Jump to content

Ürümqi

Coordinates: 43°49′21″N 87°36′45″E / 43.82250°N 87.61250°E / 43.82250; 87.61250
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Urumchi, CH)
This article is about the capital and largest city of Xinjiang autonomous region. For the county, see Ürümqi County.

Ürümqi
乌鲁木齐市 (Chinese)
ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى (Uyghur)
Urumqi, Urumchi, Dihua, Tihwa
Prefecture-level city
Urumqi skyline
Ürümqi skyline
Urumqi's bazzar
Ürümqi Night Market in the Grand Bazaar
Hong Shan
Red Mountain (Hong Shan)
From top to bottom, left to right: A panoramic view of Ürümqi's central business district, Ürümqi Night Market in the Grand Bazaar, Red Mountain (Hong Shan), and a view of Tian Shan from Ürümqi
Map
Ürümqi City jurisdiction (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ürümqi City jurisdiction (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ürümqi is located in Xinjiang
Ürümqi
Ürümqi
Location of the city center in Xinjiang
Coordinates (Ürümqi municipal government): 43°49′21″N 87°36′45″E / 43.82250°N 87.61250°E / 43.82250; 87.61250
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
County-level divisions8
Municipal seatShuimogou District
Government
 • TypePrefecture-level city
 • BodyÜrümqi Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryZhang Zhu
 • Congress ChairmanAhmetjan Ahniyaz
 • MayorYahefu Paidula
 • CPPCC ChairmanYun Shuxia
Area
14,577 km2 (5,628 sq mi)
 • Urban
583 km2 (225 sq mi)
Elevation
860 m (2,820 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)
4,054,000
 • Estimate 
(2020)[1]
4,054,000
 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Major ethnic groups
GDP[2]
 • Prefecture-level cityCN¥ 389.3 billion
US$ 57.9 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 95,511
US$ 14,200
Time zoneDe jure: China Standard (UTC+08:00)
De facto: Both China Standard (UTC+08:00) and Ürümqi Time (UTC+06:00)
Postal code
830000
Area code991
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-01
License plate prefixes新A
Websitewww.urumqi.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Ürümqi
"Ürümqi" in Simplified Chinese (top), Traditional Chinese (middle) and Uyghur Arabic (bottom) scripts
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese乌鲁木齐
Traditional Chinese烏魯木齊
Hanyu PinyinWūlǔmùqí
PostalUrumtsi
Literal meaning(from Oirat) "beautiful pasture"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWūlǔmùqí
Bopomofoㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ
Wade–GilesWu1-lu3-mu4-ch'i2
IPA[ú.lù.mû.tɕʰǐ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationWūlóuhmuhkchàih
JyutpingWu1 lou5 muk6 cai4
IPA[wu˥.lɔw˩˧.mʊk̚˨.tsʰɐj˩]
Abbreviation
Simplified Chinese乌市
Traditional Chinese烏市
Hanyu PinyinWūshì
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWūshì
Bopomofoㄨ ㄕˋ
Wade–GilesWu1-shih4
IPA[ú.ʂɻ̩̂]
Former name
Chinese迪化
Hanyu PinyinDíhuà
PostalTihwa
Literal meaningto enlighten and civilize
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDíhuà
Bopomofoㄉㄧˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Wade–GilesTi2-hua4
IPA[tǐ.xwâ]
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicӨрөмч
Mongolian scriptᠥᠷᠥᠮᠴᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghurئۈرۈمچى‎‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiÜrümchi
Yengi YeziⱪÜrümqi
SASM/GNCÜrümqi
Siril YëziqiҮрүмчи
Uyghur IPA[ʏrʏmˈtʃi]
Kazakh name
Kazakh
  • ٷرىمجى
  • Ürimji
  • Үрімжі
Kyrgyz name
Kyrgyz
  • ۉرۉمچۉ
  • Үрүмчү
  • Ürümçü
This article contains Uyghur text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Uyghur script.

Ürümqi[a] is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwestern China.[5] With a census population of 4 million in 2020, Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China's northwestern interior after Xi'an, as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population. Ürümqi has seen significant economic development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural, political and commercial center.

