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Uposatha

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This article is about the Buddhist day of observance. For the ordination hall in Thai temples, see Ubosot.
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An Uposatha (Sanskrit: Upavasatha) day is a Buddhist day of observance, in existence since the Buddha's time (600 BCE), and still being kept today by Buddhist practitioners.[1][2] The Buddha taught that the Uposatha day is for "the cleansing of the defiled mind," resulting in inner calm and joy.[3] On this day, both lay and ordained members of the sangha intensify their practice, deepen their knowledge and express communal commitment through millennia-old acts of lay-monastic reciprocity. On these days, the lay followers make a conscious effort to keep the Five Precepts or (as the tradition suggests) the ten precepts. It is a day for practicing the Buddha's teachings and meditation.

Observance days

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Depending on the culture and time period, uposatha days have been observed from two to six days each lunar month.

Theravada countries

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In general, Uposatha is observed about once a week in Theravada countries[4] in accordance with the four lunar phases: the new moon, the full moon, and the two quarter moons in between.[5] In some communities, such as in Sri Lanka, only the new moon and full moon are observed as uposatha days.[6]

In Burmese Buddhism, Uposatha (called ဥပုသ်နေ့ ubot nei) is observed by more pious Buddhists on the following days: waxing moon (လဆန်း la hsan), full moon (လပြည့်နေ့ la pyei nei), waning moon (လဆုတ် la hsote), and new moon (လကွယ်နေ့ la kwe nei).[7] The most common days of observance are the full moon and the new moon. In precolonial Burma, Uposatha was a legal holiday that was observed primarily in urban areas, where secular activities like business transactions came to a halt.[7] However, since colonial rule, Sunday has replaced Uposatha as the legal day of rest. All major Burmese Buddhist holidays occur on Uposathas, namely Thingyan, the beginning of Vassa (beginning in the full moon of Waso, around July, to the full moon of Thadingyut, around October). During this period, Uposatha is more commonly observed by Buddhists than during the rest of the year. During Uposatha days, Buddhist monks at each monastery assemble and recite the Patimokkha, a concise compilation of the Vinaya.[8]

Mahayana countries

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In Mahayana countries that use the Chinese calendar, the Uposatha days are observed ten times a month, on the 1st, 8th, 14th, 15th, 18th, 23rd, 24th and final three days of each lunar month. Alternatively, one can only observe Uposatha days six times a month; on the 8th, 14th, 15th, 23rd and final two days of each lunar month.[9] In Japan, these six days are known as the roku sainichi (六斎日, Six Days of Fasting).

Names of full moon Uposatha days

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The Pali names of the uposatha days are based on the Sanskrit names of the nakśatra (Pali: nakkhatta), the constellations or lunar mansions through which the moon passes within a lunar month.[10]

Full Moon Uposatha Day Names
Associated Month Pali Sanskrit Burmese Khmer Sinhala Thai Days
January Phussa Puṣya Pyatho

(ပြာသို)

Buss (បុស្ស) Duruthu Pusaya (ปุศยะ) 30
February Māgha Māgha Tabodwe

(တပို့တွဲ)

Meak (មាឃ) Navam Makha (มาฆะ) 29
March Phagguṇa Phalguṇa Tabaung

(တပေါင်း)

Phalkun (ផល្គុន) Medin (Maedhin) Pholkuni (ผลคุณี) 30
April Citta Chitrā Tagu

(တန်ခူး)

Chaet (ចេត្រ) Bak Chittra (จิตรา) 29
May Visākhā Viśākhā Kason

(ကဆုန်)

Pisak (ពិសាខ) Vesak Visakha (วิสาขา) 30
June Jeṭṭhā Jyeṣṭha Nayon

(နယုန်)

Ches (ជេស្ឋ) Poson Chetta (เชษฐา) 29/30
July Āsāḷhā Aṣāḍhā Waso

(ဝါဆို)

Asath (អាសាឍ) Esala (Aesala) Asarnha (อาสาฬหะ) 30
August Sāvana Śrāvaṇa Wagaung

(ဝါခေါင်)

