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Typhoon Jelawat (2012)

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For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Jelawat and List of storms named Lawin.
Typhoon Jelawat (Lawin)
Typhoon Jelawat at peak intensity on September 25
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 20, 2012
ExtratropicalOctober 1, 2012
DissipatedOctober 3, 2012
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds205 km/h (125 mph)
Lowest pressure905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure918 hPa (mbar); 27.11 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities2 total
Damage$115 million (2012 USD)
Areas affectedJapan, Philippines, Taiwan, Alaska, Russian Far East
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Jelawat, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Lawin, was the most intense tropical cyclone of the 2012 Pacific typhoon season in terms of ten-minute maximum sustained winds, tied with Typhoon Sanba. Following Bolaven and Sanba, Jelawat was the third typhoon directly hitting Okinawa Island in 2012. Jelawat, which means carp in Malaysian, is a type of freshwater fish.

Jelawat reached peak intensity late on September 24 and maintained it for nearly two days. The typhoon passed through Okinawa Prefecture on September 29 and finally made landfall over Aichi Prefecture in Japan on September 30. Jelawat was the strongest typhoon for Okinawa Island in 2012 by observed winds, as it also killed 2 people in Japan.[1]

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Late on September 17, a tropical disturbance formed east of Guam, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system in the next two days, shortly before the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression early on September 20.[2][3] Several hours later on September 20, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) upgraded the system to a tropical depression named Lawin, before JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical depression due to low vertical wind shear and improved equatorward outflow.[4][5] Soon, JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm and named it Jelawat, so did JTWC.[6]

Since September 21, Jelawat moved southwestwards slowly by tracking along the southwestern extension of the subtropical ridge anchoring east of Japan. Despite favourable conditions, the storm has struggled to improve its organization.[7] When Jelawat was drifting westwards by a weak steering environment on September 22, it intensified into a severe tropical storm for excellent equatorward outflow because of speedy divergence to the south, and a tropical upper tropospheric trough cell northeast of the system started to improved its poleward outflow.[8] Later, the system began to form an eyewall with excellent equatorward outflow and good poleward outflow.[9]

Typhoon Jelawat approaching Okinawa on September 27
28 September, Taiwan Central Weather Bureau's Maritime Typhoon Warning

Based on the improved organization, both JMA and JTWC upgraded Jelawat to a typhoon early on September 23, before the system began to drift northwards due to a complex steering environment resulting from a trough over East Asia and a tropical depression (later becoming Severe Tropical Storm Ewiniar) in the east.[10][11] Eighteen hours later, JTWC upgraded Jelawat to a super typhoon after the system underwent explosive intensification, becoming a well-developed system with a 10-nautical-mile (19 km; 12 mi) eye and strong spiral banding.[12]

Late on September 24, by low vertical wind shear and favourable outflow aloft across all quadrants, Typhoon Jelawat attained its peak intensity by the 10-minute maximum sustained winds reaching 110 knots (205 km/h, 125 mph) and the atmospheric pressure decreasing to 905 hPa (26.72 inHg). The typhoon also reached category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, with a solid band of deep convection surrounding a 20-nautical-mile (37 km; 23 mi) eye.[13] Tracking northwestwards since September 25, Typhoon Jelawat entered an eyewall replacement cycle, and the process ended with a 25-nautical-mile (46 km; 29 mi) eye on the next day.[14]

Having maintained peak intensity for nearly two days because of excellent radial outflow enhanced by a poleward stream, Jelawat weakened slightly from late September 26 to early September 27, yet the diameter of that larger eye became 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi).[15] Later, the system tracked northward, for a trough over East China was eroding the subtropical ridge.[16] When approaching Okinawa, Jelawat began to move northeastwards by tracking along the western edge of the subtropical ridge on September 28, and JTWC downgraded the system to a typhoon for a slight elongation in the overall shape.[17] At the same time, Jelawat weakened slightly due to another eyewall replacement cycle, but radial outflow and improving poleward outflow into a deep mid-latitude shortwave trough helped the typhoon maintain intensity.[18]

With a shrunken 7-nautical-mile (13 km; 8.1 mi) pinhole eye, Typhoon Jelawat passed through the west coast of Okinawa Island early on September 29, when the estimated 10-minute maximum sustained winds were at 90 knots (165 km/h, 105 mph).[19] Equatorward outflow has significantly hindered, as Jelawat started to gradually weaken; however, poleward outflow remained well-established and was linked to a deep mid-latitude trough directly to the north of the system.[20] Then, the typhoon accelerated northeastwards and moved into an area of strong southwesterly vertical wind shear, but jet-induced poleward outflow kept the system from rapid decaying.[21]

Since September 30, Jelawat was fully embedded in baroclinic zone and began extratropical transition, as the convective banding was unraveling.[22] At 06Z, JTWC downgraded Jelawat to a tropical storm, for deep convection was sheared to the north.[23] The system made landfall over Aichi Prefecture in Japan at 10Z, when the estimated 10-minute maximum sustained winds were at 70 knots (130 km/h, 80 mph). Eight hours later, JMA downgraded Jelawat to a severe tropical storm when it was located in Iwate Prefecture, and JTWC issued the final warning on the system simultaneously.[24] On October 1, JMA downgraded Jelawat to a tropical storm, shortly before becoming extratropical east of Kuril Islands. The extratropical cyclone strengthened and regained storm-force status on October 2, before the system crossed the International Date Line and began to weakened on October 3.[25][26]

