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A Cynical Idealist/sandbox5
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous
~126 Ma - Late Barremian
↓
The holotype on display in the Geological Museum of China
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: †Ornithomimosauria
Clade: †Macrocheiriformes
Genus: †Shenzhousaurus
Ji et al., 2003
Type species
†Shenzhousaurus orientalis
Ji et al., 2003

Shenzhousaurus (/ˌʃenˈd͡ʒouˈsɔːrəs/; meaning "lizard from the Divine Land", after an ancient name for China) is an extinct genus of ornithomimosaurian theropod dinosaur that was discovered in the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China. The genus contains a single species, the type species S. orientalis, named after the Latin word for "eastern". There is only one specimen of the genus, which preserves most of the body, the head, the tail, one hand, and parts of the legs.[1]

Discovery

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An outcropping of the Lujiatun Beds near Beipiao on a map of China

Shenzhousaurus was discovered by Chinese farmers at a locality called Sihetun, which is near Beipiao in western Liaoning Province in China. It was the first ornithomimosaur to be recovered from the Yixian Formation. When the specimen was excavated, it was accidentally broken, and the block containing the skeleton was split in half. This destroyed several of the bones, including those of the head, which are crushed.[1]

During preparation, the two blocks were rejoined and then the matrix surrounding the specimen was removed. The skeleton is relatively complete, however most of the forelimbs are missing along with the pectoral girdle and the very end of the tail. The parts of the specimen which are preserved are fully articulated, and the skeleton is positioned in the theropod death pose.[1]

Shenzhousaurus was formally described in 2003 in the American Museum Novitates (the in-house publication for the American Museum of Natural History) by Qiang Ji, Mark Norell, Peter Makovicky, Ke-Qin Gao, Shu'An Ji, Chongxi Yuan. It was notable among ornithomimosaurs at the time because of the presence of teeth in the jaws, when most ornithomimosaurs known from the time were edentulous.[1]

The holotype, and only specimen, of Shenzhousaurus was given the designation NGMC 97-4-002 and is on display in the Geological Museum of China in Beijing.[1]

Description

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A diagram of the known skeletal remains of Shenzhousaurus

Shenzhousaurus was a relatively small ornithomimosaur comparable in size to other small coelurosaurs like Caudipteryx, Sinornithosaurus, and Huaxiagnathus. The authors of its description found that the skull of the holotype was 185 millimetres (7.3 in) long, the femur was 191 millimetres (7.5 in), and the preserved elements of the vertebral column (7th pre-sacral to the 14th caudal) was 658 millimetres (2.159 ft) in length. However, due to the incompleteness of the skeleton, Ji and colleagues did not provide an estimate of the animal's full size.[1] Gregory S. Paul estimated that the adult size of Shenzhousaurus was around 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) long and 10 kilograms (22 lb).[2] Rubén Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi gave a roughly similar estimate of 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) long and 12 kilograms (26 lb)[3]

The holotype of Shenzhousaurus consists of a partial skull, a left mandible, six teeth, seven dorsal vertebrae, a complete pelvis including the sacrum, a femur, fourteen caudal vertebrae and associated chevrons, one metacarpal, five phalanges from the hands, and four manual unguals. From the parts preserved, Ji and colleagues were able to distinguish Shenzhousaurus from all other ornithomimosaurs by the following combination of traits: the posterior half of the dentary is edentulous, the ischium is straight rather than curved, the post-acetabular process is curved and non-truncated, and the first digit of the hand is shorter than the other two digits. Several of these traits are not truly autapomorphic and are present in the related genera Harpymimus and Pelecanimimus. However, the combination of these primitive features in Shenzhousaurus appears to be novel. Both the skull not the postcranial skeleton have yet to receive a comprehensive osteology, with the only published information on the specimen being found in the preliminary description.[1]

Skull

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The holotype skull of Shenzhousaurus was significantly deformed post-mortem, and some of the skull is still obscured by the rock matrix from which it has not fully been removed. Most of the known skull elements are from the left side of the head, which is fully exposed from the rock. The bones preserved in the skull include the left premaxilla, maxilla, pterygoid, lacrimal, dentary, surangular, angular, jugal, squamosal, both nasals, both parietals, part of the right postorbital, parts of both palatines, parts of the left ectopterygoid, and the right frontal. Several severely deformed bones in the posterior portion of the skull have also been tentatively identified as the laterosphenoid and prootic, both making up part of the braincase.[1]