Ürümqi is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[6] The city is also home to Xinjiang University, a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Xinjiang, under the Project 211[7] and the Double First-Class Construction.[8]

Etymology

[edit]

The name "Ürümqi" comes from the Mongolic Oirat language and means "beautiful pasture" (Oirat: Үрмч, romanized: Ürmç, [yrəmˈt͡ʃə]).[9] It was originally the name of a small town founded by the Oirat-speaking Dzungars, a Mongolic ethnic group.[10]

The Qing dynasty took Ürümqi by force in 1755, during its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate.[11] Qing forces expanded the town into a walled city from 1763 to 1767.[10] Upon completing the expansion, the Qing renamed the city Dihua (Chinese: 迪化; previously romanized as "Tihwa"), which means "to enlighten and civilize".[12][13] Believing the name "Dihua" to be belittling and ethnically chauvinist, the Chinese Communist Party restored the name "Ürümqi" on 1 February 1954.[9]

History

[edit]

Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, the present city is relatively new. The earliest known settlement in the area can be dated to the 7th century CE, but there was no permanent settlement for a long period and it was not known as Ürümqi until the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century.[citation needed] The current city dates from the rebuilding started in the 18th century.

Early period

[edit]

During prehistory, the site of the future Ürümqi was occupied by a nomadic people known in Chinese accounts as the Jushi, who lived mainly on the northern slopes of the surrounding Tianshan Mountains. The Jushi are often regarded as likely precursors of the Tocharian peoples, who later established city states in the Tarim Basin, south of the present site of Ürümqi.

The oldest known settlement, a town called Urabo (Chinese: Wulabo), was located about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the southern suburbs of the present-day Ürümqi.[citation needed]

Han Chinese states, located to the east, exerted increasing control of the Tarim Basin. Under the name Luntai, the city was founded by the Tang government, in 648 CE, the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign, as part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West.[14] It was a seat of local government and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.[14]

After the Tang retreated from the Western Regions, the region came under the control of the Uyghurs of the Khaganate and Gaochang/Qocho. There is little information about the Ürümqi area during the time between the Tang and Qing dynasties, and researchers believe that there were no permanent settlements there for most of this period. The Mongols referred to the wider area as Bishbalik, meaning five cities, a reference to the five towns that surrounded the present-day Ürümqi area.[10]

Dzungar period

[edit]

The Oirat-speaking Dzungar tribes that formed the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Ürümqi before the Manchus gained control of Xinjiang. During the Ming dynasty, there was a record of a place at Jiujiawan 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to the west of present Ürümqi, which may have been the Dzungar town that was later destroyed during the Qing conquest. The Mongolians also used the area as herding ground in this period.[10] Steppe peoples had used the location, the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west, connecting the Dzungar Basin to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south.

Ürümqi remained a small town of lesser importance than the oasis and Silk Road trade center Turpan 200 km (120 mi) to the southeast. Fighting for the control of Dzungaria led to the Khoshuuts (now classified as Mongols) leaving Ürümqi for Qinghai and Tibet in the 1620s and 1630s.[15] The Uyghurs were introduced into the Ürümqi area in the 18th century by the Dzungars who moved them from the west Tarim region to be taranchis or farmers in Ürümqi.[16]

Qing rule

[edit]

In the 18th century, the Qing went to war against the Dzungar Khanate. Ürümqi was taken by the Qing in 1755, and the Dzungars of the region were eliminated in the Dzungar genocide. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for a thousand li, with no trace of man". A fort was built (either in 1755 or 1758 depending on sources), and the Qing then established garrisons of Manchu and Mongol bannermen and Han Chinese troops at Ürümqi.[11] After 1759, the Qing government established state farms in the under-populated areas around Ürümqi, where there was fertile, well-watered land.[17] Manchu soldiers also constructed a temple with red walls dedicated to Guandi on Pingding mountain overlooking Ürümqi, which gave Ürümqi the nickname "Red Temple".[10]

The Manchus began to construct a walled city in 1763 to the south of the first fort, and it was completed in 1767.[10] The Qianlong Emperor named the new settlement "Dihua" (Chinese: 迪化; pinyin: Díhuà; Manchu: Wen de dahabure fu), meaning "to enlighten and civilize".[12][13] In 1771, another city named Gongning Cheng (鞏寧城) was built nearby to the northwest to house Manchu bannermen, and this would become the seat of government.[10] The bannermen settlement to the west was commonly referred to as "Mancheng" (滿城; 'Manchu City'), while Dihua to the east became a Han Chinese town commonly called "Hancheng" (漢城; 'Han City').[18] The Ürümqi of the early period was therefore a twin-city, with Gongning Cheng forming the administrative center while Dihua grew into Xinjiang's commercial and financial center.[19]

Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua, as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi.[20] The origin of Hui in Ürümqi is often indicated by the names of their mosques.[21] By 1762, more than 500 shops had already been opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi.[citation needed] Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China. The writer Ji Yun compared Dihua to Beijing, in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance.[22]

In 1870, the Battle of Ürümqi took place between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming (Daud Khalifa). With the help of Xu Xuegong's Han Chinese militia, Yaqub Beg's forces defeated the Dungans.[23][24][25][26] Gongning Cheng was captured, its Qing administrator killed, and the city burnt to the ground and abandoned.[27] The Qing later regained control of Ürümqi. In 1884, the Guangxu Emperor established Xinjiang as a province, with Dihua as its capital.[28]

Republican era

[edit]

After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Xinjiang was ruled from Ürümqi by a succession of warlords: Yang Zengxin (1911–1928), Jin Shuren (1928–1933), Sheng Shicai (1933–1942), and Zhang Zhizhong (1942–1949) as governor of Xinjiang. Of these, Yang and Sheng were considered capable rulers.[29]

During the Kumul Rebellion, the First Battle of Ürümqi and the Second Battle of Ürümqi took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying's 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai's provincial forces. At the second battle, Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan.

People's Republic era

[edit]

On 1 February 1954, following the founding of the People's Republic of China, the city's name was officially changed back to Ürümqi. The ruling Chinese Communist Party believed that the name "Dihua", which literally means "to enlighten and civilize", was belittling and ethnically chauvinist.[9]

Ürümqi became the de facto political and economic capital of Xinjiang in 1962, following protests against Chinese rule in the previous capital Yining (Ghulja). In what came to be known as the Yi–Ta incident, 60,000 Chinese citizens left Yining and Tacheng for the Soviet Union, prompting the Chinese government to move its administrative buildings and industrial focus from Yining to Ürümqi. The Chinese government also began construction on a railway connecting Ürümqi to China proper in the east. As a result, Xinjiang was culturally and economically reoriented away from Central Asia and toward China proper.[30]

In the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping relaxed China's tight control over Xinjiang, and Ürümqi benefited from the development of the oil and gas industry in Xinjiang.[31]

New mosques were built in Ürümqi with financial assistance from the Chinese government.[32] While the Chinese government implemented strict rules on religion in southern Xinjiang, the treatment of the Uyghurs and their religion in Ürümqi were more lax and permissive.[33]

In May 1989, unrest in Ürümqi resulted in 150 injuries. In February 1997, bombings in Ürümqi following the Ghulja incident resulted in 20 deaths and scores of injuries.[34]

July 2009 riots and subsequent unrest

[edit]
See also: July 2009 Ürümqi riots and September 2009 Xinjiang unrest

In the largest eruption of ethnic violence in China in decades, there were riots in July 2009 between ethnic Han Chinese and Uyghurs. The New York Times reporter covering the riot described the violence as "clashes with riot police and Uyghurs rampaging through the city and killing Han civilians. Then, for at least three days, bands of Han vigilantes roamed Urumqi, attacking and killing Uyghurs."[35] Before the riot broke out, young Uyghurs had marched through the city "to protest a case of judicial discrimination".[35] According to official figures, most of the 197 killed in the riot were Han, a statement which New York Times reporter Edward Wong says is disputed by Uyghurs.[35][36]

Geography

[edit]

The largest city in western China, Ürümqi has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the most remote city from any sea in the world. It is about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from the nearest coastline as Ürümqi is the closest major city to the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility, although Karamay and Altay, both in Xinjiang, are closer.[37] The city has an administrative area of 10,989 square kilometres (4,243 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft).

