Toraja-Saʼdan language

Toraja-Saʼdan
Toraja-Saʼdan
Saʼdan
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	590,000 (2010 census)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian South Sulawesi Northern Toraja Toraja-Saʼdan; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Makale; Rantepao; West Toraja;
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sda
Glottolog	tora1261

Toraja-Saʼdan (also Toraja, Saʼdan, South Toraja) is an Austronesian language spoken in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It shares the name Taeʼ with East Toraja. Most of the Toraja language mapping was done by Dutch missionaries working in Sulawesi, such as Nicolaus Adriani and Hendrik van der Veen.

Phonology

Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	(tʃ)	k	ʔ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	(dʒ)	ɡ
Fricative			s			(h)
Rhotic			r
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

Sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard from Indonesian loanwords. /h/ only rarely occurs.

In final position, only /n/, /ŋ/, /k/ and /ʔ/ can occur.^[2]

^ Toraja-Saʼdan at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
^ Sande, J. S.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1977). "On the Phonology of the Toraja Kesuʔ Dialect" (PDF). In Ignatius Suharno (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part IV. NUSA 5. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 19–34.