s. Since then, their per capita carbon emissions have increased by more than 2.5 times.[13]

After -

China ratified the Kyoto Protocol as a non-Annex B party without binding targets, and ratified the Paris Agreement to fight climate change[14]. As the world's largest coal producer and consumer country, China experienced a decrease in coal consumption since 2011 to 2016[4]. However, China, the United States and India, the three biggest coal users, have increased coal mining in 2017.[15] The Chinese government has implemented strong policies to control coal consumption, and boosted the usage of natural gas and electricity. Looking ahead, the construction and manufacturing industries of China will give way to the service industry, and the Chinese government will not set a higher goal for economic growth in 2018, thus the coal consumption may not experience continuous growth in the next few years.[16]

The annual CO2 emissions of China was 10150.82 million tonnes in 2016, followed by the United States (5311.69 million tonnes) and India (2430.8 million tonnes). The CO2 emissions per capita of China was 7.36 tonnes in 2016, ranked third in the world (United States and Japan ranked first and second). [17] The energy structure and human activities caused global warming and climate change, and China suffered from negative effects in agriculture, forest, water resource etc.

China has enacted policies to constrain coal consumption. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of China set goals and committed to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 in the latest, and increase the use of non-fossil energy carriers, taking up 20% of the total primary energy supply.[18] If China successfully reached NDC's targets, the GHG emissions level would be 12.8–14.3 GtCO2e in 2030, reducing 64% to 70% of emission intensity below 2005 levels. China has surpassed solar deployment and wind energy deployment targets for 2020.[19]

(Peer Review Ends Here)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The paragraphs below is the revised article of climate change in China.

China ratified the Kyoto Protocol as a non-Annex B party without binding targets, and ratified the Paris Agreement to fight climate change[14]. As the world's largest coal producer and consumer country, China worked hard to change energy structure and experienced a decrease in coal consumption since 2013 to 2016.[16] However, China, the United States and India, the three biggest coal users, have increased coal mining in 2017.[15] The Chinese government has implemented strong policies to control coal consumption, and boosted the usage of natural gas and electricity. Looking ahead, the construction and manufacturing industries of China will give way to the service industry, and the Chinese government will not set a higher goal for economic growth in 2018, thus the coal consumption may not experience continuous growth in the next few years.[16]

The annual CO2 emissions of China was 10150.82 million tonnes in 2016, followed by the United States (5311.69 million tonnes) and India (2430.8 million tonnes). The CO2 emissions per capita of China was 7.36 tonnes in 2016, ranked third in the world (United States and Japan ranked first and second). [17] The energy structure and human activities caused global warming and climate change, and China suffered from negative effects in agriculture, forest, water resource etc.

China is implementing significant policies to mitigate the bad effects of climate change, most of which are aiming to constrain coal consumption. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of China set goals and committed to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 in the latest, and increase the use of non-fossil energy carriers, taking up 20% of the total primary energy supply.[18] If China successfully reached NDC's targets, the GHG emissions level would be 12.8–14.3 GtCO2e in 2030, reducing 64% to 70% of emission intensity below 2005 levels. China has surpassed solar deployment and wind energy deployment targets for 2020.[19]

Current Situation

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China observed an ground average temperature increase of 0.24℃/decade from 1951 to 2017, exceeding the global ground average temperature increase rate. The average precipitation of China was 641.3 mm in 2017, 1.8% more than average precipitation of previous years. The sea level rise was 3.3mm/year from 1980 to 2017. There was an annual increase in concentrations of carbon dioxide from 1990 to 2016. The annual mean concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in the Wanliguan Station were 404.4 ppm, 1907 ppb and 329.7 ppb separately in 2016, slightly higher than the global mean concentration in 2016.[1]

Energy Consumption

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See also: Coal power in China

China experienced an electricity increase in 2017 as the economy accelerate[20].According to the Climate Data Explorer published by World Resources Institute, China, European Union and the USA took up more than 50% of the global green house gas emissions[21]. The energy industry has been the biggest contributor to green house gases emissions since the last decade[21].

According to the 2016 Chinese Statistical Yearbook published by China's National Bureau of Statistics, China's energy consumption was 430,000 (10,000 tons of SCE), including 64% coal, 18.1% crude oil, 5.9% of natural gas, and 12.0% primary electricity and other energy in 2016. The percentage of coal has decreased since 2011, and the percentage of crude oil, natural gas and primary electricity and other energy have increased since 2011[22].

Public Investigation

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According to the Investigation of Chinese public towards climate change, 94% interviewees agreed on carry out the Paris agreement, 96.8% interviewees supported international cooperation towards global climate change, and more than 70% interviewees were willing to purchase environmental friendly products. 98.7% interviewees agreed on carrying out climate change education at schools. The most concerned topic was the air pollution brought out by climate change. The investigation included 4025 samples.[23]

The investigation showed that Chinese citizens agreed that they were experiencing climate change, which was caused by human activities[24].