The location 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.[38]

Water supply

[edit]

Although surrounded by deserts (the Gurbantünggüt in the north and the Taklamakan in the south), the Ürümqi area is naturally watered by a number of small rivers flowing from the snow-capped Tian Shan mountains: the main range of the Tian Shan in south of the city (Ürümqi County), and the Bogda Shan east of the city (Dabancheng District).[39]

There are 20,000 glaciers in Xinjiang – nearly half of all the glaciers in China. Since the 1950s, Xinjiang's glaciers have retreated by between 21 percent to 27 percent due to global warming. Tianshan Glacier No. 1 (一号冰川), origin of Ürümqi River, is the largest glacier near a major city in China, but has already split into two smaller glaciers.[39]

As the Ürümqi region's population and economy are growing, the water demand exceeds the natural supply. To alleviate water shortages, the Irtysh–Ürümqi Canal was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century. The canal's main trunk terminates in the so-called "Reservoir 500" ("500"水库; 44°12′00″N 87°49′00″E / 44.20000°N 87.81667°E / 44.20000; 87.81667) in the far north-eastern suburbs of the city (on the border of Ürümqi's suburban Midong District and Fukang City). A new industrial area, called Ganquanbao Industrial Park (甘泉堡工业园), or Industrial New City 500 (500工业新城) was being developed in 2009, west of the reservoir, relying on it for water supply.[40][41] From the reservoir area water is further distributed over a network of canals throughout the lower Midong District.

Climate

[edit]

Ürümqi lies on the boundary between a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) and a cool semi-arid climate (BSk). It sees vast differences between summer and winter temperatures, featuring very warm to hot summers, with a July daily average of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and frigid winters, with a January daily average of −12.2 °C (10.0 °F). The annual average temperature is 7.8 °C (46.0 °F). Although the cityʼs summers are slightly wetter than its winters, sunny weather is much more likely in the hotter months, and relative humidity is the lowest during summer. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 33 percent in December to 75 percent in September, the city receives 2,643 hours of bright sunshine annually. Its annual precipitation is about 365 millimetres (14.4 in).[42] Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −41.5 °C (−42.7 °F) on 27 February 1951 to 42.1 °C (107.8 °F) on 1 August 1973.[43][44]

Climate data for Ürümqi, elevation 935 m (3,068 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		40.9
(105.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		42.1
(107.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		42.1
(107.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		5.3
(41.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		23.4
(74.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		14.2
(57.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		13.1
(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.2
(10.0) 		−8.9
(16.0) 		0.4
(32.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.3
(63.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		22.9
(73.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		7.8
(46.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		6.6
(43.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.3
(54.1) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−4
(25) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		3.5
(38.4)
Record low °C (°F) −34.1
(−29.4) 		−41.5
(−42.7) 		−33.4
(−28.1) 		−14.9
(5.2) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−36.6
(−33.9) 		−38.3
(−36.9) 		−41.5
(−42.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.0
(0.75) 		13.6
(0.54) 		18.8
(0.74) 		38.3
(1.51) 		41.3
(1.63) 		48.8
(1.92) 		35.4
(1.39) 		30.4
(1.20) 		29.8
(1.17) 		23.8
(0.94) 		23.7
(0.93) 		25.3
(1.00) 		348.2
(13.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.1 7.3 5.5 6.7 6.8 7.2 8.0 6.3 4.4 4.8 6.6 9.6 81.3
Average snowy days 13.6 12.6 7.6 2.8 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 2.1 8.4 14.8 62.3
Average relative humidity (%) 77 77 68 45 41 41 43 42 43 54 72 78 57
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.8 129.7 203.2 261.4 301.9 300.8 306.1 301.1 275.2 234.5 137.0 90.5 2,643.2
Percent possible sunshine 35 43 54 64 66 65 66 71 75 71 48 33 58
Source: China Meteorological Administration[42][45][46]

Cityscape

[edit]
Urumqi Skyline, from Hongshan Park, in 2018

Air quality and pollution

[edit]

Blacksmith Institute mentioned Ürümqi in 2007 World's Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou, all in China.[47] In 2008, Toronto Star listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution.[48] Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system.[49]

According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University, the average PM2.5 and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM2.5 and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP.[50] The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city were the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Ürümqi.[50]

Timing of sunrise

[edit]

Because of the use of a single time zone for all of China, in Ürümqi which is at a far western location in China, the sun is 2 hours and 10 minutes behind China Standard Time (CST = UTC+8). During early January the sun does not rise until 09:45 and it sets between 18:45 and 19:10 local time. In September and March, the sun rises around 08:00, and sets around 19:45. However, in June the sun rises at about 06:25 and does not set until 21:45.[citation needed]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Map including Ürümqi (labeled as TI-HUA (WU-LU-MU-CH'I)) (ATC, 1971)
Map including Ürümqi (labeled as WU-LU-MU-CH'I) and nearby areas from the International Map of the World (1975)

Ürümqi currently comprises 8 county-level subdivisions: 7 districts and 1 county.

