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Tricholomataceae

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Tricholomataceae
Temporal range: Turonian–recent [1]
Tricholoma flavovirens, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts, USA
Tricholoma flavovirens, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts, USA
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Suborder: Tricholomatineae
Family: Tricholomataceae
R.Heim ex Pouzar (1983)
Type genus
Tricholoma
(Fr.) Staude (1857)
Genera
56

The Tricholomataceae are a large family of fungi within the order Agaricales. Originally a classic "wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Pluteaceae, or Entolomataceae.

The name derives from the Greek trichos (τριχος) meaning hair and loma (λωμα) meaning fringe or border, although not all members display this feature.[2]

The name "Tricholomataceae" is seen as having validity in describing Tricholoma and other genera that form part of a monophyletic family including Tricholoma. To that end, the International Botanical Congress has voted on two occasions (1988 and 2006) to conserve the name "Tricholomataceae" against competing names.[3][4] This decision does not invalidate the use of segregate families from the Tricholomataceae, but simply validates the continued use of Tricholomataceae.[5]

Taxonomy

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Molecular phylogenetic analysis has greatly aided the demarcation of clear monophyletic groups among the Tricholomataceae. So far, some of these groups have been defined cladistically rather than being defined as formal Linnean taxa, though there have been several cases in which older proposed segregates from the Tricholomataceae have been validated by evidence coming from molecular phylogenetics. As of 2006, validly published families segregated from the Tricholomataceae include the Hydnangiaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Marasmiaceae, Mycenaceae, Omphalotaceae, Physalacriaceae, and Pleurotaceae.

In 2014 a study recovered seven monophyletic genera within the Tricholomataceae: Leucopaxillus, Tricholoma, Pseudotricholoma, Porpoloma s.str, Dennisiomyces, Corneriella, and Albomagister.[6] The aim of the study was to delimit the highly polyphyletic Tricholomataceae, and identify monophyletic groups within the tricholomatoid clade, which includes the families Tricholomataceae, Entolomataceae, and Lyophyllaceae.[7][8] According to this study there have been several different ways of distributing Porpoloma, which is highly polyphyletic. This study suggests that the genus is distributed in four groups within the Trichlomatoid clade; Porpoloma s.str, Corneriella, Pseudotricholoma. and Pogonoloma.[6]

In 2015, a phylogenomic study improved the resolution of Agaricales. A new suborder Tricholomatineae was proposed to cover Tricholomataceae, Lyophyllaceae, Entolomataceae, Macrocystidiaceae, and Clitocybe gibba. It roughly matches the "Tricholomatoid clade" of previous studies.[9]

Examples

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Some species of fungus-growing ants in the genus Apterostigma cultivate species of Tricholomataceae.[10][11]

The extinct genus Archaeomarasmius, described from Turonian-age New Jersey amber,[1] is one of four known genera of Agaricales in the fossil record.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hibbett, D.S.; Grimaldi, D.S.; Donoghue, M.J. (1997). "Fossil mushrooms from Miocene and Cretaceous ambers and the evolution of Homobasidiomycetes". American Journal of Botany. 84 (8): 981–991. doi:10.2307/2446289. JSTOR 2446289.
  2. ^ Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-14-063006-0.
  3. ^ Redhead SA. (2003). (1571) Proposal to conserve the name Tricholomataceae nom. cons. against two additional names, Mycenaceae and Hygrophoraceae (Fungi). Taxon 52(1):135–136.
  4. ^ McNeill J, Redhead SA, Wiersema JH. (2006). Report of the General Committee: 9. Taxon 55(3):795–800.
  5. ^ (Young, 2002)[full citation needed]
  6. ^ a b Sánchez-García M, Matheny PB, Palfner G, Lodge DG. (2014) Deconstructing the Tricholomataceae (Agaricales) and introduction of the new genera Albomagister, Corneriella, Pogonoloma and Pseudotricholoma. Taxon 63(5): 993–1007.
  7. ^ Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen D, DeNitis M, Daniel GM, Desjardin,D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R. & Hibbet DS (2006). Major clades of Agaricales: A multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982
  8. ^ Binder M, Larsson KH, Matheny PB & Hibbett DS (2010). Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms. Mycologia 102: 865–880. https://dx.doi.org/10.3852/09-288
  9. ^ Dentinger, Bryn T. M.; Gaya, Ester; O'Brien, Heath; Suz, Laura M.; Lachlan, Robert; Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge R.; Koch, Rachel A.; Aime, M. Catherine (January 2016). "Tales from the crypt: genome mining from fungarium specimens improves resolution of the mushroom tree of life". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (1): 11–32. doi:10.1111/bij.12553.
  10. ^ Mueller, U. G.; Schultz, T. R.; Currie, C. R.; Adams, R. M.; Malloch, D. (June 2001). "The origin of the attine ant-fungus mutualism". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 76 (2): 169–197. doi:10.1086/393867. ISSN 0033-5770. PMID 11409051. S2CID 19465007.
  11. ^ Villesen, Palle; Mueller, Ulrich G.; Schultz, Ted R.; Adams, Rachelle M. M.; Bouck, Amy C. (October 2004). "Evolution of ant-cultivar specialization and cultivar switching in Apterostigma fungus-growing ants". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 58 (10): 2252–2265. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01601.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 15562688.
  12. ^ Hibbett, D.S.; et al. (2003). "Another fossil agaric from Dominican Amber". Mycologia. 95 (4): 685–687. doi:10.2307/3761943. JSTOR 3761943. PMID 21148976. (subscription required)
  • Alexopolous CJ, et al. (2004). Introductory Mycology (4th ed.) Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-52229-5
  • Bas C. (1990). Tricholomataceae R.Heim ex Pouz. In: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 2:65. ISBN 90-6191-971-1
  • Kuo M. (2004). [1]
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