Preparations and impact

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Typhoon Jelawat nearing landfall over Japan on September 29. A Kármán vortex street can also be seen on the left of frame, off the Jeju do

On September 29, 2012, Jelawat passed through Okinawa Prefecture. According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the maximum gust produced by Typhoon Jelawat was at 62.6 m/s (225 km/h) in Miyagi Island of Uruma, Okinawa.[27] The maximum sustained winds were at 41.1 m/s (148 km/h) in Naha, ranked the tenth-strongest in that county seat and the largest city of Okinawa Prefecture on record. The storm also produced the maximum gust at 61.2 m/s (220 km/h) in Naha, ranked the third-strongest in that city on record.[28][29]

Reports suggested that some 65 people were injured in the storm while 331,000 people remained without electricity. Strong winds flipped cars and uprooted trees. A four-ton truck was reportedly turned upside down by the winds causing a major roadblock in Naha. Flights and ferries connecting Okinawa to the rest of Japan were all cancelled.[30] Jelawat was known locally as Typhoon Seventeen. Up to 4,200 households in the regions of Higashi and Nago was asked to evacuate immediately.[31] Across Okinawa Prefecture, damage to agriculture amounted to ¥1.7 billion (US$21.6 million).[32]

In Japan, preparations for the storm started early on September 30. The storm was located nearly 220 km (140 mi) south of southwestern prefecture of Kochi, when officials warned the locals of strong wind, torrential rain, landslides and possible flash flooding. By then, Jelawat had already injured 96 people.[33] In Tokyo, several trains were cancelled and up to 300 flights to the city's Narita International Airport were cancelled. Up to 20 inches (510 mm) of rain was expected.[34] By October 1, one person had been killed and 140 other people were reportedly injured. Authorities in the central city of Nagoya have made it compulsory for 57,000 people to leave their homes in the wake of rising river levels in the city, which can cause significant flooding.[35] Among the dead was a 29-year-old man who was swept away by high waves while the typhoon was passing Okinawa. In Mie Prefecture, another 2,000 people were asked to evacuate. Waves as high as 10 metres (33 ft) were advised of. Meanwhile, in Tokyo, up to 500 millimetres (20 in) of rain was expected over the next 24 hours. Several other trains were cancelled and the total number of flights cancelled went up to 500.[36]

By the night of October 1, a 56-year-old man who had been missing since the past 24 hours was confirmed dead, after he had drowned. Local news agency, NHK, reported that over 181 people were injured in the typhoon.[37] A further 11,000 were told to evacuate in the city of Ishinomaki in the country's northeast, Jiji Press reported. The local Meteorological agency predicted rainfall of up to 400 millimetres (16 in) in some areas in the 24 hours.[38]

Total agricultural damage across the nation reached ¥8.935 billion (US$115 million).[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 平成２４年台風第１７号による被害状況等について（第２報） (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  2. ^ "TROPICAL CYCLONE FORMATION ALERT". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  3. ^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2012-09-20T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  4. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Alert: Tropical Depression "LAWIN"". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  5. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL DEPRESSION 18W (EIGHTEEN) WARNING NR 01". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  6. ^ "TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 002". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  7. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 04". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  8. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 07". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  9. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  10. ^ "TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 011". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  11. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  12. ^ "SUPER TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 014". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  13. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR SUPER TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 18". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  14. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR SUPER TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 25". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  15. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR SUPER TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 27". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  16. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR SUPER TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 29". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  17. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 31". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  18. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 32". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  19. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 35". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  20. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 36". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  21. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 38". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  22. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TYPHOON 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 39". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  23. ^ "PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 40". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  24. ^ "TROPICAL STORM 18W (JELAWAT) WARNING NR 042". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  25. ^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2012-10-02T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  26. ^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2012-10-03T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  27. ^ 沖縄気象台. 台風第 17 号接近時に観測された地域気象観測所「宮城島」の風速につ いて (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  28. ^ 沖縄気象台. 平成24年台風第17号について (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  29. ^ 観測史上1～10位の値（ 年間を通じての値）. 那覇 (沖縄県) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  30. ^ "Typhoon Jelawat injures 65 along Japanese coast (update)". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  31. ^ "Powerful typhoon hits Okinawa, heads for Kanto". Daily Yomiuri Online. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  32. ^ "1.7 billion yen 88 million agricultural damage: Typhoon No. 17" (in Japanese). Okinawa Times. October 2, 2012. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  33. ^ "Typhoon approaching Japan's main islands". China Daily. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  34. ^ "Powerful typhoon homes in on Tokyo". HeraldNet. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  35. ^ "Japan's capital braces for powerful typhoon". Radio Australia. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  36. ^ "Tropical Storm Churns Through Central Japan". Sky News HD. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  37. ^ "Powerful typhoon kills two in Japan". Brisbane Times. October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  38. ^ "Mass evacuations as typhoon hits Japan". MWC news. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  39. ^ 平成24年台風第17号の被害状況等について. 農林水産省 (in Japanese). December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
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