Map
Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Population (2010)[51] Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City proper
Tianshan District 天山区 Tiānshān Qū تەڭرىتاغ رايونى‎ Tengritagh Rayoni 696,277 171 4071.79
Saybag District 沙依巴克区 Shāyībākè Qū سايباغ رايونى‎ Saybagh Rayoni 664,716 422 1575.15
Xinshi District 新市区 Xīnshì Qū يېڭىشەھەر رايونى‎ Yëngisheher Rayoni 730,307 143 5107.04
Shuimogou District 水磨沟区 Shuǐmògōu Qū بۇلاقتاغ رايونى‎ Bulaqtagh Rayoni 390,943 92 4249.38
Suburban
Toutunhe District 头屯河区 Tóutúnhé Qū تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى‎ Tudungxaba Rayoni 172,796 276 626.07
Dabancheng District 达坂城区 Dábǎnchéng Qū داۋانچىڭ رايونى‎ Dawanching Rayoni 40,657 5,188 7.83
Midong District 米东区 Mǐdōng Qū مىدوڭ رايونى‎ Midong Rayoni 333,676 3,594 92.84
Rural
Ürümqi County 乌鲁木齐县 Wūlǔmùqí Xiàn ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى‎ Ürümchi Nahiyisi 83,187 4,332 19.20

Demographics

[edit]
The Grand Bazaar in Ürümqi

Ürümqi has been a multi-ethnic city from the time of the Qing conquest; in the early years, the Manchus lived in Gongning Cheng, Han Chinese in Dihua and various other ethnic groups such as the Hui, Uyghurs and others in the suburban districts.[52] Muslims settled to the south of the walled-city of Dihua, and although the walls have since been demolished, the Muslims are still concentrated there.[53]

A census in 1787 showed that there were 114,348 Hui and Han in the prefectures of Zhenxi (which included Barköl and Hami) and Ürümqi.[54] In Ürümqi city itself, there were 39,000 people in the 1880s and by the early 20th century, 50,000 people.[52] Ürümqi in 1908 was said to have been inhabited by Uyghurs (then called Turkis), Chinese, Manchus and a few Mongols, with the Uyghurs estimated to comprise a quarter of the population.[55]

In the People's Republic era, an active program to resettle Han population in Xinjiang was initiated.[56] In 1960, there were 76,496 Uyghurs and 477,321 Han Chinese in Ürümqi.[57]

According to the 2000 census, Ürümqi had 2,081,834 inhabitants, with a population density of 174.53 inhabitants/km2 (452.3 inhabitants/sq. mi.).[58]

In the 2010 census, the population was recorded as 3,112,559. Part of the increase was due to boundary changes, for example, Miquan was merged into Midong District and became part of Ürümqi in 2007.[59]

In 2021, Ürümqi was estimated to have a population of 4.544 million people.[60]

Population by ethnicity
Ethnicity 2000[58] 2010[61][62]
Population % Population %
Han Chinese 1,567,562 75.30 2,331,654 74.91
Uyghur 266,342 12.79 387,878 12.46
Hui 167,148 8.03 280,186 9.00
Kazakhs 48,772 2.34 68,076 2.19
Mongol 7,252 0.35 10,454 0.34
Manchu 7,682 0.37 8,541 0.27
Xibe 3,674 0.18 4,820 0.15
Russian 2,603 0.13 3,010 0.10
Tu 1,613 0.08 2,869 0.09
Kyrgyz 1,436 0.07 2,207 0.07
Uzbek 1,406 0.07 1,581 0.05
Zhuang 878 0.04
Tatar 767 0.04
Tibetan 665 0.03
Dongxiang 621 0.03 2,333 0.07
Miao 620 0.03
Korean 588 0.03
Other 2,205 0.09 8,950 0.29
Total 2,081,834 3,112,559

Economy

[edit]
Outer Ring Road viaducts in Ürümqi at night

Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang. Ürümqi, together with Karamay and Korla, account for 64.5 percent of the total industrial output of Xinjiang. Ürümqi is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording ¥41.9 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2008, an increase of 26 percent from 2007. As of 2022, the city's GDP was CN¥389.3 billion (US$57.9 billion), while the GDP per capita was around CN¥95,511 (US$14,200).[2] Ürümqi has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project that the Central Government is pursuing.

The Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair has been held annually since 1991 and has been upgraded into the first China-Eurasia Expo in 2011. Its purpose is to promote domestic and foreign markets. The 17th Fair has attracted participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade.[citation needed]

Buildings in Ürümqi CBDs near People's Square

Xinjiang Guanghui Industry Investment Group is the largest real estate enterprise and most powerful privately owned company in Xinjiang and is currently engaged in energy and automobiles. China CITIC Bank Mansion, headquarters of Guanghui, located in one of the CBDs in North Xinhua Road, is the tallest building in Ürümqi and Xinjiang; with a height of 229 metres (751 feet), it is also the tallest in Northwestern China and Central Asia. Zhongshan Road (Sun Yat-sen Road; Chinese: 中山路) has been one of the ten most famous commercial streets in China since 2005. Zhongshan Road has always been the hub of consumer electronics in the city, with the largest computer, mobile phone and consumer electronics market in Xinjiang, including Baihuacun, Cyber Digital Plaza and Fountain Plaza.

As the economic center in Xinjiang, Ürümqi has expanded its urban area since the 1990s. The CBDs in the city increased rapidly all around the major districts. Despite the old city areas being primarily in the south, the development in the north part began since the late 1980s. The completion of the new office tower for Ürümqi Municipal Government in 2003 at Nanhu Square (南湖广场) in Nanhu Road marked a shift of the city center to the north. Lacking a subway, the city commenced the construction of viaducts for Outer Ring Road (外环路) since 2003, which considerably facilitates transport. Youhao Road (友好路) and surrounding neighborhood, is the commercial center for business, shopping and amusement. Youhao Group (友好集团), the namesake local enterprise, owns a major market share of retails. Maison Mode Urumqi (乌鲁木齐美美百货), open since 2008, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city.[63] The Ürümqi Economic and Technological Development Zone (UETD) located in the northern Toutunhe District, has been a leading base for steel, machinery manufacturing, biochemistry and other industrial innovations.

Tourism

[edit]
People's Square
International Grand Bazaar Xinjiang
  • Grand Bazaar, a bazaar on South Jiefang Road (解放南路).
  • Hong Shan (Red Mountain) is the symbol of Ürümqi, located in Hongshan Park.
  • People's Park, south of Hongshan Park.
  • People's Square
  • Nanhu Square (南湖广场)
  • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum (新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆), which was completely rebuilt in the early 2000s.[64]
  • Heavenly Lake Scenic Area, a popular park with some of China's most famous alpine scenery, over two hours outside Ürümqi.
  • Shuimogou Hot Springs (水磨沟温泉) is located 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Ürümqi.
  • Xinjiang Silk Road Museum (新疆丝绸之路博物馆) is located next to the Grand Bazaar at No. 160 Shengli Road. It is located on the fourth and fifth floors of a large European-style building which houses a shopping complex as well. Most of the exhibits have English names as well and some of the guides speak some English.
  • Ürümqi City Museum (乌鲁木齐博物馆) is located at South Nanhu Road 123 (南湖南路123号).
  • Ürümqi Tatar Mosque (乌鲁木齐塔塔尔寺清真寺) is located on Jiefang Road. Permission must be obtained prior to visiting the mosque.[65]
  • The monument at the Geographical Center of Asian Continent, in Yongfeng Township, Ürümqi County
  • Ürümqi Silk Road Ski Resort (丝绸之路滑雪场) is located in Ürümqi County.
  • Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Ürümqi: Diocesan Cathedral of the Diocese of Xinjiang (烏魯木齊天主教堂)

Education and science

[edit]
Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics.
Ürümqi No.1 High School.

Ürümqi has many educational campuses including Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Medical University and many others.

Universities

[edit]

High schools

[edit]

Research institutes

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport.
Ürümqi South Railway Station.

Air

[edit]

Ürümqi is served by the Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport. It is a hub for China Southern Airlines. Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport is the largest airport in Xinjiang, and the only airport in China to serve flights from Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

Rail

[edit]

Ürümqi is Xinjiang's main rail hub with two primary railway stations, the older Ürümqi South railway station (formerly the Urumqi railway station) and Ürümqi railway station opened in July 2016. The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High Speed Railway stops at both stations, running from Ürümqi to Lanzhou railway station, and has been in operation since the end of 2014.