Srap (ស្រាពណ៍) Nikini Savana (สาวนะ) 29
September Poṭṭhapāda Proṣṭhapāda/Bhādrapadā Tawthalin

(တော်သလင်း)

Phuttrobot (ភទ្របទ) Binara Phattarapratha (ภัทรปทา) 30
October Assayuja Aśvayuja/Aśvinī Thadingyut

(သီတင်းကျွတ်)

Assoch (អស្សុជ) Vap Assavani (อัศวนี) 29
November Kattikā Kāṛttikā Tazaungmon

(တန်ဆောင်မုန်း)

Katdeuk (កត្តិក) Il Krittika (กฤติกา) 30
December Māgasira Māṛgaśiras Natdaw

(နတ်တော်)

Meukesae (មិគសិរ) Unduvap Maruekasira (มฤคศิระ) 29

History

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The word "Uposatha" derives from the Muluposatha Sutta (AN 3.70), in which a lay woman named Visakha, visited the Lord Buddha and says she is observing the Uposatha day. The Lord Buddha replies that there are different Uposatha days, then proceeds to tell her the correct version of the Uposatha day, the Uposatha of the Noble Disciples.

Practice

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Lay practice

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On each uposatha day, devout Upāsaka and Upāsikā practice the Eight Precepts,[11] perhaps echoing the Buddha's teaching that laypeople should "imitate" arhats on Uposatha days.[12] The first five of the eight precepts are similar to the five precepts, that is, to refrain from killing living beings, stealing, wrong speech and to abstain from intoxicating drink or drugs,[13] but the third precept is abstinence of all sexual activity instead of refraining from sexual offenses.[14] The eight precepts are similar to the ten precepts observed by novice monks, except that the seventh and eighth precepts for the novices are combined, the ninth novice precept becomes the eighth, and the tenth novice precept (non-acceptance of gold and silver, use of money) is excluded as being impracticable for a lay person.[15] Thus, the final three precepts are to abstain from eating at the wrong time (after midday); to abstain from entertainment such as dancing, singing, music, watching shows, as well as to abstain from wearing garlands, perfumes, cosmetics, and personal adornments; and to abstain from luxurious seats and beds.[16][17]

For lay practitioners who live near a Buddhist temple, the uposatha is an opportunity for them to visit it, make offerings, listen to sermons by monks and participate in meditation sessions. For lay practitioners unable to participate in the events of a local monastery, the uposatha is a time to intensify one's own meditation and Dhamma practice,[18] for instance, meditating an extra session or for a longer time,[19] reading or chanting special Buddhist texts,[20] recollecting[21] or giving in some special way.[19]

Presently, the uposatha vows are mostly associated with Theravāda Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia,[13] but it was a widespread practice in China as well,[22] and is still practiced.[23]

The eight precepts are meant to give lay people an impression of what it means to live as a monastic,[24][25] and the precepts "may function as the thin end of a wedge for attracting some to monastic life."[26] The objective of the eight precepts is different from the five in that they are less moral in nature, but more focused on developing meditative concentration, and preventing distractions.[27] Among the eight precepts, the third precept is about maintaining chastity. Buddhist tradition therefore requires lay people to be chaste on observance days, which is similar to the historical Indian tradition of being chaste on parvan days. As for the sixth rule, this means not having food after midday, in imitation of a nearly identical rule for monks. Fluids are allowed.[28][27] Taiwanese physician Ming-Jun Hung and his co-authors have analyzed early and medieval Chinese Buddhist Texts and argue that the main purposes of the half-day fast is to lessen desire, improve fitness and strength, and decrease sleepiness.[29] Historically, Chinese Buddhists have interpreted the eight precepts as including vegetarianism.[30]

The seventh precept is sometimes also interpreted to mean not wearing colorful clothes, which has led to a tradition for people to wear plain white when observing the eight precepts.[27][31] This does not necessarily mean, however, that a Buddhist devotee dressed in white is observing the eight precepts all the time.[32] As for the eighth precept, not sitting or sleeping on luxurious seats or beds, this usually comes down to sleeping on a mat on the floor. Though not specified in the precepts themselves, in Thailand and China, people observing the precepts usually stay in the temple overnight. This is to prevent temptations at home which break the eight precepts, and helps foster the community effort in upholding the precepts.[33]