Effects of climate change

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China

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China can suffer some of the effects of global warming, including sea level rise, glacier retreat and air pollution.

The implications of climate change impose serious setbacks on global health and will hinder the economic development of various regions worldwide impacting countries on more than just the basic environmental scale. As in the case of China, we will see the effects on a social and economic level.

China’s first National Assessment of Global Climate Change, released recently by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), states that China already suffers from the environmental impacts of climate change: increase of surface and ocean temperature, rise of sea level.[25] Qin Dahe,former head of China’s Meteorological Administration, has said that the temperatures in the Tibetan Plateau of China are rising four times faster than anywhere else.[26] Rising sea level is an alarming trend because China has a very long and densely populated coastline, with some of the most economically developed cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou situated there. Chinese research has estimated that a one-meter rise in sea level would inundate 92,000 square kilometres of China’s coast, thereby displacing 67 million.[27]

There has also been an increased occurrence of climate-related disasters such as drought and flood and the amplitude is growing. They have grave consequences for productivity when they occur, and also create serious repercussions for natural environment and infrastructure. This threatens the lives of billions and aggravates poverty.

Furthermore, climate change will worsen the uneven distribution of water resources in China. Outstanding rises in temperature would exacerbate evapo-transpiration intensifying the risk of water shortage for agricultural production in the North. While because of the southern region’s over abundance in rainfall, most of its water is lost due to flooding. As the Chinese government faces challenges managing its expanding population, an increased demand for water to support the nation’s economic activity and people will burden the government. In essence, a water shortage is indeed a large concern for the country.[27]

Lastly, climate change could endanger human health by increasing outbreaks of disease and their transmission. After floods, for example, infectious diseases such as diarrhea, cholera are all far more prevalent. These effects would exacerbate the degradation of the ecologically fragile areas in which poor communities are concentrated pushing thousands back into poverty.[28]

Agriculture

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The negative effects on China's agriculture caused by climate change have appeared. There was an increase in agricultural production instability, a severe damage caused by high temperature and drought, lower production and quality in prairie. In the near future, the climate change may cause negative influences, causing a reduction of output in wheat, rice and corn, and change agricultural distribution of production.[29]

Forest and Other Natural Ecosystems

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Climate change increases forest belt limits and frequencies of pests and diseases, decreases frozen earth areas, and threatens to decrease glacial areas in the northwest China. The vulnerability of ecosystems may increase due to future climate change.[30]

Water Resource and Costal Zone

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Climate change decreased total water resources in the north China while increased total water resources in the south China. There were more floods, drought and extreme climates. There may be a big impact in the spacial and temporal distribution in China's water resources, increasing extreme weathers and natural disasters. Climate change caused the increase of the sea level, and threatened to impair the functions of the harbors.[31]

Diseases

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Some regions in China will be exposed to a 50 percent higher malaria transmission probability rate (Béguin et al., 2011).[32]

Conclusion of IPCC

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According to IPCC (2007) from 1900 to 2005 precipitation has declined in parts of southern Asia. By the 2050s freshwater availability including large river basins is projected to decrease in Asian regions. Coastal areas, specially the delta areas in Asia are projected to have increased flooding risk. Floods and droughts are expected to increase health concerns: diseases and mortality.[33]

Climate change mitigation measures

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The People's Republic of China is an active participant in the climate change talks and other multilateral environmental negotiations, and claims to take environmental challenges seriously but is pushing for the developed world to help developing countries to a greater extent. It is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, although China is not required to reduce its carbon emissions under the terms of the present agreement.[citation needed]

China issued its first Climate Change Program in 2007, in response to its surpassing of the United States as the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in the world.[34] The Chinese national carbon trading scheme was later announced in November 2008 by the national government to enforce a compulsory carbon emission trading scheme across the country's provinces as part of its strategy to create a "low carbon civilisation".[35] The scheme would allow provinces to earn money by investing in carbon capture systems in those regions that fail to invest in the technology.[36]

In 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao promised to use an "iron hand" to make China more energy efficient. China has surpassed the rest of the world as the biggest investor in wind turbines and other renewable energy technology. And it has dictated tough new energy standards for lighting and gas kilometrage for cars.[37] With $34.6 billion invested in clean technology in 2009, China is the world's leading investor in renewable energy technologies.[38][39] China produces more wind turbines and solar panels each year than any other country.[40]

Coal is predicted to remain the most important power source in the near future but China has been seen as the world leader in clean coal technology.[41][42][43]

Nuclear power is planned to be rapidly expanded. By mid-century fast neutron reactors are seen as the main nuclear power technology which allows much more efficient use of fuel resources.[44]

China should push electric cars to curb its dependence on imported petroleum (oil) and foreign automobile technology, although they offer smaller cuts in carbon emissions than alternatives like hybrid electric vehicles, consulting firm McKinsey & Co says.[45]