The city is served by several conventional rail lines. Ürümqi is the western terminus of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang (Lanxin) and Ürümqi–Dzungaria (Wuzhun) Railway, and the eastern terminus of the Northern Xinjiang (Beijiang) and the Second Ürümqi–Jinghe railway. The Beijiang and the Lanxin Lines form part of the Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which runs from Rotterdam through the Alataw Pass on the Kazakhstan border to Ürümqi and on to Lanzhou and Lianyungang.

Road

[edit]

Many roads to the north and west typically shut down by early October, remaining closed until the end of winter.

Bus rapid transit

[edit]

The Ürümqi BRT bus service was launched in August 2011 after an investment of 930 million yuan in an effort to improve urban traffic.[67] There are currently 9 routes operated, BRT1, BRT2, BRT3, BRT4, BRT5, BRT 6, its branch BRT 61, BRT 7, and its branch BRT 71.[68]

Metro

[edit]

The Ürümqi Metro opened on 25 October 2018, when the northern section of Line 1 was opened to the public. The southern section of Line 1 opened on 28 June 2019.[69] Line 1 runs between Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport and Santunbei in downtown Ürümqi, with a total length of 27.615 km (17.2 mi) and 21 stations.[69][70] It is fully underground.[71]

The planned system consists of 7 lines being 211 km (131 mi) in length. The first two lines, Line 1 and Line 2 will be constructed with an estimated cost of 31.24 billion yuan.[72]

Media

[edit]

The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Ürümqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in the Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, Russian and the Kyrgyz languages.

The Xinjiang Television Station (XJTV), located in Ürümqi, is the major TV broadcasting station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The local television station for Ürümqi city is Ürümqi Television Station (UTV).

Sport

[edit]

China started a bandy development programme by organizing educational days in Ürümqi in June 2009.[73]

In 2015, an indoor speed skating arena was opened.[74]

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Ürümqi is twinned with:

City Region Country
Malaybalay Bukidnon  Philippines
Osan Gyeonggi  South Korea
Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  Pakistan
Dushanbe Districts of Republican Subordination  Tajikistan
Klang[75]  Selangor  Malaysia
Bishkek Bishkek City  Kyrgyzstan
Almaty Almaty1  Kazakhstan
Chelyabinsk  Chelyabinsk Oblast  Russia
Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Province  Iran

