User:Abcquantumle/Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania/Bibliography

Bibliography

This book was published by Addis Ababa University, a reliable source that laid the groundwork for understanding reforms, frameworks, and policies of Tanzania's Water and Sanitation sector. It goes in-depth on the topic and is noble, establishing the compound challenges that different groups, events, and individuals change over time to meet the need for water and sanitation efforts. It is also a verifiable source that adds chronologically to Tanzania's specifics to the country and impacts on water and sanitation.

In the article “Water as a Human Right, water as a Commodity,” author Imad Ibrahim disputes when debating water as a human right or commodity with inquiries: What lessons are there to ensure water access, and what principles between water as a human right or commodity could be relied upon?  First, lessons learned from the negative consequences of commodifying water exclude the State's social responsibility. Multinational corporations maximize profit by monopolizing water in the private sector, increasing inefficiency of access, deterioration, and contamination, leading to health issues, protests, and violence. However, consistent breaches and lack of enforcement persist worldwide. While the unique nature of water and its values cannot be “quantified monetarily,” it's the “second most-valued resource as humans can only survive for a few days without it.”

Grönwall and Danert report that 2.5 billion individuals rely on groundwater as their prominent water source. However, the interface of human rights laws between state actors' obligations and responsibilities to provide water is undermined. While end-users resort to drilling boreholes by self-provision, deemed a last resort, accessing water has become the norm. Domestic needs and agriculture challenges are the residual continuum of pipe water systems arranged by sub-suppliers. The rapid expansion of cities and rural and remote villages comprised of a network of marginalized and disadvantaged communities is a leading cause of the incapacity of boreholes by the Special Rapporteur.