Postcranial skeleton

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Ichnofossils

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Classification

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Life reconstruction of Shenzhousaurus
Harpymimus, a related genus, restored with speculative pennaceous feathers
  • Analyses: Deinocheirus,[4] Cau 2024,[5]
  • Clade names: Macrocheiriformes,[6] Ornithomimoidea[7]
Maniraptoriformes

Similar or identical results to Lee and colleagues were found in a prior analysis of ornithomimosuar phylogeny by Xu and colleagues in 2011, although this analysis did not include data on Deinocheirus.[8] Subsequent analyses have also recovered this result including those of Brusatte and colleagues in 2014,[9] Hattori and colleagues in 2023,[10] and Samathi in 2024.[11]

Maniraptoriformes

Paleobiology

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Integument

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Distribution of feathers in dinosaurs

Pneumaticity

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A diagram of pneumatic structures in the fossil of Shenzhousaurus

Locomotion

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The metatarsals of several other ornithomimosaurs

Paleoecology

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Diet

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  • Gastroliths[16]
  • Feeding ecology of herbivorous theropods[17]

Predators

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A possible fossilized attempt at predation; the ornithischian Psittacosaurus fighting the eutriconodont Repenomamus

Paleoenvironment

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Contemporary fauna

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See also: Jehol biota and Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation
A figure taken from a study on the diversity of the Lujiutan Member

Lujiatun Bed

  • Herbivores: cf. Euhelopus, Liaoceratops, Psittacosaurus, Changmiania, Jeholosaurus
  • Maniraptorans: Liaoningornis, Graciliraptor, Incisivosaurus, Daliansaurus, Mei, Sinovenator, Sinusonasus
  • Pterosaurs: Moganopterus
  • Mammals: Acristatherium, Gobiconodon, Juchilestes, Maotherium, Meemannodon, Repenomamus

See also

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Source gathering

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[edit]
  • Psittacosaurus bonebed
    Psittacosaurus bonebed
  • Environmental reconstruction
    Environmental reconstruction
  • Psittacosaurus and turtle
    Psittacosaurus and turtle
  • Hyphalosaurus
    Hyphalosaurus
  • Specimen with quill knobs
    Specimen with quill knobs