Monastic practice

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On the new-moon and full-moon uposatha, in monasteries where there are four or more bhikkhus,[34] the local Sangha will recite the Patimokkha. Before the recitation starts, the monks will confess any violations of the disciplinary rules to another monk or to the Sangha.[35] Depending on the speed of the Patimokkha chanter (one of the monks), the recitation may take from 30 minutes to over an hour. Depending on the monastery, lay people may or may not be allowed to attend.[19]

Communal reciprocity

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Describing his experience of Uposatha days in Thailand, Khantipalo (1982a) writes:

Early in the morning lay people give almsfood to the bhikkhus who may be walking on almsround, invited to a layman's house, or the lay people may take the food to the monastery. Usually lay people do not eat before serving their food to the bhikkhus and they may eat only once that day.... Before the meal the laity request the Eight Precepts [from the bhikkhus] ..., which they promise to undertake for a day and night. It is usual for lay people to go to the local monastery and to spend all day and night there.... [In monasteries where] there is more study, [lay people] will hear as many as three or four discourses on Dhamma delivered by senior bhikkhus and they will have books to read and perhaps classes on Abhidhamma to attend.... In a meditation monastery ..., most of their time will be spent mindfully employed – walking and seated meditation with some time given to helping the bhikkhus with their daily duties. So the whole of this day and night (and enthusiastic lay people restrict their sleep) is given over to Dhamma.

Special Uposatha days

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In Thailand five full-moon Uposatha days are of special significance and are called puja:[36]

  • Visakha Puja or Visakha Uposatha [37] or Vesak ("Buddha Day") is the most sacred Buddhist holiday. It is the anniversary of the Buddha's birth, awakening and parinibbana.[38]
  • Pavarana[40] is the end of the Rains Retreat residence during which time each monk atones before the Sangha for any offense they may have committed.[41]
  • Anapanasati Day[42] is the anniversary of the Buddha's delivering the Anapanasati Sutta. This event is not connected to an Uposatha (Poya) day in Sri Lanka and perhaps is particular to Thailand.[43]
  • Magha Puja or Magha Uposatha[44] ("Sangha Day") is the anniversary of the assembling of 1250 monks in the Buddha's presence during which time he delivered the "Ovada-Patimokkha Gatha."[45]

In Sri Lanka, three full moon Uposatha or Poya days are of special significance.[46]

  • Vesak Poya, which is described above.
  • Poson Poya corresponds to the Jeṭṭhā uposatha, which falls in June. It is of special significance in Sri Lanka because the monk Mahinda, Asoka's son, officially introduced Buddhism to Sri Lanka on this day in the 3rd century B.C.
  • Esala Poya corresponds to Āsāḷhā uposatha, the full moon of July, and is described above. This day has special significance in Sri Lanka because it was the day that 56 nobles, headed by Prince Ariṭṭha, became the first Sri Lankans to be fully ordained as bhikkhus at Cetiyagiri in Mihintale by Mahinda and his companions. It therefore marks the founding of the Sri Lankan Bhikkhu Sangha.[46]

In Tibet and Bhutan, there are four full moon Uposatha days that are of importance[47]

