Tricholoma portentosum
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| Tricholoma portentosum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | Tricholoma |
| Species: | T. portentosum
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| Binomial name | |
| Tricholoma portentosum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Tricholoma portentosum | |
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 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible |
Tricholoma portentosum, commonly known as the charbonnier,[2] streaked tricholoma,[3] or sooty head, in North America,[4] is a grey-capped edible mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in woodlands in Europe and North America.
Taxonomy
[edit]The species was originally described as Agaricus portentosus by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821,[5] before being placed in the genus Tricholoma by Lucien Quélet in 1872.[6] At least three varieties have been described: var. album has an all white cap, var. lugdunense has a paler cap, and var. boutevillei has a very dark cap and is the form which grows with oak and beech.[7]
The genus name Tricholoma comes from the Ancient Greek θρίξ (trix), τριχός (trichos), "hair", and λῶμα (lôma), "fringe", and refers to the fibrils on the caps of many species of the genus.[8] The species epithet, portentosum, comes from the Latin portentosus, meaning marvellous or prodigious, and describes its taste.[9]
Description
[edit]
It is a large, imposing mushroom,[4] with a convex cap 3–11 cm (1–4.5 in) in diameter with a boss.[7] The cap is sticky when wet and has an irregularly lobed margin. It is dark grey in colour with darker grey to blackish streaks perpendicular to the margins. The grey colour fades towards the margins and may be tinged with yellow or purple. The crowded adnate gills are white, and the solid stipe is white with a yellow tinge at the top. It measures 3.5–12 cm (1.4–4.7 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide.[7] The spore print is white.[10]
It has a farinaceous smell and taste.[7] Older specimens are often eaten by slugs, and the stem is recommended to be removed before cooking. It can be pickled.
Habitat and distribution
[edit]The fruit bodies appear in late autumn in coniferous woodland in Europe and North America.[4] Ectomycorrhizal, it is most commonly associated with Pinus sylvestris, but also sometimes oak (Quercus) or beech (Fagus) on sandy soils. It has been declining since the 1980s in the Netherlands and is now rare there,[7] and uncommon in Britain[10] but is common in France where it is sometime seen in wild mushroom markets.[11]
Generally highly regarded as an edible mushroom,[12][13] it is not recommended by some for its similarity to hazardous species.[4] The inedible Tricholoma virgatum has a silvery-grey cap and grows in mixed woodland, and smells of damp earth and has a bitter taste.[14] The poisonous Tricholoma pardinum has prominent grey scales giving the cap a shaggy or striped appearance.[11]
Tricholoma portentosum is a holarctic species, and, according to a 2017 study, has the same genetic profile on the three continents on which it is found.[15] In Western Europe, it remains common in Scotland,[16] France,[17] the Northern Iberian Peninsula,[18] and Italy.[19] It is equally common in Central Europe, specifically Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia,[20] and in Eastern Europe, where it is found in Estonia,[21][22] Belarus, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Russia.[20] In North America, it is common in the east,[23] notably in Quebec,[24] New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and in Connecticut.[25] In Asia, it is well represented in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, China, and Japan.[26][20]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quél. 1873". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Proposed English names June 2010". British Mycological Society. 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- ^ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ a b c d McKnight, Kent H.; McKnight, Vera B.; Peterson, Roger Tory (1998). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
- ^ Fries, Elias Magnus (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 39.
- ^ Quélet, Lucien. "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie". Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5 (2): 333–427.
- ^ a b c d e Noordeloos M.E.; Kuyper, Th.W.; Vellinga, E.C. (1999). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Taylor & Francis. p. 116. ISBN 90-5410-493-7.
- ^ Borgarino, D.; Hurtado, C. (2006). Le guide des champignons en 900 photos et fiches (in French). Aix-en-Provence. ISBN 978-2-7449-0917-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Galli, Roberto (1999). Edinatura (ed.). I Tricolomi. Atlante pratico-monografico per la determinazione del genere Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude (in Italian). Milano.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Phillips, Roger (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 107. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ^ a b Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. p. 88. ISBN 3-8331-1239-5.
- ^ Mishra, S.R. (2005). Morphology of Fungi. Discovery Publishing House. p. 111. ISBN 81-7141-980-1.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Nilson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 30. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
- ^ Heilmann-Clausen, J.; Christensen, M.; Frøslev, T. G.; Kjøller, R. (Jun 2017). "Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters". Persoonia. 38: 38–57. doi:10.3767/003158517X693174. ISSN 0031-5850. PMC 5645187. PMID 29151626.
- ^ Geoffrey Kibby, "The genus Tricholoma in Britain", Field Mycology, vol. 11, no 4, November 2010, p. 113-140.
- ^ Courtecuisse, Régis,. (2013). Champignons de France et d'Europe. Bernard,. Duhem. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé. ISBN 978-2-603-02038-8. OCLC 879649455.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dı́ez, V. A; Alvarez, A (2001-12-01). "Compositional and nutritional studies on two wild edible mushrooms from northwest Spain". Food Chemistry. 75 (4): 417–422. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00229-1. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ Riva, Alfredo (2003). Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude. Alassio, Italy: Candusso. ISBN 88-901057-1-2. OCLC 173845217.
- ^ a b c Boa, E. R. (2006). Champignons comestibles sauvages: vue d'ensemble sur leurs utilisations et leur importance pour les populations (in French). Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 978-92-5-205157-2.
- ^ Kalamees, Kuulo (2010). "Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholoma (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 47: 27–36.
- ^ Kalamees, K. (2010). "Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholomopsis (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ Trudell, Steve (2013), "The Genus Tricholoma in North America" (PDF), Fungi
- ^ "Les champignons du Québec". www.mycoquebec.org. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
- ^ Webster, H. (1900). "Tricholoma Portentosum". Rhodora. 2 (24): 243–246. ISSN 0035-4902. JSTOR 23293786.
- ^ Yamada, Akiyoshi; Kobayashi, Hisayasu; Ogura, Takeo; Fukuda, Masaki (2007-04-01). "Sustainable fruit-body formation of edible mycorrhizal Tricholoma species for 3 years in open pot culture with pine seedling hosts". Mycoscience. 48 (2): 104–108. doi:10.1007/S10267-006-0338-0. ISSN 1340-3540. S2CID 54586506.