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Ji, Qiang; Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Gao, KE-QIN; Ji, SHU'AN; Yuan, Chongxi (2003). "An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny". American Museum Novitates (3420): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)420<0001:AEODAI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
  2. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2024). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (Third Edition). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691231570.
  3. ^ Molina-Pérez, Rubén; Larramendi, Asier (2019). Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes. Translated by Connolly, David; Ramírez Cruz, Gonzalo Ángel. Illustrated by Andrey Atuchin and Sante Mazzei. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691180311.
  4. ^ Lee, Y.N.; Barsbold, R.; Currie, P.J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.J.; Godefroit, P.; Escuillié, F.O.; Chinzorig, T. (2014). "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus". Nature. 515 (7526): 257–260. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..257L. doi:10.1038/nature13874. PMID 25337880. S2CID 2986017.
  5. ^ Cau A. (2024). A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 63(1): 1-19.
  6. ^ Cuesta E, Vidal D, Ortega F, Shibata M, Sanz JL (2021). "Pelecanimimus (Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) postcranial anatomy and the evolution of the specialized manus in Ornithomimosaurs and sternum in maniraptoriforms". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (2): 553–591. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab013.
  7. ^ Sereno, P. (2017). "Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Africa". Ameghiniana. 54 (5): 576–616. doi:10.5710/AMGH.23.10.2017.3155. S2CID 134718338.
  8. ^ Li Xu; Yoshitsugu Kobayashi; Junchang Lü; Yuong-Nam Lee; Yongqing Liu; Kohei Tanaka; Xingliao Zhang; Songhai Jia; Jiming Zhang (2011). "A new ornithomimid dinosaur with North American affinities from the Late Cretaceous Qiupa Formation in Henan Province of China". Cretaceous Research. 32 (2): 213–222. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.004.
  9. ^ Brusatte, Stephen L.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Wang, Steve C.; Norell, Mark A. (2014). "Gradual Assembly of Avian Body Plan Culminated in Rapid Rates of Evolution across the Dinosaur-Bird Transition" (PDF). Current Biology. 24 (20): 2386–2392. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.034. PMID 25264248. S2CID 8879023.
  10. ^ Hattori, S.; Shibata, M.; Kawabe, S.; Imai, T.; Nishi, H.; Azuma, Y. (2023). "New theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan provides critical implications for the early evolution of ornithomimosaurs". Scientific Reports. 13. 13842. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40804-3. PMC 10484975.
  11. ^ Samathi, Adun (2024). "Phylogenetic position of Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand". Zootaxa. 5448: 67–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5448.1.4.
  12. ^ Van Der Reest, Aaron J.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; Currie, Philip J. (2016). "A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 58: 108–117. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004.
  13. ^ Darla K. Zelenitsky; François Therrien; Gregory M. Erickson; Christopher L. DeBuhr; Yoshitsugu Kobayashi; David A. Eberth; Frank Hadfield (2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins". Science. 338 (6106): 510–514. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..510Z. doi:10.1126/science.1225376. PMID 23112330. S2CID 2057698.
  14. ^ Watanabe, Akinobu; Eugenia Leone Gold, Maria; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Choiniere, Jonah; Davidson, Amy; Norell, Mark A. (2015). "Vertebral Pneumaticity in the Ornithomimosaur Archaeornithomimus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Revealed by Computed Tomography Imaging and Reappraisal of Axial Pneumaticity in Ornithomimosauria". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145168. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045168W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145168. PMC 4684312. PMID 26682888.
  15. ^ Xing, Li-da; Harris, Jerald D.; Feng, Xiang-yang; Zhang, Zhi-jun (2009). "Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers". Geological Bulletin of China. 28 (6): 705–712.
  16. ^ Cerda, Ignacio A. (2008). "Gastroliths in an Ornithopod Dinosaur". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (2): 351–355. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0213.
  17. ^ Zanno, Lindsay E.; Makovicky, Peter J. (2011). "Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (1): 232–237. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108..232Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011924108. PMC 3017133. PMID 21173263.
  18. ^ Zhong, Yuting; Huyskens, Magdalena H; Yin, Qing-Zhu; Wang, Yaqiong; Ma, Qiang; Xu, Yi-Gang (2021-04-12). "High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of 'Dinosaur Pompeii' and the Yixian Formation". National Science Review. 8 (6): nwab063. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab063. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 8288181. PMID 34691675.
  19. ^ Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiao-Lin; Wu, Xiao-Chun (1999). "A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China". Nature. 401 (6750): 262–266. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..262X. doi:10.1038/45769.
  20. ^ L. Xing, P. R. Bell, P. J. Currie, M. Shibata, K. Tseng and Z. Dong. 2012. A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol Group, China. Lethaia 45:500-506
  21. ^ Matsukawa, Masaki; Shibata, Kenichiro; Sato, Kenta; Xing, Xu; Lockley, Martin G. (2014). "The Early Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems of the Jehol Biota based on food-web and energy-flow models". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 836–853. doi:10.1111/bij.12368.
  22. ^ Zhou, Zhonghe; Wang, Yuan (2010). "Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other lagerstätten". Science China Earth Sciences. 53 (12): 1894–1907. Bibcode:2010ScChD..53.1894Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4094-9.
  23. ^ Han, Gang; Mallon, Jordan C.; Lussier, Aaron J.; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Mitchell, Robert; Li, Ling-Ji (2023). "An extraordinary fossil captures the struggle for existence during the Mesozoic". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 11221. Bibcode:2023NatSR..1311221H. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37545-8. PMC 10354204. PMID 37464026.
  24. ^ Jin Liyong, Chen Jun and Pascal Godefroit (2012). "A New Basal Ornithomimosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Northeast China". In Godefroit, P. (ed.). Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Indiana University Press. pp. 467–487. Bibcode:2012bdec.book.....G.
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