^1 Almaty is a state-level city of Kazakhstan

Notable people

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "乌鲁木齐一年人口净增50万，得益于以下几个方面". Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  2. ^ a b "乌鲁木齐市2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). 14 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Urumqi". Oxford Living Dictionaries – English. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  4. ^ "Urumqi". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  5. ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  6. ^ "Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  7. ^ About Xinjiang University Archived 29 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 2 September 2008
  8. ^ 教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委 关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设 学科名单的通知 [Notice from the Ministry of Education and other national governmental departments announcing the list of double first class universities and disciplines]. Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Wiens 1963, p. 447.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Gaubatz 1996, pp. 70–72.
  11. ^ a b Millward 2007, p. 99.
  12. ^ a b Holdstock, Nick (30 May 2015). China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-140-9. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  13. ^ a b Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815.
  14. ^ a b "Urumqi". Chinatoday.com.cn. 1 February 1954. Archived from the original on 21 October 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  15. ^ Millward 2007, p. 89.
  16. ^ Millward 2007, pp. 92–93.
  17. ^ Millward 2007, pp. 95, 104.
  18. ^ Jeong Su-il (18 July 2016). "Urumqi". The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. ISBN 978-1-62412-076-3. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  19. ^ Millward 1998, pp. 131–134.
  20. ^ Millward 1998, p. 133.
  21. ^ Millward 1998, p. 169.
  22. ^ Jia, Jianfei (2011). "Whose Xinjiang? The Transition in Chinese Intellectuals' Imagination of the "New Dominion" During the Qing Dynasty" (PDF). Harvard-Yenching Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  23. ^ Millward 2007, pp. 119–120.
  24. ^ Ho-dong Kim (2004). Holy War in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8047-4884-1. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  25. ^ John King Fairbank; Kwang-ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett (1980). Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  26. ^ Cyril E. Black; Louis Dupree; Elizabeth Endicott-West; Eden Naby (1991). The Modernization of Inner Asia. M. E. Sharpe. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-87332-779-4. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  27. ^ Gaubatz 1996, p. 72.
  28. ^ "Online Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  29. ^ Wiener, Calla (4 March 2015). S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-317-45137-2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  30. ^ Mao 2018, pp. 155–156.
  31. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (4 March 2015). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-317-45137-2. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  32. ^ Finley 2013, p. 238.
  33. ^ Finley 2013, p. 240.
  34. ^ Gladney, Dru C. (4 March 2015). S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. pp. 379–380. ISBN 978-1-317-45137-2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  35. ^ a b c "Rumbles on the Rim of China's Empire". The New York Times. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  36. ^ "China's Great Game: New frontier, old foes". Financial Times. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  37. ^ "46°16'60.0"N 86°40'00.0"E". 46°16'60.0"N 86°40'00.0"E. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  38. ^ "DCP: Geographic Center of Asia (visit #1)". www.confluence.org. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  39. ^ a b "'Impossible To Save': Scientists Are Watching China's Glaciers Disappear". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  40. ^ 解决米东新区建设项目供水紧缺问题的方向 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  41. ^ 高新区（新市区）甘泉堡工业园基本概况--乌鲁木齐高新技术产业开发区(新市区) (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
  42. ^ a b "Experience Template" CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  43. ^ "无标题文档". Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  44. ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  45. ^ China Meteorological Administration
  46. ^ "Weather and Climate – The Climate of Urumqi" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  47. ^ "THE WORLD'S WORST POLLUTED PLACESThe Top Ten(of The Dirty Thirty)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  48. ^ "Winter in Urumqi, one of the world's most polluted cities Alison Bate". The Star. Toronto. 31 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  49. ^ "Urumqi to invest heavily to cut air pollution – People's Daily Online". Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  50. ^ a b Li, Juan Li; Guoshun Zhuanga; Kan Huanga; Yanfen Lina; Chang Xua; Shulong Yub (2008). "Characteristics and sources of air-borne particulate in Urumqi, China, the upstream area of Asia dust" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 42 (4): 776–787. Bibcode:2008AtmEn..42..776L. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.062. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  51. ^ "CHINA: Ürümqi / 乌鲁木齐市". City Population. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  52. ^ a b Gaubatz 1996, pp. 73–75.
  53. ^ Toops, Stanley W. (4 March 2015). S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-317-45137-2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  54. ^ Millward 2007, pp. 306–307.
  55. ^ Louis Richard; M. Kennelly (1908). L. Richard's Comprehensive Geography of the Chinese Empire and Dependencies. p. 532. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  56. ^ Wiener, Calla (4 March 2015). S. Frederick Starr (ed.). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Routledge. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-1-317-45137-2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  57. ^ Millward 2007, p. 260.
  58. ^ a b 2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料. 民族出版社. 2003. ISBN 978-7-105-05425-1.
  59. ^ "WŪLŬMÙQÍ SHÌ (Prefecture-level City)". City Population. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  60. ^ "Urumqi, China Population (2022) – Population Stat". Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  61. ^ Stanley W. Toops (August 2012). Susan M. Walcott; Corey Johnson (eds.). Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea. Routledge. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-1-135-07875-1. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  62. ^ Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Government Census Leaders' Office (August 2012). 《新疆维吾尔自治区2010年人口普查资料》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6516-2.
  63. ^ MAISON MODE · 美美. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  64. ^ A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER, No. 3, September 2005
  65. ^ "Urumqi Tartar Mosque". www.muslim2china.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  66. ^ "Xinjiang Normal University official website". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  67. ^ "NW China's Xinjiang launches BRT bus service". CNTV. 29 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011.
  68. ^ "Urumqi BRT". chinabrt.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  69. ^ a b 通南彻北展通途 乌鲁木齐地铁与您逐梦同行. 27 June 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019.
  70. ^ 乌鲁木齐地铁1号线北段空载试运行. 18 April 2018. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019.
  71. ^ 28日，京疆合作的乌鲁木齐轨道交通1号线全线开通试运营. 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019.
  72. ^ 新疆乌鲁木齐市投资312.4亿元建设两条轨道交通. Tianshannet. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  73. ^ "China on the way into the bandy family". Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  74. ^ Hagen, L. "Xinjiang Ice Sports Center | Ürümqi | China | Rink Profile". SpeedSkatingNews. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  75. ^ Yi Yanjun (2 September 2014). "Twin Towns and Sister Cities (Abroad)". Hong Shan. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ürümqi&oldid=1256723172"