User:Ansaarmohamed/sandbox
Natural predators are predators from the prey’s natural range. The natural predators of adult turtles are the smooth-coated otter and the tiger, while natural predator of eggs are monitor lizards, crows, snakes, eagles, and wild pigs.[1] Non-natural predators of adults and eggs are humans.[2] Amyda cartilaginea can be infected through many freshwater organisms and have died. Known species parasitic to Amyda cartilaginea are bacteria: Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas veronii, fungus: Saprolegnia and ectoparasitic worm: Pseudocalceostoma.[3] Larger organisms are leeches and nematodes species: Monhysterides jambiensis and Spiroxys sumatraensis.[4]
Ansaar,
I think this is a challenging topic but you seem to have developed useful information and gave a good understanding of the topic. Have you read any more information on non-natural predators? Maybe you could add more information about that and also what natural predators and non-natural predators mean. I don't think your topic is going to be lengthy, but I would say a few more sentences on defining what those mean.
~~~Brandi
The natural predators of adult turtles are the smooth-coated otter and the tiger, while natural predator of eggs are monitor lizards, crows, snakes, eagles, and wild pigs. Non-natural predators of adults and eggs are humans. Amyda cartilaginea can be infected through many freshwater organisms and have died. Known species parasitic to Amyda cartilaginea are bacteria: Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas veronii, fungus: Saprolegnia and ectoparasitic worm: Pseudocalceostoma. Larger organisms are leeches and nematodes species: Monhysterides jambiensis and Spiroxys sumatraensis.
1) Purwaningsih, E., and Mumpuni. 2015. Parasitic nematodes from turtles: New species and new record from Indonesia. J. Coastal Life Medicine 3(8):607-611.
- Fresh water nematodes Monhysterides jambiensis and Spiroxys sumatraensis found in the intestines of amyda cartilaginea in Jambi, Sumatera
2) http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Amyda_cartilaginea/
- Humans a main adult predator
- Eggs preyed on by natural predators and some humans.
3) http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/amyda-cartilaginea-092/
- Asian food trade
- popular food item
- Natural adult predators are smooth otter and tiger
- Natural egg predator are monitor lizards, crows, snakes, eagles, and wild pigs
4) http://jinh.fmipa.unand.ac.id/index.php/jinh/article/view/23/21
- Hundreds of amyda cartilaginea died due to infection
- Saprolegnia sp. fungus
- Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas veronii bacteria
- Infested by leeches (2008)
- infested by the ectoparasite worm, Pseudocalceostoma sp. (2000)
5) http://www.arkive.org/southeast-asian-soft-terrapin/amyda-cartilaginea/
- eggs and hatchlings preyed on by monitor lizards (Varanus species), crows (Corvus species), and serpent eagles (Spilornis cheela)
6) http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/61540
- 2010 mass deaths in holding pond due to bacteria outbreak
- Turtles hunted via baited hooks or muddling
- Muddling during the dry season yields more.
- source of protein
- commercial trade
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- ^ "Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". www.iucn-tftsg.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ "Amyda cartilaginea (Black-rayed Soft-shelled Turtle, Asiatic Softshell Turtle)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
- ^ Kusrini, Mirza (2014). "Asiatic Soft-shell Turtle Amyda cartilaginea in Indonesia". Journal of Indonesia Natural History.
- ^ Purwaningsih, Endang; Biology-LIPI, Zoological Division of Research Centre on; Building, Widyasatwaloka; 46, Jl Raya Bogor Km; 16911, Cibinong; Indonesia; Mumpuni. "Parasitic nematodes from turtles: New species and new record from Indonesia" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Life Medicine. 3 (8): 607–611. doi:10.12980/jclm.3.2015j5-36.
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