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Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^[a]	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[1]		Election	Vice President^[3]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[4]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792	John Adams^[c]
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[6]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[8]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[9]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^[e] Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^[e] Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[11]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[12]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[f] National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[15]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^[h] Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[16]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[17]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^[e]	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[18]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[j] Unaffiliated	–	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[21]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[22]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^[e]	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[23]	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Whig	–	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[25]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e] Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[26]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[27]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^[e]	Republican National Union^[l]	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[29]	April 15, 1865^[m] – March 4, 1869	National Union^[n] Democratic	–	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[30]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^[e] Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[31]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[32]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^[e]	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[33]	September 19, 1881^[o] – March 4, 1885	Republican	–	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e] Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[36]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[37]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^[e]	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^[e] Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[38]	September 14, 1901^[p] – March 4, 1909	Republican	– 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[40]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e] Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[41]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[42]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^[e]	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[43]	August 2, 1923^[q] – March 4, 1929	Republican	– 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[45]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1949) ^[46]	March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1948	Democratic Liberal	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[47]	January 20, 1948 – January 20, 1953	Independent	1948 1952	Richard Nixon
34	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[48]	January 20, 1957 – August 9, 1959	Republican	1956	Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
34	Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.	August 9, 1959 – January 20, 1961	Republican	–	Vacant through January 20, 196
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[49]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^[e]	Liberal	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[50]	November 22, 1963^[r] – January 20, 1969	Liberal	– 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Robert F. Kennedy (1913–2005) ^[48]	January 20, 1969 – January 20, 1973	Liberal	1968 1972	William Scranton
38	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[52]	January 20, 1977 – March 30, 1981	Conservative	1976 1980	Fritz Hollings
39	Fritz Hollings (1922–2019)	March 30, 1981 – January 20, 1985	Democratic	–	Vacant through January 20, 1983 Jack Kemp
39	Lowell Weicker (1931– 2023)	January 20, 1985 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1984
40	Ross Perot (1930– 2019)	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Reform	1988 1992
41	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[53]	January 20, 1996 – January 20, 2001	New Democratic	1996	Al Gore
41		January 20, 1996 – January 20, 2001	New Democratic	1996
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[54]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Conservative	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[55]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Liberal	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[56]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Patriot	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[57]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Liberal	2020	Kamala Harris

Notes

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[5]
^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[7]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Died in office^[10]
^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[13]
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[14]
^ Resigned from office^[10]
^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[19]
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[20]
^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[24]
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[28]
^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[29]
^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[29]
^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[34]
^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[39]
^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[44]
^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[51]

References

^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
^ LOC.
^ McDonald (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ Pencak (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
^ Peterson (2000).
^ Banning (2000).
^ ^a ^b Neale (2004), p. 22.
^ Ammon (2000).
^ Hargreaves (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
^ Remini (2000).
^ Cole (2000).
^ Gutzman (2000).
^ Shade (2000).
^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
^ Rawley (2000).
^ Smith (2000).
^ Anbinder (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
^ Gara (2000).
^ Gienapp (2000).
^ McPherson (b) (2000).
^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trefousse (2000).
^ McPherson (a) (2000).
^ Hoogenboom (2000).
^ Peskin (2000).
^ Reeves (2000).
^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
^ ^a ^b Campbell (2000).
^ Spetter (2000).
^ Gould (a) (2000).
^ Harbaugh (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
^ Gould (b) (2000).
^ Ambrosius (2000).
^ Hawley (2000).
^ McCoy (2000).
^ Senate.
^ Hoff (a) (2000).
^ Brinkley (2000).
^ Hamby (2000).
^ ^a ^b Hoff (b) (2000).
^ Parmet (2000).
^ Gardner (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
^ Schaller (2004).
^ whitehouse.gov (c).
^ whitehouse.gov (d).
^ whitehouse.gov (e).
^ whitehouse.gov (f).
^ whitehouse.gov (g).

Works cited

General

Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
"Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
"Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

Expert studies

Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (4). Wiley: 627–645. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27552721.
Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought. 7: 26–56. doi:10.1086/695644. ISSN 2161-1580. S2CID 158133180 – via ResearchGate.
Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 447–458. JSTOR 4246893.
Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review. 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1243718246.
Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118, no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. ProQuest 195929787.
Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
McHugh, Jane; Mackowiak, Philip A. (2014). "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (7). Oxford University Press: 990–995. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu470. JSTOR 24032403. PMID 24962997.
McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History. 32 (2). Kent State University Press: 139–158. doi:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032. S2CID 144623179.
Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
Neale, Thomas H. (2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon. 15 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 85–92. JSTOR 41392704.
Schaller, Thomas F.; Williams, Thomas W. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 188–200. JSTOR 27552468.
Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (3). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 632–655. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x. JSTOR 27552617.
Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History. 66 (394). University of California Press: 246–275. doi:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246. JSTOR 45313079. S2CID 248394036.