A 2011 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report predicted that Chinese CO2 emissions will peak around 2030. This because in many areas such as infrastructure, housing, commercial building, appliances per household, fertilizers, and cement production a maximum intensity will be reached and replacement will take the place of new demand. The 2030 emissions peak also became China's pledge at the Paris COP21 summit. Carbon emission intensity may decrease as policies become strengthened and more effectively implemented, including by more effective financial incentives, and as less carbon intensive energy supplies are deployed. In a "baseline" computer model CO2 emissions were predicted to peak in 2033; in an "Accelerated Improvement Scenario" they were predicted to peak in 2027.[46]

Policies

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Debates

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Main article: Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation

Both internationally and within the People's Republic of China, there has been an ongoing debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b 2170. "《中国气候变化蓝皮书》：年平均气温显著上升--人民网环保频道--人民网". env.people.com.cn. Retrieved 10 April 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
  2. ^ "2017 electricity & other energy statistics | China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户". China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b "全球温室气体排放数据（最新版）_中国碳排放交易网". www.tanpaifang.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  4. ^ a b "China Statistical Yearbook-2016". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  5. ^ "中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告" (PDF). 中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告. November 2017.
  6. ^ "2017年中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知状况调研报告发布". www.sohu.com. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  7. ^ a b c "Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute". waterschool.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  8. ^ Gippner, Olivia (2014) Framing it right: China-EU relations and patterns of interaction on climate change Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies, 2 (1). ISSN 2345-7481
  9. ^ Coal power plants in China Map +oil use. Platts.com (1999-02-22). Retrieved on 22 September 2002.
  10. ^ "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position". Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 19 June 2007.
  11. ^ a b c Which nations are most responsible for climate change? Guardian 21 April 2011
  12. ^ [1], BBC News 21 September 2014
  13. ^ [2], 23 September 2014,
  14. ^ a b "It Didn't Take Long for China to Fill America's Shoes on Climate Change". Time. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  15. ^ a b Daigle, Matthew Brown and Katy. "Coal on the rise in China, U.S., India after major 2016 drop". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  16. ^ a b c Lu, Qi Ye and Jiaqi (22 January 2018). "China's coal consumption has peaked". Brookings. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  17. ^ a b "CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  18. ^ a b "What is an INDC? | World Resources Institute". www.wri.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  19. ^ a b Tracker, Climate Action. "China - Climate Action Tracker". climateactiontracker.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  20. ^ "2017 electricity & other energy statistics | China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户". China Energy Portal | 中国能源门户. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  21. ^ a b "全球温室气体排放数据（最新版）_中国碳排放交易网". www.tanpaifang.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  22. ^ "China Statistical Yearbook-2016". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  23. ^ "中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告" (PDF). 中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知情况调研报告. November 2017.
  24. ^ "2017年中国公众气候变化与气候传播认知状况调研报告发布". www.sohu.com. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  25. ^ http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/ENTR-7BDE2T?OpenDocument&nav=expand:Research%20and%20Consulting\Projects;active:Research%20and%20Consulting\Projects\ENTR-7BDE2T[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ The Indus Equation Report, Strategic Foresight Group
  27. ^ a b http://stonybrook.digication.com/egimenez/Case_Study_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_China
  28. ^ http://www.oxfam.org.hk/en/climatepoverty.aspx
  29. ^ "Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute". waterschool.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute". waterschool.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  31. ^ "Climate Change in China | Shangri-la Institute". waterschool.cn. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  32. ^ Why a 4 degree centrigrade warmer world must be avoided November 2012 World Bank
  33. ^ IPCC Working group III fourth assessment report, Summary for Policymakers 2007
  34. ^ Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). "China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences". The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  35. ^ Climate Ark:China outlines plans for domestic carbon trading
  36. ^ businessgreen.com: China outlines plans for domestic carbon trading
  37. ^ Bradsher, Keith (4 July 2010). "China Fears Warming Effects of Consumer Wants". The New York Times.
  38. ^ China Leads Major Countries With $34.6 Billion Invested in Clean Technology
  39. ^ China steams ahead on clean energy
  40. ^ Bradsher, Keith, 30 January 2010, China leads global race to make clean energy, New York Times
  41. ^ JAMES FALLOWS, Dirty Coal, Clean Future, DECEMBER 2010 ATLANTIC MAGAZINE, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/12/dirty-coal-clean-future/8307/1/
  42. ^ China's coal reserves 'will make it new Middle East', says energy chief, Leo Hickman, Tuesday 8 March 2011, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/mar/08/china-coal-new-middle-east
  43. ^ KEITH BRADSHER, China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, 10 May 2009, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/asia/11coal.html
  44. ^ Nuclear Power in China, Updated March 2012, World Nuclear Association, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html
  45. ^ LexisNexis® Publisher
  46. ^ ChinaFAQs: China's Energy and Carbon Emissions Outlook to 2050, ChinaFAQs on 12 May 2011, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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