In China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Vietnam there are certain full moon Uposatha days of importance.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below. Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient uposatha practice in Sri Lanka: "The poya [Sinhala for uposatha] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."
  2. ^ The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath. Pali English dictionaries that define "Uposatha" as "Sabbath," are Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and PED(Rhys-Davids & Stede,1921-25), p. 151. For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (undated), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the eight precepts which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation." Harvey (1990), p. 192, also refers to the uposatha as "sabbath-like."
  3. ^ Thanissaro (1997b); Anguttara Nikaya 3.70: Muluposatha Sutta.
  4. ^ , with the full moon being the most important one, followed by the new moon. Each lunar month has eight days after both the new moon and full moon Uposatha days and then either six or seven days after the other two quarter moon Uposatha days. Thus, in relation to the Gregorian calendar's seven-day week, sometimes there are two uposatha days in a week (such as occurred the week of August 17, 2006, when uposatha days fell on August 17 and August 23, 2006) and sometimes there are none (such as occurred the week of January 15, 2006, which fell between uposatha days on January 14 and January 22, 2006). Nonetheless, there are four uposatha days a month and the average solar month's week has one uposatha day.
  5. ^ More specifically, using a Buddhist calendar, Uposatha is observed on the following four days of the lunar month (PTS, 1921-25, pp. 151-2):
    • first (new moon)
    • eighth (first quarter or waxing moon)
    • fifteenth (full moon)
    • twenty-third (last quarter or waning moon)
    According to the Pali English Dictionary (Rhys Davids and Stede, 1921-25, pp. 16, 152), the lunar month's eighth day (that is, the eighth day after the new moon) and twenty-third day (which is the eighth day after the full moon) are called in Pali atthama, which literally means the "eighth," that is, the eighth day of the lunar half-month.
  6. ^ Nyanaponika & Bodhi (1999), pp. 24, 307 n. 26. Nyanaponika & Bodhi refers to the quarter-moon days as "semi-Uposatha." Harvey (1990), p. 192, states that the uposatha is observed "at the full-moon, new-moon and, less importantly, two half-moon days." He goes on to state: "Except at times of major festivals, observance [uposatha] days are attended only by the more devout, who spend a day and night at their local monastery." Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, makes a similar observation in regards to modern Sinhalese society: "The popular practice is to observe [the Eight Precepts] on full-moon days, and, among a few devout lay Buddhists, on the other phases of the moon as well."
  7. ^ a b Melford, Spiro (1970). Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Viscittudes. Harper and Row. pp. 214–228.
  8. ^ Buddhism: An Illustrated Review. Vol. 2. Rangoon, Burma: Hanthawaddy Printing Works. 1905.
  9. ^ "ebooks" (PDF). ftp.budaedu.org.
  10. ^ See Nakshatra, Hindu calendar, Sanskrit English Dictionary by Monier Williams, s.v. 'nakśatra'.
  11. ^ See, for instance, Kariyawasam (1995), Khantipalo (1982b), Ñanavara & Kantasilo (1993) and Thanissaro (1997b).
  12. ^ "The Uposatha Observance Discourse" in Nyanaponika & Bodhi, 1999, pp. 216-18 or, using comparable wording, in Nanavara & Khantasilo, 1993
  13. ^ a b "Religions – Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism". BBC. 2 October 2002. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018.
  14. ^ Tucci, Giuseppe; Kitagawa, Joseph M. (27 April 2018). "Buddhism - Popular Religious Practices". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018.
  15. ^ Nyanaponika & Bodhi (1999), p. 307, n. 26
  16. ^ Keown 2004, p. 22.
  17. ^ Getz 2004, p. 673.
  18. ^ Bullitt (2005); and, Khantipalo (1982a).
  19. ^ a b c Khantipalo (1982a).
  20. ^ Khantipalo (1982a), for instance, suggests reading one of the following:
    • Visakhuposatha Sutta ("Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices," AN 8.43) (Khantipalo, 1982b).
    • Karaniya-metta Sutta ("Discourse on Loving-kindness," Sn 1.8) (Piyadassi, 1999a).
    • Maha-mangala Sutta ("Discourse on Blessings," Sn 2.4) (Narada, 1985).
    • Ratana Sutta ("Jewel Discourse," Sn 2.1) (Piyadassi, 1999b).
    • Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ("Discourse on Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion," SN 56.11) (Thanissaro, 1993).
