User:Abcquantumle/Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania
This article laid the groundwork for understanding the Water and Sanitation sector the compound challenges that change over time by different groups, events, and individuals to meet the need for water and sanitation efforts in Tanzania. It adds chronologically to Tanzania's specific to the country and impacts on water and sanitation.
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History and recent developments
[edit]The history of water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is a byproduct of colonization that has shaped water inaccessibility, beginning with German and British administrative practices. From 1889 to 1914 in German East Africa, wells, sewage, and drains were constructed and only shared within German settlers' compounds in the eastern regions of Tanzania.[1] Sanitation services existed for a low fee within zones, created along racial lines, for German and Indian settlers.[1] At the same time, Tanzanians in the western region lack access to drains and sewages and were denied waste collection; they lived in poor living conditions and had inadequate sanitation facilities, such as pit latrines accompanied by boreholes.[1]
From 1918 -1961 the British, seized control of German East Africa and renamed it Tanganyika. There were no improvements in safe water access for Tanzanians even with British rule. Like the German Ordinances, the British also charged excessive fees in Dar es Salaam. [1] However, British settlers built sewage and drains in their residential area starting in the 1930s as they continued to control water and sanitation access based on race, economic, and residential zoning.[1] Spatial designs by Europeans were devised in townships that were cleared of mosquitos and segregated into three zones: British, Indians, and Native Tanzanians. Besides, Tanzanians could not afford plots, and many lived in cramped and overcrowded spaces, resulting in the spread of waterborne illnesses caused by using pit latrines and open spaces due to a lack of clean water access.[1]
Those who lived in unplanned settlements had no access to water or sanitation systems until the 1950s. Rural areas continued to self-supply water access, creating more boreholes and using pit lanterns.[2] These areas did not express public civic engagement around the lack of water infrastructure.[2]
In the 1950s the few settlements with piped water supply charged for water sold at water kiosks or through residential connections. In rural areas systems were operated and maintained by cooperatives, such as the Makonde Water Development Cooperation in the Mtwara Region of Southern Tanzania. One of the promises of the independence movement at that time was to provide water for free, a promise that was kept when Tanganyika gained independence in 1961.[3]
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[edit]The history of water supply and sanitation in Tanzania is a byproduct of colonization that has shaped water scarcity, beginning with German and British administrative practices.
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Mwesongo, Chaeka Semango; Mwakipesile, Augustino Edgar (2023-04-01). "Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 13 (4): 265–275. doi:10.2166/washdev.2023.158. ISSN 2043-9083.
- ^ a b Msami, Jamal Babu (August 2018). AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC SERVICE REFORMS: A Case Study of Civic Engagement in Water and Sanitation in Tanzania (PDF) (1 ed.). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA) (published 2018). pp. 59–56. ISBN 9789994455997.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Damas A. Mashauri and Tapio S. Katko: Water Supply Development and Tariffs in Tanzania:From Free Water Policy Towards Cost Recovery, Environmental Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 31-39
This paper will provide the underpinnings for comprehending the compound challenges that change over time and the frameworks to meet water and sanitation needs in Tanzania.