Presidential biographies

Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000) [1999]. "Eisenhower, Dwight David". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2000) [1999]. "Wilson, Woodrow". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Ammon, Harry (2000) [1999]. "Monroe, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Anbinder, Tyler (2000) [1999]. "Fillmore, Millard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Banning, Lance (2000) [1999]. "Madison, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Brinkley, Alan (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Campbell, Ballard C. (2000) [1999]. "Cleveland, Grover". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Cole, Donald B. (2000) [1999]. "Van Buren, Martin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gara, Larry (2000) [1999]. "Pierce, Franklin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gardner, Lloyd (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Lyndon Baines". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gienapp, William E. (2000) [1999]. "Buchanan, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "McKinley, William". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "Taft, William Howard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
Greene, John Robert (2013). "Ford, Gerald R., Jr". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, William Henry". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000) [1999]. "Truman, Harry S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Harbaugh, William H. (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Theodore". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John Quincy". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hawley, Ellis W. (2000) [1999]. "Harding, Warren Gamaliel". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Hoover, Herbert Clark". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Nixon, Richard Milhous". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Hoogenboom, Ari (2000) [1999]. "Hayes, Rutherford Birchard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
McCoy, Donald R. (2000) [1999]. "Coolidge, Calvin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
McDonald, Forrest (2000) [1999]. "Washington, George". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Grant, Ulysses S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Lincoln, Abraham". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Parmet, Herbert S. (2000) [1999]. "Kennedy, John Fitzgerald". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Pencak, William (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Peskin, Allan (2000) [1999]. "Garfield, James Abram". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Peterson, Merrill D. (2000). "Jefferson, Thomas". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Rawley, James A. (2000) [1999]. "Polk, James Knox". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Reeves, Thomas C. (2000) [1999]. "Arthur, Chester Alan". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Remini, Robert V. (2000) [1999]. "Jackson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Schaller, Michael (2004). "Reagan, Ronald Wilson". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Shade, William G. (2000) [1999]. "Tyler, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Smith, Elbert B. (2000) [1999]. "Taylor, Zachary". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Spetter, Allan Burton (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, Benjamin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Trefousse, Hans L. (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"James Carter". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"Donald Trump". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"Joe Biden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

Online sources

Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
"Creating the United States: Formation of Political Parties". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
"President's Swearing-in Ceremony". United States Senate. Retrieved July 31, 2022.

External links

Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to List of presidents of the United States at Wikiquote

[1] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[3] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[8] Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[5]

[11] The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[7]

[diedintraterm-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Died in office^[10]

[JQAdams-19] Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[13]

[21] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[14]

[resignedintraterm-23] Resigned from office^[10]

[28] John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.^[19]

[JTyler-30] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.^[20]

[35] Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.^[24]

[ALincoln-40] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.^[28]

[42] Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.^[29]

[AJohnson-43] While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.^[29]

[49] Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.^[34]

[55] Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.^[39]

[61] Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.^[44]

[69] Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.^[51]

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-2] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-4] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-5] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-6] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-7] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-9] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-10] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-12] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-13] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-14] Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-16] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-17] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-18] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-20] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-22] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-24] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-25] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-26] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-27] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-29] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-31] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-32] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-33] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-34] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-36] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-37] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-38] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-39] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-41] Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-44] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-45] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-46] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-47] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-48] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-50] Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-51] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-52] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-53] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-54] Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-56] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-57] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-58] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-59] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-60] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-62] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-63] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-64] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-65] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-66] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-67] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005633-68] Abbott (2005), p. 633.

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-70] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-71] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-72] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-73] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-74] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-75] whitehouse.gov (g).

[a]

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[b]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[c]

[6]

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[8]

[9]

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[12]

[f]

[g]

[15]

[h]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[i]

[j]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[k]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[l]

[29]

[m]

[n]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[o]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[p]

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[q]

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[51]

v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents and presidencies	George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidency timelines	Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
Category List

v t e Chief executives of the United States
Federal	President of the United States list
State governors (current list)	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia list Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana list Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi list Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island list South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming
Territorial (current list)	American Samoa District of Columbia list Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands
Defunct	Cuba Dakota Territory Panama Canal Zone Philippine Islands (until 1935) Philippine Commonwealth (until 1946) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Santo Domingo

Presidents

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

External links