  21. ^ See, for instance, the "Muluposatha Sutta" (AN 3.70) (Thanissaro, 1997b) regarding Uposatha-specific recollections and Thanissaro (1999) for the general Buddhist practice of recollections. In the Muluposatha Sutta, the Buddha recommends practicing recollection of the Three Jewels as well as of one's own virtue (sila) and of the wholesome qualities that leads to rebirth as a deva. In this sutta, if one spends the Uposatha engaged in such a recollection, then that Uposatha acquires the name of the recollection, such as Dhamma-Uposatha or virtue-Uposatha.
  22. ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, Baguan zhai.
  23. ^ Harvey 2000, p. 88.
  24. ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, Aṣṭāṅgasamanvāgataṃ upavāsaṃ.
  25. ^ Tachibana 1992, p. 66.
  26. ^ Whitaker & Smith 2018, Ethics (sīla).
  27. ^ a b c Harvey 2000, p. 87.
  28. ^ Terwiel 2012, pp. 201–2.
  29. ^ Hung, Kuo & Chen 2002.
  30. ^ Watson 1988, pp. 13–4.
  31. ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, Ugraparipṛcchā.
  32. ^ Terwiel 2012, p. 187, n.16.
  33. ^ See Terwiel (2012, p. 203) and Harvey (2000, p. 87). Only Harvey mentions China, and the sitting.
  34. ^ Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), p. 281.
  35. ^ See, for instance, Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and Bullitt (2005).
  36. ^ Bullitt (2005). Bullitt orders these special uposatha days in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, where Magha Uposatha thus starts the calendar year. However, in accordance with Asian lunar calendars, where the new year starts in mid April, Visakha Uposatha is the first special uposatha day of the year. The lunar calendar ordering of these days is maintained in this article for primarily two reasons: Visakha Uposatha is the most important of the uposatha festivals; and, ordering these uposatha days in this manner (i.e., Visakha Uposatha [Buddha Day], Asalha Uposatha [Dhamma Day], Magha Uposatha [Sangha Day]) celebrates the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha) in the order in which it is traditionally enumerated. Also see Kariyawasam, ch. 3, "Poya Days," where he identifies the relevance of all twelve full-moon uposatha days in contemporary Sinhala culture.
  37. ^ "Vesākha" (Pali) is the second month of the Buddhist lunar year, usually occurring in the Gregorian calendar's February. In Thailand this day is called 'Visakha Puja.' The word puja means "veneration" or "offering" and in Thailand is suffixed to all Uposatha days. (Pali month names are from the Pali English Dictionary (Rhys Davids & Stede,1921-25, p. 531 s.v. "māsa").
  38. ^ For Mahayana Buddhists, the celebration of the Buddha's birthday is independent of recognitions of his awakening and parinibbana and is celebrated on the waxing moon of the fourth Chinese lunar month.
  39. ^ "Āsālha" (Pali) is the fourth lunar month, usually around July.
  40. ^ Pavarana Day is in the seventh lunar month of Assayuja (Pali), usually in October.
  41. ^ Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 329-30.
  42. ^ Anapanasati Day is the eighth lunar month of Kattika (Pali), usually in November.
  43. ^ The Anapanasati Sutta ("Mindfulness of Breathing Discourse," MN 118) (Thanissaro, 2006) opens on Pavarana Day in the town of Savatthi where the Buddha declares to an assembly of monks that he is so happy with the assembly's practice that he would stay in Savatthi another month. After that month passes, the Buddha delivers the core instructions of the Anapanasati Sutta, instructions which have guided lay people and monastics to higher achievement for millennia. Thus, given this canonical chronology, Anapanasati Day is celebrated a lunar month after Pavarana Day.
  44. ^ "Māgha" (Pali) is the eleventh lunar month, usually around February.
  45. ^ The three-line Ovada-Patimokkha Gatha (Pali: "Patimokkha Exhortation Verse") (translated in Dhammayut Order in the United States of America, 1994) includes the Buddha's famous dictum: "Not doing any evil, doing what is skillful, purifying one's own mind, this is the Buddha's teaching." This verse is familiar to many Westerners because it is rehashed in the widely popular Dhammapada, chapter XIV, verses 183-85 (Thanissaro, 1997a).
  46. ^ a b "Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka". www.accesstoinsight.org. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  47. ^ Seagan, Danyel. ".:. Buddhist Calendar .:. ASTRAL TRAVELER .:". www.astraltraveler.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  48. ^ Davis, Edward L. (2009). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN 9780415777162.

Bibliography

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Lay Theravada Buddhist  Practices   (
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DAILY PRACTICES UPOSATHA OTHER

3 Refuges · 5 Precepts · Offerings · Bows · Meditation · Chanting · Giving

8 Precepts · Support of Monastics

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